Engineering for Sustainable Future

The research was carried out on the sloping land at the Agricultural Research Station of Podu-Iloaiei (41°18′52″ N latitude, 27°25′45″ E longitude) and the Experimental Farm of the Agricultural University of Iasi (47°12′62″ N latitude, 27°51′52″ E longitude) on a cambic chernozem (The World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB, 2006) and The Romanian Soil Taxonomy System (SRTS-2012). The experiments carried out the Experimental Farm of the Agricultural University of Iasi and at the Podu-Iloaiei Agricultural Research Station, during 2001–2018, had the following objectives: study of water runoff and soil losses by erosion, in different crops; annual rate of erosion processes under the influence of anti-erosion protection of different crops; influence of water runoff and soil erosion on organic matter and mineral element losses from soil. Measurements made after 36 years after the placement of perennial grass strips show that the slope of the platforms has decreased by 21.0–35.0% compared to the initial slope of the terrain, by the agro-terracing process, and the slope of the taluses with perennial grasses, increased by 214–397%. On 16% slope lands, the mean annual soil losses by erosion were comprised between 4.762 and 9.326 t ha−1 year−1 in row crops (soybean and sunflower) and between 1.564 and 2.453 t ha−1 year−1 in wheat and rape crops. The crop structure, which determined the diminution in mean soil losses by erosion until 2.800 t ha−1 year−1 included 20% winter wheat, 20% of peas, 20% maize and 40% perennial grasses and legumes.

The importance of energy systems and their role in economics and politics is not hidden for anyone. This issue is not only important for the advanced industrialized countries, which are major energy consumers but is also essential for oil-rich countries. In addition to the nature of these fuels, which contains polluting substances, the issue of their ending up has aggravated the growing concern. Biofuels can be used in different fields for energy production like electricity production, power production, or for transportation. Various scenarios have been written about the estimated biofuels from different sources in the future energy system. The availability of biofuels for the electricity market, heating, and liquid fuels is critical. Accordingly, the need for handling, modeling, decision making, and forecasting for biofuels can be of utmost importance. Recently, machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) techniques have been accessible in modeling, optimizing, and handling biodiesel production, consumption, and environmental impacts. The main aim of this study is to review and evaluate ML and DL techniques and their applications in handling biofuels production, consumption, and environmental impacts, both for modeling and optimization purposes. Hybrid and ensemble ML methods, as well as DL methods, have found to provide higher performance and accuracy.

The recent developments of computer and electronic systems have made the use of intelligent systems for the automation of agricultural industries. In this study, the temperature variation of the mushroom growing room was modeled by multi-layered perceptron and radial basis function networks based on independent parameters including ambient temperature, water temperature, fresh air and circulation air dampers, and water tap. According to the obtained results from the networks, the best network for MLP was in the second repetition with 12 neurons in the hidden layer and in 20 neurons in the hidden layer for radial basis function network. The obtained results from comparative parameters for two networks showed the highest correlation coefficient (0.966), the lowest root mean square error (RMSE) (0.787) and the lowest mean absolute error (MAE) (0.02746) for radial basis function. Therefore, the neural network with radial basis function was selected as a predictor of the behavior of the system for the temperature of mushroom growing halls controlling system.

The paper describes the sol-gel method for producing photocatalytic materials based on titanium oxide. The temperature-time regimes of heat treatment of the obtained materials are determined. The surface properties of the resulting coatings were studied by scanning electron microscopy and asthmatic force microscopy. The photocatalytic properties of the synthesized coatings and bulk samples were studied on destruction of methylene blue molecules in the developed water purification systems.

Artificial intelligence methods and application have recently shown great contribution in modeling and prediction of the hydrological processes, climate change, and earth systems. Among them, deep learning and machine learning methods mainly have reported being essential for achieving higher accuracy, robustness, efficiency, computation cost, and overall model performance. This paper presents the state of the art of machine learning and deep learning methods and applications in this realm and the current state, and future trends are discussed. The survey of the advances in machine learning and deep learning are presented through a novel classification of methods. The paper concludes that deep learning is still in the first stages of development, and the research is still progressing. On the other hand, machine learning methods are already established in the fields, and novel methods with higher performance are emerging through ensemble techniques and hybridization.

We have synthesized the new organic mechanoluminescent material based on a 1,10-phenanthroline and an acetylacetone. The synthesized material shows both the photoluminescence and the mechanoluminescence with a green-color (main peak at 545 nm) by doping of a terbium (Tb). We have also investigated an effect of co-doping of Tb and europium (Eu) or dysprosium (Dy) on the luminescence property. Single doping gives a luminescence corresponding to each dopant with the main peak at 545, 612 or 573 nm for Tb, Eu or Dy, respectively, but the co-doping of Tb and Eu gives the luminescence corresponding to their doping amount ratio. As a result, the visual color can be controlled by the ratio. On the other hand, the co-doping of Tb and Dy keeps the luminescence corresponding to Tb single doping, but enhances its intensity. The results suggest that the electron transition process is different between the Tb-Eu and Tb-Dy co-doping. In the case of Tb/Eu co-doping, each dopant induced each own luminescence due to a significant difference in the electron energy state level between Tb and Eu. In contrary, the energy state of Dy becomes an extra electron supplier to Tb for the Tb/Dy co-doping. The results can expand application fields of the mechanoluminescence.

Gradient metal doped diamond-like carbon (Me/ɑ-C(5…20 Hz):Me, where Me–Ti, Cr, Al) coatings were deposited by the synergy of pulse cathode arc and direct-current cathode arc, and C content was adjusted by changing the pulse frequency. The microstructure, composition, surface morphology, the hydrophobicity and corrosion resistance of the coatings were investigated by Ra-man, XPS, SEM, contact angle measurements and potentiodynamic polarization tests, respectively. The XPS method established the formation of carbide com-pounds in the coatings obtained. It is stated that the ratio of carbide/carbon phases in the coating is determined by the type of alloying metal. The values of contact wetting angles for all coatings do not exceed 90°, therefore, the surface is well wetted by a corrosive medium and stays hydrophilic. The analysis of the polarization curves showed that the presence of gradient coatings on the surface leads to the increase in the corrosion resistance of the steel substrate. Cr/ɑ-C(5…20 Hz):Cr coatings are characterized by the highest corrosion resistance. This work is devoted to the studying of influences of type of metal on structure and anti-corrosion property of gradient coatings.

The paper aims to create a new type of polarizers in the THz range of electromagnetic waves, comprising an array of micro-dimensional planar rectangular omega elements. The metal omega elements under consideration have a well-balanced shape, since the incident electromagnetic wave induces in them an electric dipole moment and a magnetic moment, which are equally significant. Such an optimal shape of the omega elements allows their use in the absorbers of microwave and THz waves. The paper illustrates that this shape of omega resonators is also universal for their use in THz polarizers.

A comparative characterization of multiple coloration-bleaching cycles under various modes of power (voltage and current supply) is performed for electrochromic devices (ECDs) based on WO3 layers prepared from metal tungsten or tungsten carbide and annealed at different temperatures from 150 to 350° C. The results indicate that optimal voltage/current values and exposure time strongly depend on WO3 synthesis and annealing conditions. Particularly, a sustainable functioning of ECD involving WO3 prepared from metal tungsten and annealed at 150° C is achieved upon a stepwise change of coloration and bleaching voltage from 1.5 to 2.5 V at the current 1 mA within 600 s, while for the sample prepared from tungsten carbide and annealed at 350° C a similar mode within 300 s is effective, probably due to certain differences in the electrochromic material structure. Deviations from optimal power supply conditions result in the destabilization of ECD performances and significant efficiency decrease after several coloration-bleaching cycles, particularly due to an incomplete bleaching.

The paper is devoted to the study of the features of CdTe surface treatment under laser irradiation with both different wavelengths (λ = 300–800 nm) and pulse durations (τp = 7 ns–1 ms). The thermal conductivity of the semi-insulating p-like CdTe semiconductor crystals was evaluated using the photoacoustic gas-microphone method. Simulations of the melting threshold were performed based on the three stage model of the laser induced excitation and relaxation. In particular, the following processes were considered in frames of the model: (i) rapid interband thermalization, (ii) nonradiative interband and (iii) nonradiative surface recombination. It was revealed that in the range of pulse durations from 7 ns to 1 μs, the melting threshold of the CdTe mainly depended on the absorption coefficient α(λ). For pulse durations longer than 1 μs the threshold started to depend also on the spectra of the reflectivity coefficient R(λ). The obtained results have been used for optimization of the laser-assisted techniques of surface processing and stimulated doping of CdTe crystals.

The present work aims to design and study novel functional materials with multiferroic properties required in electric applications, such as magnetic and magnetoresistive sensors, actuators, microwave electronic devices, phase shifters, mechanical actuators etc. Complex oxides BiFeO3 and Bi0,9La0,1FeO3 for analysis of its structural properties were synthesized as powders by sol-gel method. The size, shape, and degree of crystallinity of the formed nanoparticles can be changed by varying the temperature and the concentrations of the initial reactants and the stabilizer. This work is devoted to interrelation between composition of sol-gel BiFeO3 and Bi0,9La0,1FeO3 nanopowders and their nanostructural properties.

The present paper proposed the results of numerical experiments based on the classical theory of electrodynamics but it has practical importance in radiolocation and radio-spectroscopy at specific laboratorian and technological conditions. There is investigation the structure of the scattered electromagnetic field of a linearly or circularly polarized incident wave with frequency ω on the surface of an ideal conductive sphere with radius $$ {\text{a}} $$ in the condition $$ \lambda \gg a $$ ($$ ka \le 1) $$, where $$ \lambda $$ is the wavelength of the incident wave. The general equations for the scattered field and Poynting vector, both directly near the conductive sphere and in the far zone (Fraunhofer zone) from the scattered object are analytically received. Using computer simulation there are obtained vector diagrams for the components incident and scattered electromagnetic waves, the structure 3D Poynting vector and total electromagnetic field on the surface of a small spherical conducting object located near the antenna system. In spite of the fact that the influence on the fields at the receiving point from separate small objects is negligible, should be mentioned that under certain conditions with a lot of obstacles they can affect the summary field at the receiving point. Therefore, studying the field structure on the surface of a scattering objects is great importance.

Multi-valued logic can be applied in several areas, like robotics and artificial intelligence. It is utilized in various commercial applications, such as the StrataFlash, a NOR flash memory developed by Intel. Contemporary research focuses on the development of fast, nanometer-size, low power consuming electronic devices, therefore it is imperative to examine such concepts in the field of multiple-valued logic. We present a method by which simple, two-state, photon-coupled photoswitchable proteins can be utilized for multiple-valued computations. Its advantages are discussed, and an example, the ternary OR gate, using readily available fluorescent reversibly photoswitchable proteins is provided.

In this paper a double DNA-like helix as a promising element of metamaterials, metasurfaces and antenna systems for various frequency ranges is considered. The article demonstrates the possibility of creating the required radiation pattern of such a helix, excited by a plane electromagnetic wave by changing its angle of incidence. It is shown, that an incident wave at some angle can activate two wave modes in a helix, each of them propagates with its own phase velocity, and responsible for a certain type of radiation. This effect can be used in passive antenna devices and metamaterials, where the control of the direction of propagation of the reflected wave without changing the frequency of the excitation is required. In addition, the paper provides an overview of the main properties of cylindrical helical radiators, which in the future can be used in fabrication metamaterials and metasurfaces.

Undoped and Al-doped ZnO thin films have been prepared by spray pyrolysis in oxygen and argon atmospheres. The structural properties of ZnO thin films were investigated using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The optical properties were studied by UV-VIS spectroscopy and photoluminescence (PL) at room temperature. The electrical resistivity and Hall mobility were measured using the van der Pauw technique at room temperature. AFM studies show that the ambient atmosphere influences the roughness parameters of the ZnO surfaces. The XRD results revealed that undoped and Al-doped ZnO films are polycrystalline and developed [0002] preferred orientation. The best electrical parameters (conductivity, mobility carriers and carrier concentration) are obtained for 1.0 at % of Al-doped ZnO synthetized in Ar atmosphere. In all cases, the electrical parameters under Ar are higher than under O2 atmosphere, unless they are not doped. Different applications of undoped and Al-doped ZnO thin films are discussed.

For the first time, Hg3In2Te6 (MIT) based Schottky diode photodetectors with the lowest reverse dark currents at high bias voltages were created. Both the Schottky rectifying and near Ohmic contacts were obtained by thermal vacuum deposition of Cr onto the MIT crystal surfaces pre-treated with Ar-ion bombardment at different regimes. The crystal surface morphology was monitored by AFM. Cr/MIT/Cr photodiodes were sensitive in the range of 0.6–1.8 μm and operated at increased bias voltage up to 300 V with low current density <150 and <20 μA/cm2 at 1 V at room temperature. I–V characteristics of the Cr/MIT/Cr diodes were investigated and showed high rectification ratio up to 103 at 1 V. A noticeable increase of the monochromatic current photosensitivity of Cr/MIT/Cr photodetectors was observed with increasing bias voltage and this parameter was weakly temperature dependent at voltages >10 V.

Recently, with the advancement in computation technology, ubiquitous computing paradigms like Intelligent Spaces are not only gaining popularity but are also slowly getting into the price range of average households. However, while many everyday devices and services can be accessed and afforded by middle class families, smart refrigerators are still too expensive, even though they can be very useful to aid the economics and budgeting of the household. In this paper, an affordable smart refrigerator framework is proposed that can be implemented by using cheap, easily accessible devices to augment older, regular refrigerator models, integrating the core functionalities that many expensive models have, for a much lower cost.

In recent years, single-board computers have been gaining popularity because they make it possible to use low cost, low energy consumption devices to solve complex tasks that would be much harder to solve with microcontrollers. However, these devices have much more limited capabilities both computation and memory-wise compared to traditional computers, which in turn limits the options available to use them for classification problems. One of the available options is using Lookup Table-based classifiers that require minimal computation, although in return they require more memory space. Sequential Fuzzy Indexing Tables are improved versions of Lookup Tables that require less memory, but for large problem spaces their storage cost is still very high. This is due to the size of its structure, which can be reduced with suitable domain conversion techniques. In this paper, multiple options are investigated, analyzed and compared in order to solve this problem.

Building energy consumption plays an essential role in urban sustainability. The prediction of the energy demand is also of particular importance for developing smart cities and urban planning. Machine learning has recently contributed to the advancement of methods and technologies to predict demand and consumption for building energy systems. This paper presents a state of the art of machine learning models and evaluates the performance of these models. Through a systematic review and a comprehensive taxonomy, the advances of machine learning are carefully investigated and promising models are introduced.

Deep learning (DL) algorithms have recently emerged from machine learning and soft computing techniques. Since then, several deep learning (DL) algorithms have been recently introduced to scientific communities and are applied in various application domains. Today the usage of DL has become essential due to their intelligence, efficient learning, accuracy and robustness in model building. However, in the scientific literature, a comprehensive list of DL algorithms has not been introduced yet. This paper provides a list of the most popular DL algorithms, along with their applications domains.

The conventional machine learning (ML) algorithms are continuously advancing and evolving at a fast-paced by introducing the novel learning algorithms. ML models are continually improving using hybridization and ensemble techniques to empower computation, functionality, robustness, and accuracy aspects of modeling. Currently, numerous hybrid and ensemble ML models have been introduced. However, they have not been surveyed in a comprehensive manner. This paper presents the state of the art of novel ML models and their performance and application domains through a novel taxonomy.

Deep learning (DL) and machine learning (ML) methods have recently contributed to the advancement of models in the various aspects of prediction, planning, and uncertainty analysis of smart cities and urban development. This paper presents the state of the art of DL and ML methods used in this realm. Through a novel taxonomy, the advances in model development and new application domains in urban sustainability and smart cities are presented. Findings reveal that five DL and ML methods have been most applied to address the different aspects of smart cities. These are artificial neural networks; support vector machines; decision trees; ensembles, Bayesians, hybrids, and neuro-fuzzy; and deep learning. It is also disclosed that energy, health, and urban transport are the main domains of smart cities that DL and ML methods contributed in to address their problems.

Nowadays, abstract reasoning is a key competence in computer science. It strongly affects mathematical and programming ability and it needs to be improved. The improvement, at higher education level, is usually connected to some knowledge transfer where present tendencies and needs are introduced. In programming, worldwide trends are object orientation and component-based programming. In this paper, the authors introduce new features of a template class library which has already been applied successfully to teach object-oriented programming. The library requires abstract understanding of problems and helps teachers to show relevant programming techniques to the students.

Single photons are essential for development of modern technologies and there are still many fundamental features investigated now, related to the measurement of photons. Photons are often referred to as particles, but they are light quanta and depending on the situation, sometimes the particle aspect is useful and sometimes the wave aspect is. As a photon gets closer to measured object, the chance of it interacting becomes greater.The first step of our research was to generate a stable photon beam. This photon beam was used as a measuring tool for measuring photon transmission through micro-gaps and micro-bores versus their dimension. Photon’ cross section varies depending on what it is interacting with, also depends upon the size of the object.Then, the experiments on the heterodyning the light beams were carried out. For the intensity of photon beam so low that the distance between photons exceeds wavelength, such photons should not overlap, but in fact beatings were recorded. This test allows to assume that actual length of photon is much larger than wavelength.The above considerations refer to 2D space, but real objects are 3D and usually of very compound character. All experiments on photons are of great value. Usually they are of very specialized character, but nevertheless, they always bring us closer to the general theory of interaction between photon and object.

To study the hydrogen isotopes plasma driven permeation (PDP) behavior in plasma facing materials, a linear Radio Frequency (RF) plasma device has been constructed in the radiation controlled area at Shizuoka University. The deuterium (D) plasma is generated by injecting RF power with the frequency of 13.56 MHz through a copper antenna and confined by DC magnetic field. The sample is sealed by gold (Au) coated O-ring and one side (upstream side) of sample is exposed to the D plasma. The other side of sample, named as downstream side, is pumped out by a turbo molecular pump and a rotary pump. The permeated D through the sample is monitored by a quadrupole mass spectrometer (QMS) which is connected to the downstream chamber. Infrared heater is adopted to control the sample temperature. The PDP experiments under different plasma parameters show that the permeation process agrees with RD regime. The D recombination coefficient on upstream surface of W is obtained.

Bivalve shells, such as Mytilus, offer great potential as environmental proxies. Analysis of the biomineralization process with determination of elemental composition gives information about the quality of environment and reflects the possible safety issues related to mollusk consumption because high pollutant quantities in shells indicate high pollutants presence in the consumed parts. In this work we study the biomineralization process in some bivalve shells and identify the presence of pollutants such as Pb, U, and other heavy metals using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDAX). Through the obtained results, this methodology proved to be very reliable and fast for this purpose. We also show a correlation of the biomineralization results with the environmental conditions where the shells developed, such as estimation of water temperature by the Sr/Ca ratios, all the results proving the ability of bivalve shells of providing information about the environment quality.

Atmospheric pressure plasma fit great in agricultural applications due to their reduced complexity and to their chemical reactivity, being produced in air. In this work we present some of our results regarding agricultural applications of plasmas, obtained with seeds and soil exposed in atmospheric pressure plasmas conditions. The treatment of seeds shown a non-linear behavior with the exposure time and voltage for seed germination and development. The effects are strongly dependent on the type of seeds. Radish seeds were stimulated with lower voltages plasma and shorter exposures as compared to broccoli. In some conditions plasma exposure inhibited the growth, with lower germination rates than un-exposed samples and smaller size of the sprouts. For soil treatment we found the possibility to increase the nitrogen content of soil when tuning plasma treatment conditions, and we believe it is due to the reaction between reactive nitrogen species produced in plasma and organic components in soil.

In the attempt to decrease the number of colon cancers deaths, colonoscopy is one of the main screening tests recommended by the American and European guidelines, as well as the updated Asia Pacific consensus statements, meant to early detect abnormal structures formed on colon surface. In order to obtain the best images, a very effective colon cleansing is necessary. Thus, polyps, diverticulitis, or any peculiar aspects of the intestinal membrane, might be observed. Subjective evaluation influenced by various cleansing degrees might conduct to different results, or even to omissions. Expert assessment variability is another factor influencing the diagnosis. We further describe special software, useful for an objective, semi-supervised, evaluation of bowel cleansing degree.

Gas-liquid stirred tanks are widely used in various chemical engineering processes such as fermentation and pharmaceutical production. In the mixing process for fermentation, aerobic microbes produce high polymer compounds from oxygen and carbon sources which need to be supplied by agitation and aeration in a tank. It is essential to supply a sufficient and uniform amount of nutrients to provide high quality and quantity products, and hence, it is necessary to optimize the shape and operating conditions of the stirring tank to mix gas and materials in the liquid sufficiently and uniformly. However, it is difficult to obtain a guideline for the design of plant-scale tanks from laboratory-scale experiments because experimental measurements cannot provide the detailed distribution of materials. The present study aims to obtain a guideline for an optimized design by developing computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation of the gas-liquid two-phase flow in the stirred tank and investigating the mass transfer inside the stirred tank in detail. Applying k-ω shear stress transport (SST) model, we calculate the gas-liquid flow in the stirred tank and estimate overall gas hold-up in comparison with experimental data.

Microwave irradiation is a very effective tool in the field of synthesis because of its rapid heating, etc., based on its energy savings and improvement of selectivity as compared to conventional external heating. In particular, flow-type microwave devices in organic synthesis are suitable for difficult synthesis processes in that the synthesis can be performed under rapid heating and cooling and pressurized conditions. On the other hand, estimating the internal temperature profile during chemical synthesis is important for proper synthesis control. However, it is difficult to directly measure the internal temperature in the target device. This paper focuses on Fischer indole synthesis. A dynamic equation was established from the heat energy balance of the reaction tube. The internal temperature profile was estimated taking into account the correlation between the microwave absorption and temperature. This method could accurately estimate the temperature profile within a relative error of 3.4–6.3% under low power microwave conditions. By clarifying the internal temperature profile, it can be used for future control of organic synthesis.

A risk evaluation model for information technology (IT) services in integrated risk assessment is proposed in this paper. The model covers management systems for information security and IT services. The component-impact coefficient parameter is introduced to define the strength of the relation between assets and IT services. The concept of composition of relations and the weighted sum principle are applied to analyze and evaluate the risk of IT services. When we applied the model to IT services in operation, the risk evaluation was output as quantities that reflect the component-impact coefficient, and risk treatment prioritization was attained in the descending order of numerical values. The proposed model therefore improves the precision of risk evaluation, and application of the model allows more accurate risk evaluation than the conventional method.

A physical model of liquid inclusion motion in an inhomogeneously stressed crystal is stated. The model is based on the phenomenon of induced transitions of atoms of the matrix into the solution and back to the matrix. The dependence of the speed of inclusion motion on its size is obtained and it describes the experimental results with high accuracy. Numerical estimates of the inclusion’s characteristic parameters correspond to tabulated data and results obtained by other authors. The proposed model of induced inclusion motion in a crystal with an inhomogeneous dislocation distribution can be applied to the crystals with inhomogeneity of another nature.

The fourth year of our collaboration and third iteration of our experimental research is composed of a structured Control class of 62 students and an Experimental class of 51 students. The start-up preparation before the first class forced close examination of the practices and strategies in structuring the two groups. The one group is conceived of as a Project Based Learning (PBL) simulation; the other group is Task-Based language learning (TBLL). The Project Team simulation promotes development of layered relationships and valorizes leadership in teams. The TBLL group has professor, technical assistant, and researcher with orderly routines. The university asks us as educators to work to promote diversity, innovation and creativity. Consistent high quality group development is also desired. Are these goals in conflict?

Automated controlling the harvesting systems can significantly increase the efficiency of the agricultural practices and prevent food wastes. Modeling and improvement of the combine harvester can increase the overall performance. Machine learning methods provide the opportunity of advanced modeling for accurate prediction of the highest performance of the machine. In this study, the modeling of combine harvesting id performed using radial basis function (RBF) and the hybrid machine learning method of adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) to predict various variables of the combine harvester for the optimal performance. Response surface methodology (RSM) is also used to optimize the models. The comparative study shows that the ANFIS method outperforms the RBF method.

Design and advancement of the durable urban train infrastructures are of utmost importance for reliable mobility in the smart cities of the future. Given the importance of urban train lines, tunnels, and subway stations, these structures should be meticulously analyzed. In this research, two-dimensional modeling and analysis of the soil-structure mass of the Alan Dasht station of Mashhad Urban Train are studied. The two-dimensional modeling was conducted using Hashash’s method and displacement interaction. After calculating the free-field resonance and side distortion of the soil mass, this resonance was entered into PLAXIS finite element program, and finally, stress and displacement contours together with the bending moment, shear force and axial force curves of the structure were obtained.