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Erschienen in:
Turkey’s Water Policy Framework Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

2011 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

Environmental Impact Assessment in Turkish Dam Planning

verfasst von : Waltina Scheumann, Vera Baumann, Anna Lena Mueller, Dennis Mutschler, Sylvia Steiner, Thomas Walenta

Erschienen in: Turkey's Water Policy

Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

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Abstract

By supplying water and generating hydroelectricity, dams play a prominent role in Turkey’s economic and social development. Hydroelectric energy generation, for instance, enjoys high priority in the domestic energy mix, and it factors as one of the core elements in Turkey’s climate mitigation strategy because it compares favourably with fossil energies in terms of carbon emissions. As the General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works (DSI) reasons: “(…) hydroelectric power is environment-friendly, clean, renewable, able to meet peak demands, highly efficient (over 90 percent), involves no fuel cost, is a balancer of energy prices, has a long life-span (200 years), its cost recovery is short-run (5-10 years) its operational costs are low (approximately 0.2 cent/kWh), and it is an indigenous source of energy which is (…) natural.”.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Turkey’s Policy for Combating Water Pollution
Nächstes Kapitel NGOs Promote Integrated River Basin Management in Turkey: A Case-Study of the Konya Closed Basin
Fußnoten
2
E.g. Hürriyet, Radikal, Taraf, and Zaman.
 
3
This article is based on a study carried out between February and May 2009 (Scheumann et al., forthcoming in 2011). Expropriation and resettlement were part of the study, but is not covered in this article.
 
5
Including dams with reservoirs and run-off the river type projects.
 
6
According to DSI, 24 dams have a generating capacity equal/larger than 100 MW www.​dsi.​gov.​tr/​. Accessed 23 March 2010.
 
7
According to OECD estimates, only Canada and Turkey have considerable not yet exploited potential (IEA 2008, 19).
 
8
The By-Law on Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) was prepared on the basis of Article 10 of Environment Law No. 2872 dated on 09 August 1983.
 
9
The environmental acquis communautaire describes the sum of all environment-related EU regulations that must be taken over by EU member states.
 
10
The water acquis comprises foremost the EU Water Framework Directive, the Urban Wastewater Directive, and the Directive of Protecting Waters against Nitrate Pollution from Agricultural Sources.
 
11
UNECE Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context, 1991.
 
12
UNECE Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters, 1998.
 
14
projects got environmental clearance (“EIA is positive”), one was not approved (“EIA is negative”).
 
16
Http://​www.​dsi.​gov.​tr/​. Accessed 21 November 2008.
 
17
TC Republic of Turkey, Official Gazette No: 26939, 7 July 2008, Provisional Article 3 (1): “As per the projects whose application projects have been approved, for which required approval, permit, license, or expropriation decision has been taken, which have been included in the investment program, or whose local zoning plans have been approved before the By-law on Environmental Impact Assessment published in the Official Gazette No 21489 dated 7 February 1993 and those with documented proof of production initiation and / or operation stage inception before this date the provisions of this Bylaw shall not apply […].” The EU EIA Directive too exempts projects from EIA requirements if they serve “national defense purposes” (Art 1 (4)), and if the Directive’s objectives “including that of supplying information, are achieved through the legislative process“ (Art 1 (5)).
 
18
Both the Environment Law and the EIA By-Law rule that the judicial path can be used if somebody is not satisfied with the decisions taken during the EIA process after having exhausted administrative appeal steps (OECD 2008, 167).
 
19
Danistay is the highest administrative court whose ruling is final in the sense that there is no other institution to appeal.
 
20
An EIA has not been undertaken according to the Istanbul Water Tribunal (2009).
 
22
After approving a number of international agreements including the ratification of the Ramsar Convention in 1994, Turkey increased the number of wetlands classified as “Wetlands of International Importance” according to Ramsar criteria progressively to 135, of which 12 are designated Ramsar Sites (Karadeniz et al. 2009, 1108). In 2002, the MoEF issued the Regulation for the Protection of Wetlands (No. 25818, revised on 17 May 2005), set up a National Wetlands Commission and Provincial Local Wetlands Commissions, and prepared the National Wetlands Strategy 2003 - 2008. [23] Management plans are being developed for fourteen Specially Protected Areas and Biological Diversity in the Mediterranean under the Barcelona Convention of which the Goksu Delta under the Authority for the Protection of Special Areas is one.
 
24
Most of them are run-off the river type.
 
26
Other interviewees were less certain about this obligation, and it could not be verified whether there is a minimum in-stream requirement.
 
27
See Ferrari (2010, 81-86) for the Alara hydropower project.
 
28
Elektrik Isleri Etud Idaresi (Electrical Investigation Administration).
 
29
DSI/EIE Projelerinde Istenecek (On)Fizibilite Raporunda Yer Alacak Ana Basliklar, Bolum -7. Cevresel Etkiler (Genel).
 
30
According to the Turkish Constitution of 1982, water resources are vested in the State domain, and the government only can transfer / assign user rights. These transfers have inadequately been coined as “selling the rivers.” However, a subsequent problem of water use-right transfers is whether the state maintains control over private activities – one being monitoring the implementation of environmental requirements (see Baskan in this volume).
 
31
Yonetmelik Hidroelektrik Santrallarin Su Kullanim Anlasmasi, No. 25150, 26 June 2003, Madde 12, http://​www.​dsi.​gov.​tr/​ska/​yonetmelik_​tamami.​htm. Accessed 30 March 2010.
 
32
See for instance, the OECD’s Common Approaches, the International Hydropower Association’s hydropower sustainability assessment protocol, and the Equator Principles for the financial industry to manage social and environmental issues in project financing.
 
33
If EIAs are done on the request of e.g. ECAs, then they serve as advisory for mitigation means and are not part of a project’s environmental clearance process. Whether mitigation means are considered binding by the respective project developer and the authority is rather questionable, and depends on the arrangements agreed upon between ECAs, Turkish authorities and the project developer.
 
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Metadaten
Titel
Environmental Impact Assessment in Turkish Dam Planning
verfasst von
Waltina Scheumann
Vera Baumann
Anna Lena Mueller
Dennis Mutschler
Sylvia Steiner
Thomas Walenta
Copyright-Jahr
2011
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Buch
Turkey's Water Policy

Print ISBN: 978-3-642-19635-5

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-642-19636-2

Copyright-Jahr: 2011

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19636-2_8