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2018 | Buch

Europe and the End of the Age of Innocence

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“Bongiovanni’s message should be heeded, especially in Brussels, Berlin and Paris” – John Peet, Political Editor, The Economist
Francesco Bongiovanni returns with a sequel to The Decline and the Fall of Europe, a book Guardian journalist Nils Pratley labelled 'a wake-up call for the twenty-first century'. Since 2012 Europe has been confronted with new, unexpected game-changing challenges such as the refugee crisis and its human tsunami, the surprise of Brexit and the explosion of 'alternative' politics. Europeans have finally come to realize that the open-societies that they have been comfortably living in are under threat and fragmenting, leaving their survival uncertain. Minorities are falling prey to an Islamist ideology that conveys values and customs diametrically opposed to European ones. Terrorist acts have become the 'new normal', part of daily life. The North-South cleavage brought about by the eurozone crisis is now completed by a deep East-West cleavage born from the refugee crisis. Against this backdrop, a Germany that is not all that it seems has become Europe’s de-facto ruler, but is unfit to lead, while Trump’s America cannot be counted on as it once used to be, forcing Europe to fend for itself. A beacon of stability and prosperity in the past, a naive and unprepared Europe, facing new and terrifying challenges is today more than ever torn apart, increasingly unstable and adrift.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter
1. Introduction
Abstract
To the author, writing a sequel to his first book became necessary given the unexpected game-changers that have hit Europe since publication. The combined impact of the refugee crisis, the rise of terrorism and the increasingly visible Islamization of societies (or the ‘trilogy’), and the failure of the traditional political classes to address these and other issues has catalysed the development of ‘alternative politics’. The ‘trilogy’, Brexit, German hegemony and the Trump presidency are among the new challenges facing the continent. Understanding the truth is more necessary than ever in an age of ideologically biased information. With this book, Bongiovanni undertakes a fact-based journey in order to discover the hard truths about today’s Europe as it faces new challenges—some of which threaten its very soul.
Francesco M. Bongiovanni

The Trilogy

Frontmatter
2. The Awakening
Abstract
The unprecedented scale of disruption created by the highly visible refugee tsunami and spectacular terrorist incidents has led ordinary Europeans to place the relationship between host societies and minorities at the forefront of their preoccupations, ahead of traditional concerns such as jobs and the economy. The emergence of a new, powerful post-Berlin Wall ideology that prioritises globalization, social liberalism and inclusiveness over pragmatism and that is impervious to debate created a new class of discontents and enabled the components of the ‘trilogy’ to become overly disruptive. As a result, Europe finds itself more divided and unstable than ever. A reaction was bound to come, as citizens came to mistrust existing political structures and started looking elsewhere for solutions.
Francesco M. Bongiovanni
3. The Tsunami
Abstract
Overwhelmed by waves of war refugees and economic migrants in search of a better life, Europe doesn’t know what to do with these masses. The ‘great immigration debacle’ could have been avoided, had European leaders paid attention to the deteriorating situation in underfunded refugee camps near war zones. Merkel’s open-door policy amounted to a monumental gamble: will it be possible to swiftly reformat and absorb masses from alien cultures? Will the free movement of citizens within Europe survive the growing intra-European tensions generated by mass migration? There is no panacea for integration, especially in a continent with tens of millions of unemployed. In the meantime, caring for these masses requires tens of billions of euros per year, at a time when governments are asking citizens to tighten their belts.
Francesco M. Bongiovanni
4. Barbarians in the City
Abstract
This chapter explores the impact of Islamization and Jihadism on Europe’s open societies. Naïve and permissive, Europe allowed an ideology promoting values and customs opposed to its own to flourish among its minorities, promoting social division. Confusing a religion with a militant ideology is counterproductive and risks alienating the minority’s moderates, who get caught in the middle and who are key to any stabilization effort. An asymmetric war is fought where one side is shackled by its own rules while the other knows no limits. The permissiveness of European authorities exposes the general population to a considerable level of danger. Accommodation doesn’t work and results in ‘self-ghettoized’ communities living in their own world, with their own laws and customs, fragmenting the nation.
Francesco M. Bongiovanni
5. The Rise of Alternative Politics
Abstract
Alternative political forces (such as right-wing nationalists, populists and others), until recently marginal anti-EU and euro players, have exploded onto the forefront of the political scene due to the ‘trilogy’ and widespread discontent with perceived loss of sovereignty and identity. The more people think traditional political forces are ideologically biased in favour of globalization, the European project, minorities and immigration; the more they see mainstream media and the authorities manipulating information; the more they mistrust traditional power structures and lament the lack of solutions they offer, the more they will look for solutions in non-traditional power structures. In this chapter, the author examines the swift and recent rise of alternative political forces, their strengths and weaknesses and their impact on Europe and its future.
Francesco M. Bongiovanni
6. Ensuring the Survival of a ‘Europe of Values’
Abstract
Solutions exist, but Europe must decide what it wants and act on it. The right compromise must be found between effective solutions and upholding core European ideals. External frontiers must be protected, while camps close to conflict zones must become sustainable and attractive enough that refugees can remain until the conflict is over. Economic migrants already in Europe should be enrolled in mandatory skills building programmes and sent back home where they can make use of these skills. Compromising with radicals and Jihadists is not compatible with the survival of open societies as we know them today. How far is Europe willing to go in facing existential threats?
Francesco M. Bongiovanni

A Brief History of How to Mess Things Up

Frontmatter
7. The Island That Couldn’t Get Far Enough
Abstract
Much has been said about Brexit, but the fact remains that there are two clear losers in this saga: Europe and the UK. Brexit was not meant to happen but it did. Both sides are now having to deal with its vast complexities and consequences. The impact of Brexit will be felt by both sides across multiple dimensions. For Bongiovanni the most significant consequence is that the European integration process—which had always been moving in the direction of more integration and which, for all its shortcomings, brought about an unprecedented era of peace and prosperity on the continent—has now shown that it can be reversed.
Francesco M. Bongiovanni
8. Uber Alles? Not So Fast!
Abstract
A pillar of rectitude, stability and a star performer, Germany is not all that it seems. Its economy has structural weaknesses. It assumed the moral high ground in the Greek crisis yet Deutschbank and Volkswagen are spectacular examples of two iconic German companies caught cheating on a world scale. The mantle of leader of Europe has fallen on it but Germany has by and large promoted its own narrow self-interest, often to the detriment of its European partners. Following the autumn 2017 elections, a new element of political uncertainty and instability entered Germany’s political scene. At a time when Europe needs to embrace courageous reforms, the only thing that may be worse than a strong Germany is a weak Germany.
Francesco M. Bongiovanni
9. The More It Changes, the More It Stays the Same
Abstract
Nothing much has happened with the euro since 2012 as the currency crisis abated, bringing about a dangerous feeling of complacency. No substantial reforms have been undertaken to correct the original flaws plaguing the single currency’s architecture as a result of which the euro remains at the mercy of the next crisis waiting to happen. This chapter reminds us of how the euro crisis was misdiagnosed as a fiscal one and how the wrong medicine of across-the-board austerity was administered, worsening the situation. The so-called bailout of Greece was in fact a disguised bailout of foreign creditor banks promoted by ideologically driven parties that have not been shy about advancing their own interests.
Francesco M. Bongiovanni
10. The Gas Wars
Abstract
Europe’s growing dependence on natural gas from Russia and its ever-cosier relationship with the Kremlin has unnerved strategists from Brussels to Washington. The USA very recently became a net exporter of natural gas and wants a piece of the pie in the European market, which would have to be to the detriment of Russian exports, and it wanted to put a dent in the aforesaid cosy relationship. Against this background the Ukrainian crisis provided the perfect opportunity for the USA to decouple Europe from Russia’s embrace. Europe finds itself caught as a pawn in a dangerous, high-stakes game. Will the USA know when to stop pushing? Will Europe manage to play off one supplier against the other for its own good?
Francesco M. Bongiovanni
11. The Trump Card
Abstract
Post-Second World War Europe has been able to prosper under the USA’s wing. The advent of President Trump undoubtedly has consequences for Europe and the rest of the world. The USA seems increasingly to be stepping away from a world order of its own creation and away from the delivery of international public goods expected from such a world leader. Trump’s personal style and ideological convictions pit him against what most of Europe’s political elites stand for. How real and lasting is this transatlantic decoupling? If Trump signifies an end to the USA’s unconditional support, an unprepared Europe will increasingly have to fend for itself at a time when it is more divided than ever.
Francesco M. Bongiovanni
12. Conclusion
Abstract
Rosy depictions of the state of Europe today belie realities on the ground. The journey undertaken by this book shows a Europe more divided and unstable than ever, facing new challenges that threaten its existence, the survival of its open societies and its very soul. As traditional political forces have fallen short on addressing the concerns of their constituencies, untested, alternative political players have been riding the wave, bringing about increased fragmentation and uncertainty. Europe is worse off than it was five years ago and probably better off today than it will be five years from now.
Francesco M. Bongiovanni
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
Europe and the End of the Age of Innocence
verfasst von
Dr. Francesco M. Bongiovanni
Copyright-Jahr
2018
Electronic ISBN
978-3-319-74370-7
Print ISBN
978-3-319-74369-1
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74370-7

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