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Open Access 2023 | Open Access | Buch

European Language Grid

A Language Technology Platform for Multilingual Europe

herausgegeben von: Georg Rehm

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Buchreihe : Cognitive Technologies

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Über dieses Buch

This open access book provides an in-depth description of the EU project European Language Grid (ELG). Its motivation lies in the fact that Europe is a multilingual society with 24 official European Union Member State languages and dozens of additional languages including regional and minority languages. The only meaningful way to enable multilingualism and to benefit from this rich linguistic heritage is through Language Technologies (LT) including Natural Language Processing (NLP), Natural Language Understanding (NLU), Speech Technologies and language-centric Artificial Intelligence (AI) applications.
The European Language Grid provides a single umbrella platform for the European LT community, including research and industry, effectively functioning as a virtual home, marketplace, showroom, and deployment centre for all services, tools, resources, products and organisations active in the field. Today the ELG cloud platform already offers access to more than 13,000 language processing tools and language resources. It enables all stakeholders to deposit, upload and deploy their technologies and datasets. The platform also supports the long-term objective of establishing digital language equality in Europe by 2030 – to create a situation in which all European languages enjoy equal technological support.
This is the very first book dedicated to Language Technology and NLP platforms. Cloud technology has only recently matured enough to make the development of a platform like ELG feasible on a larger scale. The book comprehensively describes the results of the ELG project. Following an introduction, the content is divided into four main parts: (I) ELG Cloud Platform; (II) ELG Inventory of Technologies and Resources; (III) ELG Community and Initiative; and (IV) ELG Open Calls and Pilot Projects.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

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Chapter 1. European Language Grid: Introduction

Abstract

Europe is a multilingual society with 24 European Union Member State languages and dozens of additional languages including regional and minority languages as well as languages spoken by immigrants, trade partners and tourists. While languages are an essential part of our cultural heritage, language barriers continue to be unbreachable in many situations. The only option to enable and to benefit from multilingualism is through Language Technologies (LTs) including Natural Language Processing (NLP), Natural Language Understanding (NLU) and Speech Technologies. The commercial European LT landscape is dominated by hundreds of SMEs that develop many different kinds of LTs. While the industrial and also the academic European LT community is world-class, it is also massively fragmented. This chapter is an introduction to the present volume, which describes the European Language Grid (ELG) cloud platform, initiative and EU project. The ELG system is targeted to evolve into the primary platform and marketplace for LT in Europe by providing one umbrella platform for the entire European LT community, including research and industry, enabling all stakeholders to showcase, share and distribute their services, tools, products, datasets and other resources. At the time of writing, the ELG platform provides access to more than 13,000 commercial and non-commercial language resources and technologies covering all official EU languages and many national, co-official, regional and minority languages.

Georg Rehm

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ELG Cloud Platform

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Chapter 2. The European Language Grid Platform:Basic Concepts

Abstract

In the fragmented Language Technology (LT) landscape of multilingual Europe, ELG has set out to bring together language resources and technologies (LRTs) and boost the LT sector and its activities. The primary goal is to build a scalable and comprehensive cloud platform for providers, developers, integrators and consumers of language resources and technologies. We describe the basic concepts of the ELG platform in terms of its architecture, the functionalities and services offered to its types of users and the policies it implements. We present the ELG repository, its catalogue features, the LT services execution environment as well as the metadata model underlying the platform operations and the resources life cycle, from creation to publication. We also discuss the compliance of ELG with the FAIR principles and the relation to other platforms and infrastructure initiatives which have inspired certain aspects and with which ELG has been establishing strong links.

Stelios Piperidis, Penny Labropoulou, Dimitris Galanis, Miltos Deligiannis, Georg Rehm

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Chapter 3. Using the European Language Grid as a Consumer

Abstract

This chapter describes the European Language Grid cloud platform from the point of view of a consumer who wishes to access language resources or make use of language technology tools and services. Three aspects are discussed: 1. the webbased user interface (UI) for casual and non-technical users, 2. the underlying REST APIs that drive the UI but can also be called directly by third parties to integrate ELG functionality in their own tools, and 3. the Python Software Development Kit (SDK) that we have developed to simplify access to these APIs from Python code. The chapter concludes with a preview of the upcoming payment module that will enable the sale of commercial LT services and resources through ELG, and a discussion of how ELG compares and relates to other similar platforms and initiatives.

Ian Roberts, Penny Labropoulou, Dimitris Galanis, Rémi Calizzano, Athanasia Kolovou, Dimitris Gkoumas, Andis Lagzdiņš, Stelios Piperidis

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Chapter 4. Contributing to the European Language Grid as a Provider

Abstract

The ELG platform enables producers of language resources and language technology tools and services to upload, describe, share, and distribute their services and products as well as to describe their companies, academic organisations and projects. This chapter presents the functionalities offered through web-based user interfaces for describing LT resources or related entities with metadata and for managing their publication. It gives a detailed description of the options that providers of LT tools can exploit to integrate them into ELG as ready-to-deploy services and the tools that ELG offers in their support during the preparation, upload and integration phases. The tools and packaging recommendations for resources to be uploaded in ELG are also presented. The chapter concludes with a discussion of functionalities offered to providers by ELG and other related platforms.

Dimitris Galanis, Penny Labropoulou, Ian Roberts, Miltos Deligiannis, Leon Voukoutis, Katerina Gkirtzou, Rémi Calizzano, Athanasia Kolovou, Dimitris Gkoumas, Stelios Piperidis

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Chapter 5. Cloud Infrastructure of the European Language Grid

Abstract

The European Language Grid (ELG) is a cloud-based platform, utilising a variety of software packages as well as infrastructure components and virtual hardware. The additional software components developed by the ELG project are usually provided as open source to facilitate re-use by third parties. This chapter provides an overview of the infrastructural setup used by the ELG cloud platform. The selected architecture also has implications for providers as well as users of the platform, e. g., in terms of the scaling behaviour of individual Language Technology (LT) services.

Florian Kintzel, Rémi Calizzano, Georg Rehm

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Chapter 6. Interoperable Metadata Bridges to the wider Language Technology Ecosystem

Abstract

One of the objectives of the European Language Grid is to help overcome the fragmentation of the European Language Technology community by bringing together language resources and technologies, information about them, Language Technology consumers, providers and the wider public. This chapter describes the mechanisms ELG has put in place to build interoperable bridges to related initiatives, infrastructures, platforms and repositories in the wider Language Technology landscape. We focus on the different approaches implemented for the exchange of metadata records about, in a generic sense, resources and exemplify them with the help of four use cases through which the ELG catalogue has been further populated. The chapter presents the protocols used for the population processes as well as the adaptations of the ELG metadata schema and platform policies that proved necessary to be able to ingest these new records.

Penny Labropoulou, Stelios Piperidis, Miltos Deligiannis, Leon Voukoutis, Maria Giagkou, Ondřej Košarko, Jan Hajič, Georg Rehm

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ELG Inventory of Technologies and Resources

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Chapter 7. Language Technology Tools and Services

Abstract

At the time of writing, the European Language Grid includes more than 800 LT services of varied types, including machine translation (MT), automatic speech recognition (ASR), text-to-speech synthesis (TTS), and text analysis ranging from simple tokenisers and part-of-speech taggers through to complete named entity recognition and sentiment analysis systems. This chapter gives a high-level summary of the development of the ELG service catalogue over time and digs deeper to discuss the process of service integration by looking at a few example services.

Ian Roberts, Andres Garcia Silva, Cristian Berrìo Aroca, Jose Manuel Gómez-Pérez, Miroslav Jánoší, Dimitris Galanis, Rémi Calizzano, Andis Lagzdiņš, Milan Straka, Ulrich Germann

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Chapter 8. Datasets, Corpora and other Language Resources

Abstract

This chapter provides an overview of what is available in ELG in terms of datasets, corpora and other language resources (LRs) and how this has been achieved. We look at the procedures and steps that have been followed to complete the full resource ingestion cycle, which goes from repository and LR identification to metadata description and ingestion. We explain the approaches, priorities and methodology. The chapter also outlines the repositories that have been integrated into ELG, discussing the different procedures followed (metadata conversion, extraction, and completion, as well as harvesting) and the reasons behind these choices. Furthermore, the ELG catalogue content is described, with details on key elements and features as well as accomplishments. The last two sections are devoted to the crucial legal issues behind such a complex platform and its data management plan, respectively.

Victoria Arranz, Khalid Choukri, Valérie Mapelli, Mickaël Rigault, Penny Labropoulou, Miltos Deligiannis, Leon Voukoutis, Stelios Piperidis

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Chapter 9. Language Technology Companies, Research Organisations and Projects

Abstract

The European Language Grid is meant to develop into the primary platform of the European Language Technology community. In addition to LT tools and services (Chapter 7) and Language Resources (Chapter 8), ELG represents the actual members of this community, i. e., the companies and research organisations that develop language technologies and that are engaged in related activities. The goal of becoming the primary platform for LT in Europe implies that ELG should ideally represent all European companies and all European research organisations with corresponding metadata records in the ELG catalogue, which are interlinked with the respective LT tools and services as well as language resources they offer. This chapter describes the European stakeholders and user groups that are relevant for the ELG initiative, the composition of the community and the locations of the companies and research groups as currently listed in ELG. Furthermore, we describe a number of technical and organisational challenges involved in the preparation of our list of stakeholders, and outline the process of catalogue population.

Georg Rehm, Katrin Marheinecke, Rémi Calizzano, Penny Labropoulou

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ELG Community and Initiative

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Chapter 10. European Language Technology Landscape: Communication and Collaborations

Abstract

The European Language Technology community is a diverse group of stakeholders that is characterised by severe fragmentation. This chapter provides an overview of the stakeholders that are relevant for the European Language Grid. We also briefly describe our communication channels and strategies with regard to the promotion of ELG. Furthermore, we highlight a few of the current projects and initiatives and their relationship to and relevance for ELG, especially with regard to collaborations. The overall goal of the target group-specific communication strategy we developed is to create more and more uptake of ELG in the European LT community, eventually creating a snowball effect.

Georg Rehm, Katrin Marheinecke, Jens-Peter Kückens

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Chapter 11. ELG National Competence Centres and Events

Abstract

The National Competence Centres (NCCs) in ELG are an international network of 32 regional and national networks, lead by one regional/national representative. The 32 NCCs play a crucial role in ELG, they support the project by bringing in their corresponding regional and national perspective and stakeholders, organising ELG workshops and functioning as regional/national representatives. The chapter explains why, despite a considerable coordination effort, it was worth putting this network together. One important task carried out by the NCCs was to conduct regional/ national dissemination events and to participate in relevant regional/national events and also in the annual META-FORUM conferences, organised by ELG.

Katrin Marheinecke, Annika Grützner-Zahn, Georg Rehm

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Chapter 12. Innovation and Marketplace: A Vision for the European Language Grid

Abstract

This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of innovation and the ELG marketplace as core elements for the generation of value and the creation of an active, attractive and vibrant community surrounding the European Language Grid. Innovation is an essential element in making ELG a credible and sustainable undertaking. However, it does not happen by itself nor materialise in a vacuum. Consequently, ELG provides a habitat for various kinds of innovation and a home for the necessary community to put innovation into action. The marketplace is essential for attracting participants supplying and demanding services, resources, components and technologies on a European scale. Innovation and marketplace – as well as the overall business model – are tightly connected and need to be developed and managed in a joint manner. Clearly, this is not a one-off activity, but rather needs to be carried out continuously and extend into the future. ELG is designed and created to promote the excellence and growth of the European LT market, creating new jobs and business opportunities and supporting European digital sovereignty. Encompassing a wide array of technologies and resources for many languages spoken across Europe and in neighbouring regions, it contributes to the Multilingual Digital Single Market as a cross-European driver for innovation.

Katja Prinz, Gerhard Backfried

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Chapter 13. Sustaining the European Language Grid: Towards the ELG Legal Entity

Abstract

When preparing the European Language Grid EU project proposal and designing the overall concept of the platform, the need for drawing up a long-term sustainability plan was abundantly evident. Already in the phase of developing the proposal, the centrepiece of the sustainability plan was what we called the “ELG legal entity”, i. e., an independent organisation that would be able to take over operations, maintenace, extension and governance of the European Language Grid platform as well as managing and helping to coordinate its community. This chapter describes our current state of planning with regard to this legal entity. It explains the different options discussed and it presents the different products specified, which can be offered by the legal entity in the medium to long run. We also describe which legal form the organisation will take and how it will ensure the sustainability of ELG.

Georg Rehm, Katrin Marheinecke, Stefanie Hegele, Stelios Piperidis, Kalina Bontcheva, Jan Hajič, Khalid Choukri, Andrejs Vasiļjevs, Gerhard Backfried, Katja Prinz, Jose Manuel Gómez-Pérez, Ulrich Germann

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ELG Open Calls and Pilot Projects

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Chapter 14. Open Calls and Pilot Projects

Abstract

We describe the two ELG open calls for pilot projects, the objective of which was to demonstrate the use and the advantages of ELG in providing basic LT for applications and as a basis for more advanced LT-based modules or components useful to industry. Our main goal was to attract SMEs and research organisations to either contribute additional tools or resources to the ELG platform (type A pilot projects) or develop applications using Language Technologies available in the ELG platform (type B pilot projects). We start with the detailed description of the submission and evaluation processes, followed by a presentation of the open call results. Afterwards we describe the supervision and evaluation of the execution phase of the projects, as well as lessons learned. Overall, we were very satisfied with the setup and with the results of the pilot projects, which demonstrate an enormous interest in ELG and the Language Technology topic in general.

Lukáš Kačena, Jana Hamrlová, Jan Hajič

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Chapter 15. Basque-speaking Smart Speaker based on Mycroft AI

Abstract

Speech–driven virtual assistants, known as smart speakers, such as Amazon Echo and Google Home, are increasingly used. However, commercial smart speakers only support a handful of languages. Even languages for which ASR and TTS technology is available, such as many official EU member state languages, are not supported due to a commercial disinterest derived from their – relatively speaking – rather small number of speakers. This problem is even more crucial for minority languages, for which smart speakers are not expected anytime soon, or ever. In this ELG pilot project we developed a Basque–speaking smart speaker, making use of the open source smart speaker project Mycroft AI and Elhuyar Foundation’s speech technologies for Basque. Apart from getting it to speak Basque, one of our goals was to make the smart speaker privacy friendly, non–gendered and use local services, because these are usual issues of concern. The project has also served to improve the state of the art of Basque ASR and TTS technology.

Igor Leturia, Ander Corral, Xabier Sarasola, Beñat Jimenez, Silvia Portela, Arkaitz Anza, Jaione Martinez

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Chapter 16. CEFR Labelling and Assessment Services

Abstract

Our pilot project aims to develop a set of text collections and annotation tools to facilitate the creation of datasets (corpora) for the development of AI classification models. These classification models can automatically assess a text’s reading difficulty on the levels described by the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR). The ability to accurately and consistently assess the readability level of texts is crucial to authors and (language) teachers. It allows them to more easily create and discover content that meets the needs of students with different backgrounds and skill levels. Also, in the public sector using plain language in written communication is becoming increasingly important to ensure citizens can easily access and comprehend government information. EDIA already provides automated readability assessment services (available as APIs and an online authoring tool) for the CEFR in English. Support for Dutch, German and Spanish are added as part of this project. Using the infrastructure developed in this project the effort for creating high quality datasets for additional languages is lowered significantly. The tools and datasets are deployed through the European Language Grid. The project is scheduled to be completed in the second quarter of 2022.

Mark Breuker

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Chapter 17. European Clinical Case Corpus

Abstract

Interpreting information in medical documents has become one of the most relevant application areas for language technologies. However, despite the fact that huge amounts of medical documents (e. g., medical examination reports, hospital discharge letters, digital medical records) are produced, their availability for research purposes is still limited, due to strict data protection regulations. Aiming at fostering advanced information extraction technologies for medical applications, we present E3C, a corpus of clinical case narratives fully based on freely licensed documents. E3C (European Clinical Case Corpus) contains a vast selection of clinical cases (i. e., narratives presenting a patient’s history) that cover different medical areas, are based on different styles and produced in different languages. A portion of the corpus has been manually annotated to be used for training and testing purposes, while a larger set of documents has been automatically tagged to serve as a baseline for future research in information extraction.

Bernardo Magnini, Begoña Altuna, Alberto Lavelli, Anne-Lyse Minard, Manuela Speranza, Roberto Zanoli

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Chapter 18. Extracting Terminological Concept Systems from Natural Language Text

Abstract

Terminology denotes a language resource that structures domain-specific knowledge by means of conceptual grouping of terms and their interrelations. Such structured domain knowledge is vital to various specialised communication settings, from corporate language to crisis communication. However, manually curating a terminology is both labour- and time-intensive. Approaches to automatically extract terminology have focused on detecting domain-specific single- and multi-word terms without taking terminological relations into consideration, while knowledge extraction has specialised on named entities and their relations. We present the Text2TCS method to extract single- and multi-word terms, group them by synonymy, and interrelate these groupings by means of a pre-specified relation typology to generate a Terminological Concept System (TCS) from domain-specific text in multiple languages. To this end, the method relies on pre-trained neural language models.

Dagmar Gromann, Lennart Wachowiak, Christian Lang, Barbara Heinisch

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Chapter 19. Italian EVALITA Benchmark Linguistic Resources, NLP Services and Tools

Abstract

Starting from the first edition held in 2007, EVALITA is the initiative for the evaluation of Natural Language Processing tools for Italian. We describe the EVALITA4ELG project, whose main aim is to systematically collect the resources released as benchmarks for this evaluation campaign, and make them easily accessible through the European Language Grid platform. The collection is moreover integrated with systems and baselines as a pool of web services with a common interface, deployed on a dedicated hardware infrastructure.

Viviana Patti, Valerio Basile, Andrea Bolioli, Alessio Bosca, Cristina Bosco, Michael Fell, Rossella Varvara

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Chapter 20. Lingsoft Solutions as Distributable Containers

Abstract

Lingsoft is one of the leading language technology and language service providers in the Nordic countries. In the Lingsoft Solutions as Distributable Containers (LSDISCO) project, we packaged our language technology tools for distribution as containerised services via the European Language Grid (ELG). As a result, Lingsoft’s speech recognition, machine translation, proofing, and morphological analysis was made available to users of the European Language Grid. The services primarily cover Finnish (general and healthcare domain), Swedish (also Finland Swedish), Danish, Norwegian bokmål and nynorsk, and English. The distribution as containerised services is a straightforward way of making our tools available and updated on ELG and we intend to continue to update our service offerings on ELG with new tools and languages as we develop them.

Sebastian Andersson, Michael Stormbom

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Chapter 21. Motion Capture 3D Sign Language Resources

Abstract

The new 3D motion capture data corpus expands the portfolio of existing language resources by a corpus of 18 hours of Czech sign language. This helps alleviate the current problem, which is a critical lack of quality data necessary for research and subsequent deployment of machine learning techniques in this area. We currently provide the largest collection of annotated sign language recordings acquired by state-of-the-art 3D human body recording technology for the successful future deployment of communication technologies, especially machine translation and sign language synthesis.

Zdeněk Krňoul, Pavel Jedlička, Miloš Železný, Luděk Müller

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Chapter 22. Multilingual Image Corpus

Abstract

The ELG pilot project Multilingual Image Corpus (MIC 21) provides a large image dataset with annotated objects and multilingual descriptions in 25 languages. Our main contributions are: the provision of a large collection of highquality, copyright-free images; the formulation of an ontology of visual objects based on WordNet noun hierarchies; precise manual correction of automatic image segmentation and annotation of object classes; and association of objects and images with extended multilingual descriptions. The dataset is designed for image classification, object detection and semantic segmentation. It can be also used for multilingual image caption generation, image-to-text alignment and automatic question answering for images and videos.

Svetla Koeva

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Chapter 23. Multilingual Knowledge Systems as Linguistic Linked Open Data

Abstract

Creation and re-usability of language resources in accordance with Linked Data principles is a valuable asset in the modern data world. We describe the contributions made to extend the Linguistic Linked Open Data (LLOD) stack with a new resource, Coreon MKS, bringing together concept-oriented, language-agnostic terminology management and graph-based knowledge organisation. We dwell on our approach to mirroring of Coreon’s original data structure to RDF and supplying it with a SPARQL endpoint. We integrate MKS into the existing ELG infrastructure, using it as a platform for making the published MKS discoverable and retrievable via a industry-standard interface. While we apply this approach to LLOD-ify Coreon MKS, it can also provide relevant input for standardisation bodies and interoperability communities, acting as a blueprint for similar integration activities.

Alena Vasilevich, Michael Wetzel

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Chapter 24. Open Translation Models, Tools and Services

Abstract

The ambition of the Open Translation Models, Tools and Services (OPUSMT) project is to develop state-of-the art neural machine translation (NMT) models that can freely be distributed and applied in research as well as professional applications. The goal is to pre-train translation models on a large scale on openly available parallel data and to create a catalogue of such resources for streamlined integration and deployment. For the latter we also implement and improve web services and computer-assisted translation (CAT) tools that can be used in on-line interfaces and professional workflows. Furthermore, we want to enable the re-use of models to avoid repeating costly training procedures from scratch and with this contribute to a reduction of the carbon footprint in MT research and development. The ELG pilot project focused on European minority languages and improved translation quality in low resource settings and the integration of MT services in the ELG infrastructure.

Jörg Tiedemann, Mikko Aulamo, Sam Hardwick, Tommi Nieminen

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Chapter 25. Sign Language Explanations for Terms in a Text

Abstract

The ELG pilot project SignLookUp serves the goal of developing a function that makes text documents easier to comprehend for deaf people. This is important as many of them are functional illiterates.

Helmut Ludwar, Julia Schuster

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Chapter 26. Streaming Language Processing in Manufacturing

Abstract

Often underestimated, (semi-)structured textual data sources are an important cornerstone in the manufacturing sector for product and process quality tracking. The ELG pilot project SLAPMAN develops novel methods for industrial text analytics in the form of scalable, reusable, and potentially stateful microservices, which can be easily orchestrated by domain experts in order to define quality anomaly patterns, e. g., by analysing machine states and error logs. The results are fully available as open source and integrated into the IIoT toolbox Apache StreamPipes.

Patrick Wiener, Steffen Thoma

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Chapter 27. Textual Paraphrase Dataset for Deep Language Modelling

Abstract

The Turku Paraphrase Corpus is a dataset of over 100,000 Finnish paraphrase pairs. During the corpus creation, we strived to gather challenging paraphrase pairs, more suitable to test the capabilities of natural language understanding models. The paraphrases are both selected and classified manually, so as to minimise lexical overlap, and provide examples that are structurally and lexically different to the maximum extent. An important distinguishing feature of the corpus is that most of the paraphrase pairs are extracted and distributed in their native document context, rather than in isolation. The primary application for the dataset is the development and evaluation of deep language models, and representation learning in general.

Jenna Kanerva, Filip Ginter, Li-Hsin Chang, Valtteri Skantsi, Jemina Kilpeläinen, Hanna-Mari Kupari, Aurora Piirto, Jenna Saarni, Maija Sevón, Otto Tarkka

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Chapter 28. Universal Semantic Annotator

Abstract

Explicit semantic knowledge has often been considered a necessary ingredient to enable the development of intelligent systems. However, current stateof- the-art tools for the automatic extraction of such knowledge often require expert understanding of the complex techniques used in lexical and sentence-level semantics and their linguistic theories. To overcome this limitation and lower the barrier to entry, we present the Universal Semantic Annotator (USeA) ELG pilot project, which offers a transparent way to automatically provide high-quality semantic annotations in 100 languages through state-of-the-art models, making it easy to exploit semantic knowledge in real-world applications.

Roberto Navigli, Riccardo Orlando, Cesare Campagnano, Simone Conia

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Chapter 29. Virtual Personal Assistant Prototype YouTwinDi

Abstract

YouTwinDi is the next step in a digitised world in which the digital twin evolves and interacts with other digital twins and makes autonomous decisions in the interest of its human twin. In this scenario, security and digital ethics assure ethical decisions and IT specialists concur on improving the digital landscape with ethical models. This vision also includes overcoming language barriers. A continuous match of supply and demand as well as tailored searches help human twins to improve their lives in all respects. YouTwinDi uses the most advanced translation and language analysis technologies, allowing the user and its digital twin to interact with all European citizens without being blocked by language barriers.

Franz Weber, Gregor Jarisch

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Titel: European Language Grid
herausgegeben von: Georg Rehm
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Electronic ISBN: 978-3-031-17258-8
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-17257-1
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17258-8