nach oben

Erschienen in:

2014 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

1. Eutrophication: Challenges and Solutions

verfasst von : M. Nasir Khan, Firoz Mohammad

Erschienen in: Eutrophication: Causes, Consequences and Control

Verlag: Springer Netherlands

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

On the hydrological map of the world eutrophication has become the primary water quality issue. The excessive enrichment of waters with anthropogenic sources of nutrients especially nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) lead to the transformation of oligotrophic water bodies to mesotrophic, eutrophic, and finally hypertrophic. Mesotrophic and eutrophic phases exhibit intermediate and rich levels of nutrients and show increasing and serious water quality problems, respectively. Eutrophication restricts water use for fisheries, recreation, industry, and drinking because of increased growth of undesirable algae and aquatic weeds and the oxygen shortages caused by their death and decomposition. Associated periodic surface blooms of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) occur in drinking water supplies and may pose a serious health hazard to animals and humans. Anthropogenic activities are the worst culprit of nutrient enrichment and root cause of eutrophication of water bodies. Excess nutrient inputs to water bodies usually come from sewage, industrial discharges, agricultural runoff, construction sites, and urban areas. Eutrophication can be minimized by regulating the nutrient sources, reducing the use of fertilizers, proper soil management practices, implementing mathematical models, phytoremediation etc. Among these, public awareness of eutrophication can play an important role in preventing the eutrophication of water bodies.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Nächstes Kapitel Eutrophication: Global Scenario and Local Threat to Dynamics of Aquatic Ecosystems

Abe K, Imamaki A, Hirano M (2002) Removal of nitrate, nitrite, ammonium and phosphate ions from water by the aerial microalga Trentepholia aurea. J Appl Phycol 14:129–134

Addy K, Green L (1996) Phosphorus and Lake Aging. University of Rhode Island: Natural resources facts; Report nr 96–2

An KG, Kim DS (2003) Response of reservoir water quality to nutrient inputs from streams and inlake fishfarms. Water Air Soil Poll 149:27–49

Anderson DM, Gilbert PM, Burkholder JM (2002) Harmful algal blooms and eutrophication: nutrient sources, composition, and consequences. Estuaries 25:704–726

Bashkin VN, Park SU, Choi MS et al (2002) Nitrogen budgets for the republic of Korea and the Yellow Sea region. Biogeochemistry (Dordrecht) 57–58:387–403

Bennett EM, Carpenter SR, Caraco NF (2001) Human impact on erodable phosphorus and eutrophication: a global perspective. BioScience 51:227–234

Berman T, Bechemen C, Maestrini SY (1999) Release of ammonium and urea from dissolved organic nitrogen in aquatic ecosystems. Aq Microb Ecol 16:295–302

Billen G, Garnier J, Hanset Ph (1994) Modelling phytoplankton development in whole drainage networks: the Riverstrahler model applied to the seine river system. Hydrobiologia 289:119–137

Billen G, Garnier J, Meybeck M (1998) Les sels nutritifs: l’ouverture des cycles. In: Meybeck M, de Marsily G, Fustec F (eds) la Seine en son Bassin Fonctionnement écologique d’un Système Fluvial Anthropise´. Elsevier, Paris, pp. 531–565

Boyer EW, Goodale CL, Jaworski NA et al (2002) Anthropogenic nitrogen sources and relationships to riverine nitrogen export in the northeastern U.S.A. Biogeochemistry (Dordrecht) 57–58:137–169

Boynton WR, Garber JH, Summers R et al (1995) Inputs, transformations, and transport of nitrogen and phosphorus in Chesapeake Bay and selected tributaries. Estuaries 18:285–314

Bumb BL, Baanante CA (1996) The use of fertilizer in sustaining food security and protecting the environment-2020. Proc. Conf. Agriculture and Fertilizer Use by 2010. pp. 35, NFDC, Islamabad

Caraco NF (1995) Influence of human populations on P transfers to aquatic systems: a regional scale study using large rivers. In: Tiessen H (ed) Phosphorus in the global environment. SCOPE 54. Wiley, New York, pp. 235–247

Carpenter SR (2005) Eutrophication of aquatic ecosystems: bistability and soil phosphorus. PNAS 102:10002–10005

Carpenter SR, Christensen DL, Cole JJ et al (1995) Biological control of eutrophication. Environ Sci Technol 29:784–786

Carpenter SR, Caraco NF, Correll DL et al (1998) Nonpoint pollution of surface waters with phosphorus and nitrogen. Ecol App 8:559–568

Carpenter SR, Lathrop RC (2008) Probabilistic estimate of a threshold for eutrophication. Ecosystems 11:601–613

Cedergreen N, Madsen TV (2004) Light regulation of root and leaf NO₃-uptake and reduction in the floating macrophyte Lemna minor. New Phytol 161:449–457

Coale KH, Johnson KS, Fitzwater SE et al (1996) A massive phytoplankton bloom induced by an ecosystem-scale iron fertilization experiment in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. Nature 383:495–501

Constant KM, Sheldrick WF (1992) World nitrogen survey. World bank technical paper number 174. Washington, DC

Cooke GD, Carlson RE (1989) Reservoir Management for water quality and THM precursor control. American Water Works Association Research Foundation, Denver

Corell DL (1998) The role of phosphorus in the eutrophication of receiving water: a review. J Environ Qual 27:261–266

Daniel TC, Sharpley AN, Edwards DR et al (1994) Minimizing surface water eutrophication from agriculture by phosphorus management. J Soil Water Conser 49:30–38

de Bernardi R, Calderoni A, Mosello R (1996) Environmental problems in Italian lakes, and lakes Maggiore and Orta as successful examples of correct management leading to restoration. Verhandlungen der Internationale Vereinigung für Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie 26:123–138

DiTullio GR, Hutchins DA, Bruland KW (1993) Interaction of iron and major nutrients controls phytoplankton growth and species composition in the tropical North Pacific Ocean. Limnol Oceanogr 38:495–508

Djodjic F, Bergstrom L (2005) Phosphorus losses from arable fields in Sweden: effects of field specific factors and long-term trends. Environ Monit Assess 102:103–117

Dodds-Walter K (2003) The role of periphyton in phosphorus retention in shallow freshwater aquatic systems. J Phycol 39:840–849

Donner SD (2006) Surf or turf: a shift from feed to food cultivation could reduce nutrient flux to the Gulf of Mexico. Global Environ Change 17: 105–113

Doucette GJ, Harrison PJ (1991) Aspects of iron and nitrogen nutrition in the red tide dinoflagellate Gymnodinium sanguineum. Effects of iron depletion and nitrogen source on biochemical composition. Marine Biol 110:165–173

Duce RA (1986) The impact of atmospheric nitrogen, phosphorus, and iron species on marine biological productivity. In: Baut-Menard P (ed) The role of air-sea exchange in geochemical cycling. Reidel, Dordrecht, pp. 497–529.

Edmondson WT (1994) Sixty years of Lake Washington: a curriculum vitae. Lake Reserv Manag 10:75–84

Edmondson WT, Litt AN (1982) Daphnia in Lake Washington. Limnol Oceanogr 27:272–293

Ellis L (2007) A China Environmental health project research brief: environmental health and China’s concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs). Paper presented at China environment forum, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington, DC, February 28. www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1421&fuseaction=topics.item&news_id=225795

Energy Information Administration(EIA) (2008) International Energy Outlook 2008. U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC (available at: www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/pdf/0484(2007).pdf)

Falloon PD, Smith JU, Smith P (1999) A review of decision support systems for fertilizer application and manure management. Act Agro Hung 47:227–236

Fisher DC, Oppenheimer MP (1991) Atmospheric nitrogen deposition and the Chesapeake Bay estuary. Ambio 20:102–108

Fixen PE, West FB (2002) Nitrogen fertilizers: meeting contemporary challenges. Ambio 31:169–176

Fluck RC, Fonyo C, Flaig E (1992) Land-use-based phosphorus balances for Lake Okeechobee, Florida, drainage basins. App Eng Agric 8:813–820

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations (2000) Fertilizer requirements in 2015 and 2030. FAO, Rome

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations (2002) World Agriculture: towards 2015/2030. Summary Report. FAO, Rome

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Fisheries and aquaculture information and statistics service (2007). Aquaculture production: quantities 1950-2005. FISHSTAT Plus-Universal software for fishery statistical time series. FAO, Rome (available at:/www.fao.org/fi/statist/FISOFT/FISHPLUS.asp)

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations (2009) FAOSTAT online statistical service. Consumption data for livestock and fish primary equivalents. FAO, Rome (available at: http://faostat.fao.org/)

Garnier J, Billen G (2002) The Riverstrahler modelling approach applied to a tropical case study (the Red-Hong-River, Vietnam): nutrient transfer and impact on the coastal zone. SCOPE. Coll Mar Res W 12:51–5

Garnier J, Billen G, Coste M (1995) Seasonnal succession of diatoms and chlorophyceae in the drainage network of the river Seine: observations and modelling. Limnol Oceanogr 40:750–765

Garnier J, Némery J, Billen G et al (2005) Nutrient dynamics and control of eutrophication in the Marne River system: modelling the role of exchangeable phosphorus. J Hydrol 304:397–412

Hammer MJ (1986) Water and wastewater technology. Wiley, New York

Hargreaves JA (1998) Nitrogen biogeochemistry of aquaculture ponds. Aquaculture 166:181–212

HELCOM (2005) Airborne nitrogen loads to the Baltic Sea. Helsinki Commission, Baltic Marine Environment Commission, HELCOM Environmental Focal Point Information, Helsinki

Hessen DO, Gjessing ET, Knulst J et al (1997a) TOC fluctuations in a humic lake as related to catchment acidification, season and climate. Biogeochem Dord 36:139–151

Hessen DO, Hindar A, Holtan G (1997b) The significance of nitrogen runoff for eutrophication of freshwater and marine recipients. Ambio 26:321–325

Holmgren P (2006) Global land use area change matrix. FAO, Rome (available at: www.fao.org/docrep/010/ag049e/AG049E03.htm)

Howard J, McGregor D (2000) Reducing nutrient enrichment of waterways through public education: a tale of two cities. Environ Conserv 27:351–358

Howarth RW, Billen G, Swaney D. et al (1996) Regional nitrogen budgets and riverine nitrogen and phosphorus fluxes for the drainages to the North Atlantic Ocean: natural and human influences. Biogeochemistry 35:75–79

Hrbácek J, Dvoráková M, Korínek M et al (1961) Demonstration of the effect of the fish stock on the species composition of zooplankton and the intensity of metabolism of the whole plankton association. Verhandlunger der Internationale Vereinigung für Theoretische und Angewandte. Limnologie 14:192–195

Isermann K (1990) Share of agriculture in nitrogen and phosphorus emissions into the surface waters of Western Europe against the background of their eutrophication. Fertilizer Res 26:253–269

Iverson LR, Prasad AM (1998) Predicting abundance of 80 tree species following climate change in the eastern United States. Ecol Monogr 68:465–485

Jaworski NA, Groffman PM, Keller AA, et al (1992) A watershed nitrogen and phosphorus balance: The upper Potomac River basin. Estuaries 15:83–95

Jiang CL, Cui GB, Fan XQ et al (2004) Purification capacity of ditch wetland to agricultural non-point pollutants. Huan Jiang Ke Xue 25:125–128

Jorgensen SE (2001) Water quality: the Impact of Eutrophication. Lakes Reserv 3:15–18

Khan FA, Ansari AA (2005) Eutrophication: an ecological vision. The Bot Rev 71:449–482

Kilham P (1982) Acid precipitation: Its role in the alkalization of a lake in Michigan. Limnol Oceanogr 27:856–867

Knud-Hansen C (1994) Historical Perspective of the Phosphate Detergent Conflict. Conflict Research Consortium. Natural Resources and Environmental Policy Seminar of the University of Colorado. University of Colorado, Boulder

Liikanen A, Huttunen JT, Murtoniemi T et al (2003) Spatial and seasonal variation in greenhouse gas and nutrient dynamics and their interaction in the sediments of a boreal eutrophic lake. Biogeochemistry 65:83–103

Likens GE, Wright RF, Galloway J.N et al (1979) Acid rain. Sci Am 241:43–51

Litke DW (1999) Review of phosphorus control measures in the US and their effects on water quality. National water quality assessment program: water-resources investigations report. Report nr 99–4007

Lowrance RR, Leonard RA, Asmussen LE et al (1985) Nutrient budgets for agricultural watersheds in the southeastern coastal plain. Ecol 66:287–296

Mallin MA, Paerl HW, Rudek J et al (1993) Regulation of estuarine primary production by watershed rainfall and river flow. Marine Ecol Progress Series 93:199–203

Matson PA, Parton WJ, Power AG et al (1997) Agricultural intensification and ecosystem properties. Science 277:504–509

Mazumder A (1994) Phosphorus-chlorophyll relationships under contrasting herbivory and thermal stratification: predictions and patterns. Canadian J Fisheries Aquatic Sci 51:401–407

Mee L (2006) Reviving dead zones. Sci Am 295:79–85

Howarth R, Ramakrrshna K (2005) Nutrient management. In: Chopra K, Leemans R, Kumar P, Simons H (eds) Ecosystems and human wellbeing: policy responses, vol 3. Island Press, Washington, DC, pp. 295-311 (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA))

Mishima S (2001) Recent trend of nitrogen flow associated with agricultural production in Japan. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 47:157–166

Mosier AR (2001) Exchange of gaseous nitrogen compounds between agricultural systems and the atmosphere. Plant Soil 228:17–27

National Research Council (1993) Managing wastewater in coastal urban areas. National Academy Press, Washington, DC

Niwa K, Yamaiaki T, Aizawa T (1997) Current control for restoring reservoir water quality. Acta Hydrobiol. Sin 21:170–182

Nixon SW, Pilson MQ (1983) Nitrogen in estuarine and coastal marine ecosystems. In: Carpenter EJ, Capone DG (eds) Nitrogen in the marine environment. Academic Press, New York, pp 565–648

Noemi R, Moshe A, Gideon O (2004) A pilot study of constructed wetlands using duckweed (Lemna gibba L.) for treatment of domestic primary effluent in Israel. Water Res 38:2241–2248

OECD/IUCN (1996) Guidelines for aid agencies for improved conservation and sustainable use of tropical and sub-tropical wetlands. OECD, Paris

Paerl HW (1995) Coastal eutrophication in relation to atmospheric nitrogen deposition: current perspectives. Ophelia 41:237–259

Park K, Jung H, Kim HS et al (2005) Three-dimensional hydrodynamic-eutrophication model (HEM-3D): application to Kwang-Yang Bay, Korea. Mar Environ Res 60:171–193

Petrucio MM, Esteves FA (2000) Uptake rates of nitrogen and phosphorus in the water by Eicchornia crassipes and Sylvania auriculata. Rev. Bras. Biol 60: 229–236

Pionke HB, Gburek WJ, Sharpley AN et al (1997) Hydrologic and chemical controls on phosphorus loss from catchments. In: Tunney H, Carton OT, Brookes PC, Johnston AE (eds) Phosphorus loss from soil to water. CAB International, New York

Proulx M, Pick FR, Mazumder A et al (1996) Effects of nutrients and planktivorous fish on the phytoplankton of shallow and deep aquatic ecosystems. Canadian J Fisheries and Aquatic Sci 77:1556–1572

Roberta P (1998) Agricultural Phosphorous and Water Quality: a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Perspective. J Env Qual 27:258–261

Roggiu D, Mosello R, Pizzolon L (1985). Evaluation of nutrient inputs and of the trophic state of Lago Maggiore in recent decades. In: Vismarra R, Marforio R, Mezzanotte V, Cernuschi S (eds) Lake pollution and recovery. Proceedings of the International Congress, European Water Pollution Control Association. Associazione Nazionale di Ingegneria, Sanitaria, pp. 145-153

Ruenglertpanyakul W, Attasat S, Wanichpongpan P (2004) Nutrient removal from shrimp farm effluent by aquatic plants. Water Sci Technol 50:321–330

Runge-Metzger A (1995) Closing the cycle: obstacles to efficient P management for improved global security. In: Tiessen H (ed) Phosphorus in the Global Environment: Transfers, Cycles, and Management. Wiley, New York, pp 27–42

Sabine K, Vermaat JE, Veenstra S (2003) The capacity of duckweed to treat wastewater: ecological considerations for a sound design. J Environ Qual 32:1583–1590

Schindler DW (1977) Evolution of phosphorus limitation in lakes. Science 195:260–262

Schindler DW (2006) Recent advances in the understanding and management of eutrophication. Limnol Oceanogr 5:356–363

Schroeder PO, Radcliffe DE, Cabrera ML et al (2004) Relationship between soil test phosphorus and phosphorus in runoff: effects of soil series variability. J Environ Qual 33:1452–1463

Shapiro J (1979) The need for more biology in lake restoration. In: Shapiro J (ed) Lake restoration (US EPA 440/5-79-001). US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, pp. 161–167

Sharpley AN, Chapra SC, Wedepohl R et al (1994) Managing agricultural phosphorus for protection of surface waters: issues and options. J Environ Quality 23:437–451

Sharpley AN, Kleinman PJA, Wright RJ et al (2001) The national phosphorus project: addressing the interface of agriculture and environmental phosphorus management in the USA (section 2.3. Indicators for environmental performance). In: Steenvoorden J, Claessen F, Willems J (eds) Agricultural effects on ground and surface waters: research at the edge of science and society (publication no. 273). IAHS Press, Wallingford

Smil V (2001) Enriching the Earth: Fritz Haber, Carl Bosch, and the transformation of world food. The MIT Press, Cambridge

Smith VH, Joye SB, Howarth RW (2006) Eutrophication of freshwater and marine ecosystems. Limnol Oceanogr 51:351–355

Smith VH, Schindler DW (2009) Eutrophication science: where do we go from here? Trends Ecol Evol 24:201–207

Spokes LJ, Jickells TD (2005) Is the atmosphere really an important source of reactive nitrogen to coastal waters? Continental Shelf Res 25:2022–2035

Steinheimer TR, Scoggin KD, Kramer LA (1998) Agricultural chemical movement through a field-size watershed in lowa: subsurface hydrology and distribution of nitrate in groundwater. Environ Sci Technol 32:1039–1047

Stigliani WM, Doelman P, Salomons W et al (1991) Chemical time bombs. Environment 33:4–30

Strain PM, Hargrave BT (2005) Salmon aquaculture, nutrient fluxes, and ecosystem processes in southwestern New Brunswick. In: Hargrave BT (ed) The handbook of environmental chemistry. Environmental effects of marine finfish aquaculture, vol 5 (Water pollution). Springer, Berlin

Sun XX, Ran KN, Choi JK et al (2004) Screening of surfactants for harmful algal blooms mitigation. Mar Pollut Bull 48:937–945

Tisdale SL, Nelson WL, Beaton JD et al (1995) Soil fertility and fertilizers. Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, pp. 176–177

Tunney H (1990) A note on a balance sheet approach to estimating the phosphorus fertiliser needs of agriculture. Irish J Agric Res 29:149–154

United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) and Woods Hole Research Center (WHRC). (2007) Reactive nitrogen in the environment: too much or too little of a good thing. UNEP, Paris

United Nations Population Division (2008) World population prospectus: the 2008 revision population database. http://esa.un.org/unpp/

University of Delaware Cooperative Extension (2009) Urea and Nitrogen Volatilization. http://kentagextension.blogspot. com/2009/01/urea-and-nitrogen-volatilization.html

Vadas PA, Kleinman PJ, Sharpley AN et al (2005) Relating soil phosphorus to dissolved phosphorus in runoff: a single extraction coefficient for water quality modelling. J Environ Qual 34:572–580

Van den Brant RMP, Smit JP (1998) Mineral accounting: the way to combat eutrophication and to achieve the drinking water objective. Environ Pollut 102:705–709

Vitousek PM, Aber J, Howarth RW et al (1997) Human alteration of the global nitrogen cycle: Causes and consequences. Ecolo Applications 7:737–750

Weaver D, Summers R (1998) Soil factors influencing eutrophication. In: Moore G (ed) Soil guide—a handbook for understanding and managing agricultural soils (Department of Agriculture Western Australia Chapter 7: Sustainable soil management). Lamp Print, Perth

World Resources Institute (1998) World Resources 1998–99. Oxford University Press, New York

Zammit C, Sivapalan M, Kelsey P et al (2006) Modelling the effects of land-use modifications to control nutrient loads from an agricultural catchment in Western Australia. Ecol Modell 187:60–70

Zheng FL, Huang C, Norton LD (2004) Effects of near-surface hydraulic 8 gradients on nitrate and phosphorus losses in surface runoff. J Environ Qual 33(9):2174–2182

Titel: Eutrophication: Challenges and Solutions
verfasst von: M. Nasir Khan
Firoz Mohammad
Verlag: Springer Netherlands
Buch: Eutrophication: Causes, Consequences and Control
Print ISBN: 978-94-007-7813-9

Electronic ISBN: 978-94-007-7814-6

Copyright-Jahr: 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7814-6_1