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2002 | Buch

Caroline Gerschlager, Monika Mokre Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

Exchange and Deception: A Feminist Perspective

herausgegeben von: Caroline Gerschlager, Monika Mokre

Verlag: Springer US

Enthalten in: Professional Book Archive

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economic modelling and thought. Part three presents two case studies as examples of deceptive autonomy and shows the impact of this deception on the situation of women from the viewpoint of cultural studies and social anthropology. Part four relates methodological reflections on feminist and mainstream economics to the theme of the book. The first part of this book is devoted to a reconsideration of Adam Smith as a starting point for feminist perspectives on exchange. Drawing on Adam Smith's Theory of Moral Sentiments Caroline Gerschlager sets the stage for expanding the economic concept of exchange. She analyses and develops Smith's insight that deception is inevitable in the social setting. Smith's system of sympathy, which Gerschlager analyses as a system of exchange, i.e. exchange is conceived in terms of changing places in the imagination, is compared with exchange as conceived by the neoclassical approach. Her analysis reveals that these approaches arrive at contrasting results with regard to deception. Whereas in the former deception is vital to an understanding of exchange, the latter regards deception as an inefficiency, hindering exchange and ultimately making it impossible. Gerschlager points out that a certain degree of deception is inevitable, and that living in society therefore also amounts to "deceiving and being deceived".

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

Exchange and Deception: A Feminist Perspective

Frontmatter
Chapter 0. Caroline Gerschlager, Monika Mokre
Abstract
This book on exchange and deception from a feminist perspective and on the basis of Adam Smith’s Theory of Moral Sentiments aims at broadening, completing and correcting “malestream” economic concepts of the exchange economy and its role in society.
Caroline Gerschlager, Monika Mokre

A Feminist Reading of Economic Thinking

Frontmatter

Adam Smith, Exchange, Deception and Women

Chapter 1.1.1. Adam Smith and Feminist Perspectives on Exchange
Abstract
In light of the feminist critique on the narrow scope that neoclassical economists have given to the concept of exchange, this paper makes the case for expanding this concept. The paper draws on Adam Smith’s system of sympathy developed in his Theory of Moral Sentiments and examines it in terms of exchange by analysing and further developing his idea that deception is the key to understanding exchange processes.
A comparison between different concepts of exchange shows that Smith’s assertion that “deception ... rouses and keeps in continual motion the industry of mankind” cannot be included in the prototypical economic model. A feminist perspective could build on this insight and further develop the economic concept of exchange in this way: deception results from differences, and gender difference is a case in point.
Caroline Gerschlager
Chapter 1.1.2. On Adam Smith and Gender Construction
Abstract
This paper aims at applying Adam Smith’s considerations on exchange and deception on gender questions. It thereby reads the Theory of Moral Sentiments as a theory of the construction of identities out of perceptions and deceptions of one’s own wishes and needs. By complementing Smith’s concepts with the ideas of his contemporary, Mary Wollstonecraft, it can be shown in which ways the Theory of Moral Sentiments can enrich gender studies in clarifying the role of deception in the construction of gender specific roles.
Monika Mokre
Chapter 1.1.3. Feminism and the Economics of Deception: An Examination of Adam Smith’s “Spirit of System”
Abstract
In The Theory of Moral Sentiments, Adam Smith claimed that fundamental self-deceptions underlie human industriousness and public service. Ignoring the tranquility and comforts of life that are readily at hand, Smith claimed, men [sic] are instead are driven by a love of artifice and machines into lives of toil and discomfort. Similarly, Smith argued that in matters of public service, men are more motivated by visions of the harmony of the grand system of trade and manufacture, than by a feeling for the actual situation of humanity. This paper argues that such enthrallment with the “spirit of system” motivates public dis-service on a global scale in the present day. Feminist scholarship helps elucidate the historical and psychic sources of continuing support for a Smithian vision of a clockwork economy. Feminist, pragmatist and Whiteheadian organicist thought suggest ways of moving past mechanistic understandings of economic behavior. Neoliberal economic policies, the neglect of caring labor, and U.S. welfare reform are discussed as examples where the “spirit of system” causes real suffering.
Julie A. Nelson
Chapter 1.1.4. Some Ear-Picking Comments on Adam Smith, Feminism and Deception
Abstract
These papers make welcome connections between Adam Smith and some contemporary feminist arguments. To see how these connections might arise, I begin with a quick sketch of Adam Smith’s discussion of how morality comes to influence action.
Shaun P. Hargreaves Heap

The World of Economists/Economic Exchange: From the Old Testament to Gary Becker

Chapter 1.2.1. The Political Economy of the Divine
Abstract
This essay illuminates the connection between the inner logic and mode of representation typical of the prophetic texts of the Hebrew Bible, and the central market metaphor of contemporary mainstream economics. Three parallels are established. First, the concerns of religion and the concerns of economic science are shown to overlap. Second, both mainstream economics (in both its lay/business and ecclesiastic/academic versions) and the Hebrew Bible establish taboos, and maintaining these taboos is essential to “right living.” Third, scriptural narrative can be likened to public policy, since both seek to sustain the existing social/sexual order. As a result, the market of mainstream economics comes to resemble the bible figure of “Yahweh.” This homology is the foundation for a unique explanation of the staying power and intellectual strength of mainstream economics: to wit, consumers of mainstream economics are seduced by the hidden likeness to sacred text.
Susan Feiner
Chapter 1.2.2. Dependency and Denial in Conceptualizations of Economic Exchange
Abstract
This chapter addresses the conceptualization of dependency in the history of economic thought. It shows by means of close readings of seminal economic texts that dependency relations have been conceptualized by economists as economic exchange relations. Thus the problem of dependency of men on nature, goods, women, and other people is defined away, and placed outside the framework of economics. Moreover, the conceptualization of economic exchange seems to be built on the denial of dependency and provides the means not to address this issue. How this is done and what the role of gender is in this matter is shown by analyses of texts by Adam Smith, Alfred Marshall, and Gary Becker.
Edith Kuiper
Chapter 1.2.3. The Need of an Intergender Contract in Overlapping Generations (OLG) Models
Abstract
This paper extends Paul A. Samuelson’s 1958 article An exact consumption-loan model of interest with or without the social contrivance of money which introduced an intertemporal overlapping generations (OLG) model of a pure loan-consumption economy. From today’s perspective and from a feminist viewpoint, two features missing in Samuelson’s model are (1) the failure to acknowledge the existence of unpaid labor in the background of the classical OLG model and its extensions, and (2) the fact that the model outcome implicitly depends on the unexplained “reproduction work” (of women) to make all described intergenerational exchange possible. Adopting an empiricist point of view, we aim at improving the existing OLG model set-up in a call for gender equality and motivate the construction of a formalization of the exchange patterns between women and men.
Doris A. Behrens, Gottfried Haber, Christian Richter, Karin Schönpflug
Chapter 1.2.4. On Dependency, Caring and Criticism
Abstract
In this, I address what I believe to be one common limitation of the three papers of this section — papers that are rather different in style and in the level of analysis. The common limitation is their lack of interest in criticizing theoretical approaches in terms of their explanatory goals and purposes. Discussing this limitation does not at all imply the suggestion that the authors should have written papers with a different focus. As I will argue at some length, they pursue complementary forms of critique which are interesting in their own right. Nevertheless, the neglect of the immanent dimension of critique just sketched may have costs whenever an argument hinges on the proper identification of the conceptual framework under scrutiny.
Richard Sturn

(Self-)Deception and Female Careers.Two Case Studies

Frontmatter
Chapter 2.1. Between “Gifts” and “Commodities”: An Anthropological Approach to the Austrian Academic Field
Abstract
This article focuses on social practices of the (re)production of academic knowledge at Austrian universities based on ethnographic research. It critically assesses aspects and ideas of exchange within academic work relationships from the perspective of social and cultural anthropology. This analysis takes two modes of conceptualising social practices that can also be seen as complimentary to one another into consideration. The first is the ‘purposeless’ social practice Marcel Mauss develops in his concept of the “exchange of the gift”. Secondly, I view social practice as being formed by interests and strategies, a thought based on Pierre Bourdieu’s work. Through linking these approaches and examining the transactions involved, I suggest that feminist anthropology not only contributes to discussions that aim to transcend opposing concepts of exchange in Western and nonwestern societies, but also particularly, reflect upon processes of (self-)deception. Furthermore, I demonstrate that due to hierarchical structures and gendering processes exchange remains, to a great extent, a non-reciprocal process for women scholars. Consequently, this article takes a close look at practices that promote women and women’s studies and intends to propose a counter-strategy to this ‘disrupted form of exchange’.
Herta Nöbauer
Chapter 2.2. Exchange, Deception and Disillusionment — Some Considerations on Women in the Arts and Media in Austria
Abstract
Starting from the widespread idea of symmetric and dualistic gender patterns, the intention of the article is to show that the seemingly dualistic structure of gender characters is asymmetric. The concept of (a)symmetry draws on the traditional gender concept that has been hollowed out by post-modern thinking. But on the everyday level of labour markets this scheme is still powerful. Empirical evidence taken from an EU-wide report on the situation of “Women in Arts and Media Professions” will support this approach. The data assembled for this case study shows that the spaces that are attributed to men and women are highly asymmetric.
Elisabeth Mayerhofer

Methodological Considerations

Frontmatter
Chapter 3.1. Symmetry in Feminist Economics
Abstract
This paper takes the strains of symmetry as the starting point for an exploration of different stages in feminist economics. The first stage involves symmetry among men and women. The second stage concerns the breaking down of the privileged position of male economists over female ones. The third stage moves to the level of male and female analysts of economics. The paper connects these stages with efforts to establish symmetry in economics in general and macroeconomics in particular. These endeavors encounter serious obstacles that may be removed with the help of feminist economics. Therefore, the paper argues, there are not only ontological and epistemological reasons for seeking symmetry, but also strategic and political ones.
Esther-Mirjam Sent
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
Exchange and Deception: A Feminist Perspective
herausgegeben von
Caroline Gerschlager
Monika Mokre
Copyright-Jahr
2002
Verlag
Springer US
Electronic ISBN
978-1-4757-3470-6
Print ISBN
978-1-4419-5301-8
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3470-6