nach oben

Erschienen in:

2015 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

2. Flame Retardancy of Polymer Nanocomposite

verfasst von : Yoshihiko Arao

Erschienen in: Flame Retardants

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

Nanofillers such as carbon nanotubes and clay are attractive materials, because addition of small amount of nanofillers can improve mechanical, thermal and electrical properties of plastics without changing processability. However, nanofillers themselves do not show excellent fire retardancy such as self-extinguish properties. Nanofillers should be combined with other fire retardants. Some combination showed positive synergy effect in fire retardancy, but some case showed negative synergy. It is important to know fire retardant mechanism of nanofiller to develop more efficient fire-retardant nanocomposites. In this chapter, we’ll show the fire retardant mechanism of nanofillers. Then, effective combination of nanofiller and conventional fire retardant is introduced reviewing lots of papers.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Vorheriges Kapitel Advances in Flame Retardant of Different Types of Nanocomposites

Nächstes Kapitel Recent Developments in Different Techniques Used for the Flame Retardancy

http://www.plasticseurope.org/documents/document/20101006091310-final_plasticsthefacts_28092010_lr.pdf

Morgan, A.B., Gilman, J.W.: An overview of flame retardancy of polymeric materials: application, technology, and future directions. Fire Mater. 37, 259–279 (2013)CrossRef

Laoutid, F., Bonnaud, L., Alexandre, M., Lopez-Cuesta, J.M., Dubois, Ph: New prospects in flame retardant polymer materials: from fundamentals to nanocomposites. Mater. Sci. Eng., R 63, 100–125 (2009)CrossRef

Dasari, A., Yu, Z.Z., Cai, G.P., Mai, Y.W.: Recent developments in the fire retardancy of polymeric materials. Prog. Polym. Sci. 38, 1357–1387 (2013)CrossRef

Morgan, A.B.: Flame retarded polymer layered silicate nanocomposites: a review of commercial and open literature systems. Polym. Adv. Technol. 17, 206–217 (2006)CrossRef

Evonik-industries. Safe fuel lines, http://nano.evonik.com/sites/nanotechnology/en/technology/applications/cnt/pages/default.aspx

Stabkovich, S., et al.: Graphene-based composite materials. Nature 442, 282–286 (2006)CrossRef

Dikin, D.A., et al.: Preparation and characterization of graphene oxide paper. Nature 448, 457–460 (2007)CrossRef

Potts, J.R., Dreyer, D.R., Bielawski, C.W., Ruoff, R.S.: Graphene-based polymer nanocomposites. Polymer 52, 5–25 (2011)CrossRef

10.

Kim, H., Abdala, A.A., Macosko, C.W.: Graphene/polymer nanocomposites. Macromolecules 43, 6515–6530 (2010)CrossRef

11.

Dittrich, B., Wartig, K.A., Hofmann, D., Mülhaupt, R., Schartel, B.: Flame retardancy through carbon nanomaterials; carbon black, multiwall nanotubes, expanded graphite, multi-layer grapheme and grapheme in polypropylene. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 98, 1495–1505 (2013)CrossRef

12.

Kashiwagi, T., Grulke, E., Hilding, J., Groth, K., Harris, R., Butler, K., Shields, J., Kharchenko, S., Douglas, J.: Thermal and flammability properties of polypropylene/carbon nanotube nanocomposites. Polymer 45, 4227–4239 (2004)CrossRef

13.

Kashiwagi, T., et al.: Nanoparticle networks reduce the flammability of polymer nanocomposites. Nat. Mater. 4, 928–933 (2005)CrossRef

14.

Kashiwagi, T., Du, F., Winey, K.I., Groth, K.M., Shields, J.R., Bellayer, S.P., Kim, H., Douglas, J.F.: Flammability properties of polymer nanocomposites with single-walled carbon nanotubes: effects of nanotube dispersion and concentration. Polymer 46, 471–481 (2005)CrossRef

15.

Kashiwagi, T., et al.: Relation between the viscoelastic and flammability properties of polymer nanocomposites. Polymer 49, 4358–4368 (2008)CrossRef

16.

Cipiriano, B.H., Kashiwagi, T., Raghavan, S.R., Yang, Y., Grulke, E.A., Yamamoto, K., Shields, J.R., Douglas, J.F.: Effect of aspect ratio of MWNT on the flammability properties of polymer nanocomposites. Polymer 48, 6086–6096 (2007)CrossRef

17.

Schartel, B., Pötschke, P., Knoll, U., Abdel-Goad, A.: Fire behavior of polyamide 6/multiwall carbon nanotube nanocomposites. Eur. Polymer J. 41, 1061–1070 (2005)CrossRef

18.

Barus, S., Zanetti, M., Bracco, P., Musso, S., Chiodoni, A., Tagliaferro, A.: Influence of MWCNT morphology on dispersion and thermal properties of polyethylene nanocomposites. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 95, 756–762 (2010)CrossRef

19.

Wen, X., Wang, Y., Gong, J., Liu, J., Tian, N., Wang, Y., Jiang, Z., Qiu, J., Tang, T.: Thermal and flammability properties of polypropylene/carbon black nanocomposites. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 97, 793–801 (2012)CrossRef

20.

Wen, X., Tian, N., Gong, J., Chen, Q., Qi, Y., Liu, Z., Liu, J., Jiang, Z., Chen, X., Tang, T. Effect of nanosized carbon black on thermal stability and flame retardancy of polypropylene/carbon nanotubes nanocomposites. Polym. Adv. Technol. (2013). doi:1002/pat.3172

21.

Villmow, T., Kretzschmar, B., Pötschke, P.: Influence of screw configulation, residence time, and specific mechanical energy in twin-screw extrusion of polycaprolactone/multi-walled carbon nanotube composites. Compos. Sci. Technol. 70, 2045–2055 (2010)CrossRef

22.

Alig, I., Pötschke, P., Lellinger, D., Skipa, T., Pegel, S., Kasaliwal, G.R., Villmow, T.: Establishment, morphology and properties of carbon nanotube networks in polymer melts. Polymer 53, 4–28 (2012)CrossRef

23.

Kasaliwal, G.R., Pegel, S., Göldel, A., Pötschke, P., Heinrich, G.: Analysis of agglomerate dispersion mechanisms of multiwalled carbon nanotubes during melt mixing in polycarbonate. Polymer 51, 2708–2720 (2010)CrossRef

24.

Paul, D.R., Robeson, L.M.: Polymer nanotechnology: nanocomposites. Polymer 49, 3187–3204 (2008)CrossRef

25.

Qin, H., Zhang, S., Zhao, C., Hu, G., Yang, M.: Flame retardant mechanism of polymer/clay nanocomposites based on polypropylene. Polymer 46, 8386–8395 (2005)CrossRef

26.

Kashiwagi, T., Harris Jr, R.H., Zhang, X., Briber, R.M., Cipriano, B.H., Raghavan, S.R., Awad, W.H., Shields, J.R.: Flame retardant mechanism of polyamide 6-clay nanocomposites. Polymer 45, 881–891 (2004)CrossRef

27.

Zhu, J., Uhl, F.M., Morgan, A.B., Wilkie, C.A.: Studies on the mechanism by which the formation of nanocomposites enhances thermal stability. Chem. Mater. 13, 4649–4654 (2001)CrossRef

28.

Bartholmai, M., Schartel, B.: Layered silicate polymer nanocomposites: new approach or illusion for fire retardancy? Investigations of the potensials and the tasks using a model system. Polym. Adv. Technol. 15, 355–364 (2004)CrossRef

29.

Song, R., Wang, Z., Meng, X., Zhang, B., Tang, T.: Influence of catalysis and dispersion of organically modified montmorillonite on flame retardancy of polypropylene nanocomposites. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 106, 3488–3494 (2007)CrossRef

30.

Hu, Y., Tang, Y., Song, L.: Poly(propylene)/clay nanocomposites and their application in flame retardancy. Polym. Adv. Technol. 17, 235–245 (2006)CrossRef

31.

Fina, A., Cuttica, F., Camino, G.: Ignition of polypropylene/montmorillonite nanocomposites. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 97, 2619–2626 (2012)CrossRef

32.

Zhang, J., Bai, M., Wang, Y., Xiao, F.: Featured structures of fire residue of high-impact polystyrene/organically modified montmorillonite nanocomposites during burning. Fire Mater. 36, 661–670 (2012)CrossRef

33.

Liu, J., Fu, M., Jing, M., Li, Q.: Flame retardancy and charring behavior of polystyrene-organic montmorillonite nanocomposites. Polym. Adv. Technol. 24, 273–281 (2013)CrossRef

34.

Zhao, C., Qin, H., Gong, F., Feng, M., Zhang, S., Yang, M.: Mechanical, thermal and flammability properties of polyethylene/clay nanocomposites. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 87, 183–189 (2005)CrossRef

35.

Wang, S., Hu, Y., Zhongkai, Q., Wang, Z., Chen, Z., Fan, W.: Preparation and flammability properties of polyethylene/clay nanocomposites by melt intercalation method from Na+ montmorillonite. Mater. Lett. 57, 2675–2678 (2003)CrossRef

36.

Zhang, J., Wilkie, C.A.: Preparation and flammability properties of polyethylene-clay nanocomposites. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 80, 163–169 (2003)CrossRef

37.

Gilman, J.W., Jackson, C.L., Morgan, A.B., Harris Jr, R.H.: Flammability properties of polymer-layered-silicate nanocomposites. Polypropylene and polystyrene nanocomposites. Chem. Mater. 12, 1866–1873 (2000)CrossRef

38.

Zhu, J., Start, P., Mauritz, K.A., Wilkie, C.A.: Thermal stability and flame retardancy of poly(methyl methacrylate)-clay nanocomposites. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 77, 253–258 (2002)CrossRef

39.

Jash, P., Wilkie, C.A.: Effects of surfactants on the thermal and fire properties of poly(methyl methacrylate)/clay nanocomposites. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 88, 401–406 (2005)CrossRef

40.

Sahoo, P.K., Samal, R.: Fire retardancy and biodegradability of poly(methyl methacrylate)/montmorillonite nanocomposite. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 92, 1700–1707 (2007)CrossRef

41.

Jang, B.N., Costache, M., Wilkie, C.A.: The relationship between thermal degradation behavior of polymer and the fire retardancy of polymer/clay nanocomposites. Polymer 46, 10678–10687 (2005)CrossRef

42.

Kashiwagi, T., Shields, J.R., Harris Jr, R.H., Davis, R.D.: Flame-retardant mechanism of silica: effects of resin molecular weight. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 87, 1541–1553 (2003)CrossRef

43.

Samyn, F., Bourbigot, S., Jama, C., Bellayer, S.: Fire retardancy of polymer clay nanocomposites: is there an influence of the nanomorphology? Polym. Degrad. Stab. 93, 2019–2024 (2008)CrossRef

44.

Szustakiewicz, K., Kiersnowski, A., Gazińska, M., Bujnowicz, K., Pigłowski, J.: Flammability, structure and mechanical properties of PP/OMMT nanocomposites. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 96, 291–294 (2011)CrossRef

45.

Zhang, J., Lewin, M.: Pearce Eli, Zammarano M, Gliman JW. Flame retarding polyamide 6 with melamine cyanurate and layered silicates. Polym. Adv. Technol. 19, 928–936 (2008)CrossRef

46.

Kiliaris, P., Papaspyrides, C.D., Pfaendner, R.: Polyamide 6 filled with melamine cyanurate and layered silicates: Evaluation of flame retardancy and physical properties. Macromol. Mater. Eng. 293, 740–751 (2008)CrossRef

47.

Hu, Y., Wang, S., Ling, Z., Zhuang, Y., Chen, Z., Fan, W.: Preparation and combustion properties of flame retardant nylon 6/montmorillonite nanocomposite. Macromol. Mater. Eng. 288, 272–276 (2003)CrossRef

48.

Chen, Y., Guo, Z., Fang, Z.: Relationship between the distribution of organo-montmorillonite and the flammability of flame retardant polypropylene. Polym. Eng. Sci. 52, 390–398 (2012)CrossRef

49.

Zanetti, M., Camino, G., Canavese, D., Morgan, A.B., Lamelas, F.J., Wilkie, C.A.: Fire retardant halogen-antimony-clay synergism in polypropylene layered silicate nanocomposites. Chem. Mater. 14, 189–193 (2002)CrossRef

50.

Chen, X., Yu, Z., Zhang, S.: Synergistic effect of decarbomodiphenyl ethane and montmorillonite on flame retardancy of polypropylene. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 94, 1520–1525 (2009)CrossRef

51.

Si, M., Zaitsev, V., Goldman, M., Frenkel, A., Peiffer, D.G., Weil, E., Sokolov, J.C., Rafailovich, M.H.: Self-extinguishing polymer/organoclay nanocomposites. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 92, 86–93 (2007)CrossRef

52.

Lu, H., Wilkie, C.A.: Synergistic effect of carbon nanotubes and decabromodiphenyl oxide/Sb₂O₃ in improving the flame retardancy of polystyrene. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 95, 564–571 (2010)CrossRef

53.

Chigwada, G., Jash, P., Jiang, D.D., Wilkie, C.A.: Synergy between nanocomposite formation and low levels of bromine on fire retardancy in polystyrenes. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 88, 382–393 (2005)CrossRef

54.

Du, B., Ma, H., Fang, Z.: How nano-fillers affect thermal stability and flame retardancy of intumescent flame retarded polypropylene. Polym. Adv. Technol. 22, 1139–1146 (2011)CrossRef

55.

Du, B., Fang, Z.: Effects of carbon nanotubes on the thermal stability and flame retardancy of intumescent flame-retarded polypropylene. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 96, 1725–1731 (2011)CrossRef

56.

Isitman, N.A., Kaynak, C.: Nanoclay and carbon nanotubes as potential synergists of an organophosphorus flame-retardant in poly(methyl methacrylate). Polym. Degrad. Stab. 95, 1523–1532 (2010)CrossRef

57.

Ma, H., Tong, L., Xu, Z., Fang, Z.: Intumescent flame retardant-montmorillonite synergism in ABS nanocomposites. Appl. Clay Sci. 42, 238–245 (2008)CrossRef

58.

Du, B., Guo, Z., Song, P., Liu, H., Fang, Z., Wu, Y.: Flame retardant mechanism of organo-bentonite in polypropylene. Appl. Clay Sci. 45, 178–184 (2009)CrossRef

59.

Du, B., Guo, Z., Fang, Z.: Effects of organo-clay and sodium dodecyl sulfonate intercalated layered double hydroxide on thermal and flame behavior of intumescent flame retarded polypropylene. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 94, 1979–1985 (2009)CrossRef

60.

Huang, G., Zhu, B., Shi, H.: Combination effect of organics-modified montmorillonite with intumescent flame retardants on thermal stability and fire behavior of polyethylene nanocomposites. J. Appl. Clay Sci. 121, 1285–1291 (2011)CrossRef

61.

Isitman, N.A., Gunduz, H.O., Kaynak, C.: Nanoclay synergy in flame retarded/glass fibre reinforced polyamide 6. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 94, 2241–2250 (2009)CrossRef

62.

Chen, Y., Fang, Z., Yang, C., Wang, Y., Guo, Z., Zhang, Y.: Effect of clay dispersion on the synergism between clay and intumescent flame retardants in polystyrene. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 115, 777–783 (2010)CrossRef

63.

Szustakiewicz, K., Kiersnowski, A., Grazuńska, M., Bujnowicz, K., Pigłowski, J.: Flammability, structure and mechanical properties of PP/OMMT nanocomposites. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 96, 291–294 (2011)CrossRef

64.

Chigwada, G., Wilkie, C.A.: Synergy between conventional phosphorus fire retardants and organically-modified clays can lead to fire retardancy of styrenics. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 80, 551–557 (2003)CrossRef

65.

Hu, Y., Tang, Y., Song, L.: Poly(propylene)/clay nanocomposites and their application in flame retardancy. Polym. Adv. Technol. 17, 235–245 (2006)CrossRef

66.

Cinausero, N., Azema, N., Lopez-Cuesta, J.M., Cochez, M., Ferriol, M.: Synergistic effect between hydrophobic oxide nanoparticles and ammonium polyphosphate on fire properties of poly(methyl methacrylate) and polystyrene. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 96, 1445–1454 (2011)CrossRef

67.

Li, N., Mao, Z., Wang, L., Guan, Y., Zheng, A.: Influence of antimony oxide on flammability of polypropylene/intumescent flame retardant system. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 97, 1737–1744 (2012)CrossRef

68.

Wu, N., Yang, R.: Effects of metal oxides on intumescent flame retardant polypropylene. Polym. Adv. Technol. 22, 495–501 (2011)CrossRef

69.

Beyer, G.: Flame retardancy of nanocomposites based on organoclays and carbon nanotubes with aluminium trihydrate. Polym. Adv. Technol. 17, 218–225 (2006)CrossRef

70.

Yen, Y.Y., Wang, H.T., Guo, W.J.: Synergistic flame retardant effect of metal hydroxide and nanoclay in EVA composites. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 97, 863–869 (2012)CrossRef

71.

Laoutid, F., Gaudon, P., Taulemesse, J.M., Lopez-Cuesta, J.M., Velasco, J.L., Piechaczyk, A.: Study of hydromagnesite and magunesium hydroxide based fire retardant systems for ethylene-vinyl acetate containing organo-modified montmorillonite. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 91, 3074–3082 (2006)CrossRef

72.

Witkowski, A., Stec, A.A., Hull, R.: The influence of metal hydroxide fire retardants and nanoclay on the thermal decomposition of EVA. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 97, 2231–2240 (2012)CrossRef

73.

Ye, L., Wu, Q., Qu, B.: Synergistic effects and mechanism of multiwalled carbon nanotubes with magnesium hydroxide in halogen-free flame retardant EVA/MH/MWNT nanocomposite. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 94, 751–756 (2009)CrossRef

74.

Hong, C.H., Lee, Y.B., Bae, J.W., Jho, J.Y., Nam, B.U., Nam, G.J., Lee, K.J.: Tensile and flammability properties of polypropylene-based RTPO/clay nanocomposites for cable insulating materials. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 97, 2375–2381 (2005)CrossRef

75.

Kong, Q., Hu, Y., Song, L., Yi, C.: Synergistic flammability and thermal stability of polypropylene/aluminum trihydroxide/Fe-montmorillonite nanocomposites. Polym. Adv. Technol. 20, 404–409 (2009)CrossRef

76.

Zhang, J., Wilkie, C.A.: Fire retardancy of polyethylene-alumina trihydrate containing clay as a synergist. Polym. Adv. Technol. 16, 549–553 (2005)CrossRef

77.

Isitman, N.A., Kaynak, C.: Tailored flame retardancy via nanofiller dispertion state: Synergistic action between a conventional flame-retardant and nanoclay in high-impact polystyrene. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 95, 1759–1768 (2010)CrossRef

78.

Goodarzi, V., Monemian, S.A., Angaji, M.T., Motahari, S.: Improvement of thermal and fire properties of polypropylene. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 110, 2971–2979 (2008)CrossRef

79.

Zaharescu, T., Jipa, S., Kappel, W., Supaphol, P.: The control of thermal and radiation stability of polypropylene containing calcium carbonate nanoparticles. Macromol. Symp. 242, 234–319 (2006)CrossRef

80.

Ma, H., Tong, L., Xu, Z., Fang, Z.: Synergistic effect of carbon nanotube and clay for improving the flame retardancy of ABS resin. Nanotechnology 18, 375602 (2007)CrossRef

81.

Peeterbroeck, S., Dubois, Ph, et al.: Polymer-layered silicate-carbon nanotube nanocomposites: unique nanofiller synergistic effect. Compos. Sci. Technol. 64, 2317–2323 (2004)CrossRef

82.

Hapuarachchi, T.D., Peijs, T., Bilotti, E.: Thermal degradation and flammability behavior of polypropylene/clay/carbon nanotube composite systems. Polym. Adv. Technol. 24, 331–338 (2013)CrossRef

83.

Weil, E.D.: Fire-protective and flame-retardant coatings-a state-of-the-art review. J. Fire Sci. 29, 259–296 (2011)CrossRef

84.

Liang, S., Neisius, N.M., Gaan, S.: Recent development in flame retardant polymeric coatings. Prog. Org. Coat. 76, 1642–1655 (2013)CrossRef

85.

Duquesne, S., Jimenez, M., Bourbigot, S. Aging of the flame-retardant properties of polycarbonate and polypropylene protected by an intumescent coating. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. (2013). doi:10.1002/app.39566

86.

Vargas, J.R., Gracia, T., Goto, T.: Thermal barrier coatings produced by chemical vapor deposition. Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 4, 397–402 (2003)CrossRef

87.

Jimenez, M., Duquesne, S., Bourbigot, S.: Fire protection of polypropylene and polycarbonate by intumescent coatings. Polym. Adv. Technol. 23, 130–135 (2012)CrossRef

88.

Wang, X.Y., Han, E.H., Liu, F.C., Ke, W.: Fire and corrosion resistances of intumescent nano-coating containing nano-SiO₂ in salt spray condition. J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 26, 75–81 (2010)CrossRef

89.

Wang, X.Y., Han, E.H., Ke, W.: Fire-resistant effect of nanoclay on intumescent nanocomposite coating. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 103, 1681–1689 (2007)CrossRef

90.

Gusev, A.A., Lusti, R.: Rational design of nanocomposite for barrier applications. Adv. Mater. 13, 1641–1643 (2001)CrossRef

91.

Ebina, T., Mizukami, F.: Flexible transparent clay film with heat-resistant and high gas-barrier properties. Adv. Mater. 19, 2450–2453 (2007)CrossRef

92.

Priolo, M.A., Gamboa, D., Holder, K.M., Grunlan, J.C.: Super gas barrier of transparent polymer-clay multilayer ultrathin films. Nano Lett. 10, 4970–4974 (2010)CrossRef

93.

Walther, A., Bjurhager, I., Malho, J.M., Pere, J., Ruokolainen, J., Berglund, L.A., Ikkala, O.: Large-area, lightweight and thick biomimetic composites with superior material properties via fast, economic, and green pathways. Nano Lett. 10, 2742–2748 (2010)CrossRef

94.

Das, P., Schipmann, S., Malho, J.M., Zhu, B., Klemradt, U., Walther, A.: Facile access to large-scale, self-assembled, narcre-inspired, high-performance materials with tunable nanoscale periodicities. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 5, 3738–3747 (2013)CrossRef

95.

Liu, A., Walther, A., Ikkala, O., Belova, L., Berglund, L.A.: Clay nanopaper with tough cellulose nanofiber matrix for fire retardancy and gas barrier functions. Biomacromolecules 12, 633–641 (2011)CrossRef

96.

Podsiadlo, P., et al.: Ultrastrong and stiff layered polymer nanocomposites. Science 318, 80–83 (2007)CrossRef

97.

Putz, K.W., Compton, O.C., Palmeri, M.J., Nguyen, S.T., Brinson, L.C.: High-nanofiller-content grapheme oxide-polymer nanocomposites via vacuum-assisted self-assembly. Adv. Funct. Mater. 20, 3322–3329 (2010)CrossRef

98.

Laachachi, A., Ball, V., Apaydin, K., Toniazzo, V., Ruch, D.: Diffusion of polyphosphates into (poly(allylamine)-montmorillonite) multilayer films: Flame retardant-intumescent films with improved oxygen barrier. Langmuir 27, 13879–13887 (2011)CrossRef

99.

Apaydin, K., Laauchachi, A., Ball, V., Jimenez, M., Bourbigot, S., Toniazzo, V., Ruch, D.: Polyallylamine-montmorillonite as super flame retardant coating assemblies by layer-by layer deposition on polyamide. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 98, 627–634 (2013)CrossRef

100.

Laufer, D., Kirkland, C., Cain, A.A., Grunlan, J.C.: Clay-chitosan nanobrick walls: Completely renewable gas barrier and flame-retardant nanocoatings. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 4, 1643–1649 (2012)CrossRef

101.

Wu, Q., Zhu, W., Liang, Z., Wang, B.: Study of fire retardant behavior of carbon nanotube membranes and carbon nanofiber paper in carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composites. Carbon 48, 1799–1806 (2010)CrossRef

102.

Liu, Y., Wang, X., Qi, K., Xin, J.H.: Functionalization of cotton with carbon nanotubes. J. Mater. Chem. 18, 3454–3460 (2008)CrossRef

Titel: Flame Retardancy of Polymer Nanocomposite
verfasst von: Yoshihiko Arao
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: Flame Retardants
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-03466-9

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-03467-6

Copyright-Jahr: 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03467-6_2

Premium Partner

Marktübersichten

Die im Laufe eines Jahres in der „adhäsion“ veröffentlichten Marktübersichten helfen Anwendern verschiedenster Branchen, sich einen gezielten Überblick über Lieferantenangebote zu verschaffen.

Zur Marktübersicht