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Erschienen in:
OSINT as an Integral Part of the National Security Apparatus Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

2016 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

18. Following the Breadcrumbs: Using Open Source Intelligence as Evidence in Criminal Proceedings

verfasst von : Fraser Sampson

Erschienen in: Open Source Intelligence Investigation

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

Intelligence and evidence are fundamentally different and while evidence can always provide some degree of intelligence the reverse is not the case. If intelligence is to be relied on evidentially it will need to meet the same forensic standards and clear the same legal hurdles as any other form of evidence. Therefore LEAs need to be aware of these standards and hurdles at the outset and to ensure—so far as practicable—that they are in a position to address them. This chapter addresses some of the legal issues that arise if OSINT material is to be used in legal proceedings, particularly within countries that are signatories to the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR).

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Vorheriges Kapitel Legal Considerations for Using Open Source Intelligence in the Context of Cybercrime and Cyberterrorism
Fußnoten
4
See for example ss. 17–19 of the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000.
 
5
see e.g. R v Blastland (1986) AC 41.
 
6
see “Opinion on the status of illegally obtained evidence in criminal procedures in the Member States of the European Union’ 30 Nov 2003—Reference: CFR-CDF. opinion 3-2003.
 
7
Funke v. France, 44/1997/828/1034; see also O'Halloran and Francis v. the United Kingdom (2007) ECHR 545; Saunders v. the United Kingdom (1997) 23 EHRR 313.
 
8
Note that there is a ‘civil limb’ to the ECHR – see Art 6(1) and Guide to Article 6 and the Right to a Fair Trial’ Council of Europe www.​echr.​coe.​int (Case-law – Case-law analysis – Case-law guides). Accessed 12 April 2016.
 
9
Schenk v. Switzerland (1988) ECHR 17; Heglas v. the Czech Republic (2007) ECHR 5564.
 
10
Rowe and Davis v. the United Kingdom (2000) ECHR 91.
 
11
such as the Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act 1996 in England and Wales.
 
12
see Law Society Gazette 11 April 2016, pp 13—15 London.
 
13
For the general approach of the court in England and Wales see Noor-Mohamed v R [1949] ac 182.
 
14
s.114 (1) Criminal Justice Act 2003.
 
15
The Criminal Justice Act 2003.
 
16
e.g., SMS messages—R v Leonard (2009) EWCA Crim 1251) but cf R v Twist [2011] EWCA Crim 1143.
 
17
Huseyn and Others v. Azerbaijan (application nos. 35485/05, 45553/05, 35680/05 and 36085/05); OAO Neftyanaya Kompaniya Yukos v. Russia (2014) ECHR 906.
 
18
Mayzit v. Russia application no. 42502/06; Moiseyev v. Russia (2011) 53 EHRR 9.
 
19
Rasmussen v. Poland (application no. 38886/05).
 
20
Questions are whether these entitlements will ever extend to being able to access relevant materials via the Internet, where the hard or downloaded copies are incomplete or insufficiently verifiable by the defendant?
 
21
Bucknor v R (2010) EWCA Crim 1152.
 
23
see s. 33 Criminal Justice and Courts Act 2015.
 
24
Attorney General v. Davey [2013] EWHC 2317 (Admin).
 
25
loc cit at 6.
 
26
T v R (2012) EWCA Crim 2358.
 
27
Khudobin v. Russia (application no. 59696/00); Texieira v Portugal (application 44/1997/828/1034).
 
28
See s. 1(1) of the Computer Misuse Act 1990 in England and Wales; DPP v. Bignell (1998) 1 Cr App R 1 and R v. Bow Street Metropolitan Stipendiary Magistrate ex parte United States (No.2) (2000) 2 AC 216).
 
29
El Haski v. Belgium (Application no. 649/08) Gäfgen v. Germany (2010) ECHR 759.
 
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Metadaten
Titel
Following the Breadcrumbs: Using Open Source Intelligence as Evidence in Criminal Proceedings
verfasst von
Fraser Sampson
Copyright-Jahr
2016
Buch
Open Source Intelligence Investigation

Print ISBN: 978-3-319-47670-4

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-47671-1

Copyright-Jahr: 2016

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47671-1_18