Skip to main content

2017 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

13. Global and Local: Climate Change Policies as a Paradigm of Multilevel Governance

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

European energy policies based on energy savings and the promotion of renewables are still the main components of the most recent and ambitious climate policies. However, a distinctive key element of the current approaches is that the objectives they pursue cannot be achieved without decisive intervention by sub-state political and administrative levels, particularly the local ones. The most recent European energy and climate regulations are insistently referring specific actions to the achievement of the set goals that inescapably have to be pursued at the local level—for example, Heating and cooling energy districts or the design of infrastructures that must withstand the distributed generation or the utilization of residual heat.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Fußnoten
1
Europe 2020 Strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive development, COM (2010) 2020, 3 March 2010.
 
2
In the Roadmap for Energy 2050 [COM (2011) 885, p. 3], the Commission explained the ambition of its strategy, namely that “a new investment cycle will be opened in that decade (2020), while energy infrastructures built 30 or 40 years ago will need to be renewed”. The costs of the energy transition do not differ substantially from these renovation costs. According to the European Investment Plan [COM (2014) 903], investment in generation, networks and energy efficiency is estimated at EUR 200 billion annually in the coming decades.
 
3
The Directorate General of Regional Policy of the European Commission was renamed as “Regional and Urban Policy”; The Riga Declaration (2015) reinforces the role of small and medium-sized urban areas in the implementation of European policies, setting up the foundations for a future (June 2016) European Urban Agenda.
 
4
COM2014/490, p. 7.
 
5
URBACT is an instrument of Cohesion Policy co-financed by the ERDF. In its previous two editions, it has brought together 500 cities from 29 countries integrated in 61 thematic networks of cooperation. URBACT III (2014–2020) continues and intensifies cooperation on sustainable and integrated urban development. The URBACT Secretariat is in France. http://​urbact.​eu.
 
6
COM (2004) 60, on the Urban Environment Strategy, Sect. 2.4, p. 25.
 
7
Description from the ICLEI Strategic Plan 2015–2021, Seoul Plan, p. 3. 4.
 
8
COM (2011) 202, Smart Grids: from innovation to implementation, where is defined, following the Smart Grid Task Force as “electricity networks that can efficiently integrate the behaviour and actions of all users connected to it—generators, consumers and those that do both—in order to ensure an economically efficient, sustainable power system with low losses and high quality and security of supply and safety”, p. 2.
 
9
COM (2015) 192, Digital Single Market Strategy for Europe.
 
10
COM (2015) 80, A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy.
 
11
The ERDF manages 183.3 million euros out of a total of 376,000 for the period 2014–2020.
 
12
Regulation (EC) No 1301/2013 of 17 December 2013 on the European Regional Development Fund and on specific provisions relating to the investment objective for growth and employment, Article 7.
 
13
Article 7, parr. 5. The managing authority shall determine, in consultation with the urban authority, the scope of tasks, to be undertaken by urban authorities, concerning the management of integrated actions for sustainable urban development. The managing authority shall formally record its decision in writing. The managing authority may retain the right to undertake a final verification of eligibility of operations before approval.
 
14
Article 36 of Regulation 1303/2013 of 17 December 2013 laying down common provisions on the European Regional Development Fund, the European Social Fund, the Cohesion Fund, the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development And the European Maritime and Fisheries Fund. These are urban development strategies or another territorial strategy involving investments by the ESF, the ERDF or the Cohesion Fund according to more than one priority axis of one or more operational programs.
 
15
The UDN complements the actions of URBACT III, converging on support for cities implementing Article 7 (sustainable urban development). Recital (21) of the Regulation 1301/2013 states: “In order to reinforce capacity-building, networking and exchange of experience between programmes and bodies responsible for implementing sustainable urban development strategies and innovative actions in the area of sustainable urban development and to complement existing programmes and bodies, it is necessary to establish an urban development network at Union level”.
 
16
Resolution of 4 February 2016 on the role of local and regional authorities in the European Structural and Investment Funds.
 
17
Adopted on 30 May 2016 in Amsterdam at the informal meeting of Ministers responsible for urban affairs. Pending confirmation by the General Affairs Council of June 2016. http://​urbanagendaforth​e.​eu/​wp-content/​uploads/​2016/​05/​Pact-of-Amsterdam_​v7_​WEB.​pdf.
 
18
It replaces the previous Directive 2010/31 on energy performance of buildings and Directive 2006/32/EC on energy end-use efficiency. A description of this process of normative renewal can be found in Galera, S. “Del Ahorro de Energía a la Eficiencia Energética: objetivos e instrumentos de las Políticas Europeas”, Revista de Derecho Urbanístico y Medio Ambiente no 288, Marzo 2014.
 
19
Article 2, g/.
 
20
3. Member States shall recommend to all actors, in particular local and regional administrative bodies to ensure equipment and systems are installed for the use of electricity, heating and cooling from renewable energy sources and for district heating and cooling when planning, designing, building and renovating industrial or residential areas. Member States shall, in particular, encourage local and regional administrative bodies to include heating and cooling from renewable energy sources in the planning of city infrastructure, where appropriate.
 
21
COM (2011) 885, p. 2 and 6.
 
22
See, for example, the NOBEL GRID project (supported by Horizon 2020), which aims to develop technologies and services required by distributed generation, energy cooperatives and small-scale distribution. The results of the research will be tested in five different EU electricity cooperatives http://​nobelgrid.​eu/​.
 
23
Relating measures—technical, legal, institutional and economic—which according the Commission are required for the effective deployment of the Smart Grids, see COM (2011) 202, p. 5.
 
24
At the global level, see the United Nations Environment Program initiative—UNEP—Energy Districts in Cities, Sustainable Energy for All SE4ALL (http://​www.​se4all.​org/​). This initiative is coordinated by UNEP and involves municipal governments, local government networks, national representatives, international organizations, private sector entities, and clean energy associations.
 
Literatur
Zurück zum Zitat European Commission COM. (2004). Urban environment strategy, 60. European Commission COM. (2004). Urban environment strategy, 60.
Zurück zum Zitat European Commission COM. (2010). Strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive development, Europe 2020. European Commission COM. (2010). Strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive development, Europe 2020.
Zurück zum Zitat European Commission COM. (2011). Smart grids: From innovation to implementation, 202. European Commission COM. (2011). Smart grids: From innovation to implementation, 202.
Zurück zum Zitat European Commission COM. (2011). Roadmap for energy 2050, 885. European Commission COM. (2011). Roadmap for energy 2050, 885.
Zurück zum Zitat European Commission COM. (2012). Recommendation on preparations for the deployment of smart metering systems, 1342 final. European Commission COM. (2012). Recommendation on preparations for the deployment of smart metering systems, 1342 final.
Zurück zum Zitat European Commission COM. (2014). The urban dimension of EU policies. Key Features of an EU Urban Agenda, 490. European Commission COM. (2014). The urban dimension of EU policies. Key Features of an EU Urban Agenda, 490.
Zurück zum Zitat European Commission COM. (2014). European investment plan, 903. European Commission COM. (2014). European investment plan, 903.
Zurück zum Zitat European Commission COM. (2015). A framework strategy for a resilient energy union with a forward-looking climate change policy, 80. European Commission COM. (2015). A framework strategy for a resilient energy union with a forward-looking climate change policy, 80.
Zurück zum Zitat European Commission COM. (2015). Digital single market strategy for Europe, 192. European Commission COM. (2015). Digital single market strategy for Europe, 192.
Zurück zum Zitat European Data Protection Supervisor. (2012). Opinion of 8 June 2012 relating the deployment of smart metering systems (O.J.C. n. 335 of 1.11.2012). European Data Protection Supervisor. (2012). Opinion of 8 June 2012 relating the deployment of smart metering systems (O.J.C. n. 335 of 1.11.2012).
Zurück zum Zitat Galera, S. (2006). Urbanismo sostenible; la política europea de medio ambiente urbano. Revista de Derecho Urbanístico y Medio Ambiente, 224. Galera, S. (2006). Urbanismo sostenible; la política europea de medio ambiente urbano. Revista de Derecho Urbanístico y Medio Ambiente, 224.
Zurück zum Zitat Galera, S. (2014). Del Ahorro de Energía a la Eficiencia Energética: Objetivos e instrumentos de las Políticas Europeas. Revista de Derecho Urbanístico y Medio Ambiente, 288. Galera, S. (2014). Del Ahorro de Energía a la Eficiencia Energética: Objetivos e instrumentos de las Políticas Europeas. Revista de Derecho Urbanístico y Medio Ambiente, 288.
Zurück zum Zitat Gatta Sánchez, D. F. de (2008). Incidencia del medio ambiente y el desarrollo sostenible en el urbanismo y la edificación: De la Política de la UE al Código técnico de la edificación y la nueva Ley del Suelo. en El Derecho Urbanístico del siglo XXI: Libro homenaje al Prof. Martín Bassols Coma (Vol. 3). Madrid: Ed. Reus-Colegio de Registradores. Gatta Sánchez, D. F. de (2008). Incidencia del medio ambiente y el desarrollo sostenible en el urbanismo y la edificación: De la Política de la UE al Código técnico de la edificación y la nueva Ley del Suelo. en El Derecho Urbanístico del siglo XXI: Libro homenaje al Prof. Martín Bassols Coma (Vol. 3). Madrid: Ed. Reus-Colegio de Registradores.
Zurück zum Zitat González Medina, M. (2013). La europeización urbana a través de la política de cohesión. Revista CIDOB d’afers internacionals, 104, 133–154 (Special Issue on Cities and Urban Areas on International Policies). González Medina, M. (2013). La europeización urbana a través de la política de cohesión. Revista CIDOB d’afers internacionals, 104, 133–154 (Special Issue on Cities and Urban Areas on International Policies).
Zurück zum Zitat González Medina, M., & Fedeli, V. (2015). Exploring European urban policy: Towards an EU-national agenda? Gestión y Análisis de Políticas Públicas, 14. González Medina, M., & Fedeli, V. (2015). Exploring European urban policy: Towards an EU-national agenda? Gestión y Análisis de Políticas Públicas, 14.
Zurück zum Zitat Hawkey, D., & Webb, J. (2014). District energy development in liberalised markets: Situating UK heat network in comparison with Dutch and Norwegian case studies. Technology Analysis and Strategic Management, 26(10), 1228–1241.CrossRef Hawkey, D., & Webb, J. (2014). District energy development in liberalised markets: Situating UK heat network in comparison with Dutch and Norwegian case studies. Technology Analysis and Strategic Management, 26(10), 1228–1241.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Hawkey, D., Webb, J., & Winskel, M. (2013). Organisation and governance of urban energy systems: District heating and cooling in the UK. Journal of Cleaner Production, 50, 22–31.CrossRef Hawkey, D., Webb, J., & Winskel, M. (2013). Organisation and governance of urban energy systems: District heating and cooling in the UK. Journal of Cleaner Production, 50, 22–31.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Jiménez, M. L. G. (2015). Smart cities vs. smart governance: ¿dos paradigmas de interrelación administrativa no resueltos aún? Revista de Derecho Urbanístico y Medio Ambiente, 300. Jiménez, M. L. G. (2015). Smart cities vs. smart governance: ¿dos paradigmas de interrelación administrativa no resueltos aún? Revista de Derecho Urbanístico y Medio Ambiente, 300.
Zurück zum Zitat Jiménez Jaén, A. D. (2010). El medio ambiente urbano: estrategia española para un desarrollo urbano sostenible. Revista General de Derecho Administrativo, 25. Jiménez Jaén, A. D. (2010). El medio ambiente urbano: estrategia española para un desarrollo urbano sostenible. Revista General de Derecho Administrativo, 25.
Zurück zum Zitat Marjan Peeters, M. (2012). Local climate action in the European Union. In B. J. Richardson (Ed.), Local climate change law. Environmental regulation in cities and other localities. The IUCN Academy of Environmental Law Series. Edward Elgar Publishing. Marjan Peeters, M. (2012). Local climate action in the European Union. In B. J. Richardson (Ed.), Local climate change law. Environmental regulation in cities and other localities. The IUCN Academy of Environmental Law Series. Edward Elgar Publishing.
Zurück zum Zitat Quirós, J. B. G. de (2008). La autonomía local ante el urbanismo. Incidencia del derecho de la Unión Europea. Hacia un desarrollo sostenible. In Q. Carretero & J. Pedro (Ed.), Globalización y principio de autonomía local. Madrid: Consejo General del Poder Judicial-Centro de Documentación. Quirós, J. B. G. de (2008). La autonomía local ante el urbanismo. Incidencia del derecho de la Unión Europea. Hacia un desarrollo sostenible. In Q. Carretero & J. Pedro (Ed.), Globalización y principio de autonomía local. Madrid: Consejo General del Poder Judicial-Centro de Documentación.
Zurück zum Zitat Roberts, J. (2015). Promoting citizen participation in the energy transition: A recommendation for an EU legal framework to support community energy. London: ClientEarth Energy Documents (April 2015). Roberts, J. (2015). Promoting citizen participation in the energy transition: A recommendation for an EU legal framework to support community energy. London: ClientEarth Energy Documents (April 2015).
Zurück zum Zitat Rocher, L. (2014). Climate-energy policies, heat provision, and urban planning: A renewal of interest in district heating in France: Insights from national and local levels. Journal of Urban Technology, 21(3), 3–19.CrossRef Rocher, L. (2014). Climate-energy policies, heat provision, and urban planning: A renewal of interest in district heating in France: Insights from national and local levels. Journal of Urban Technology, 21(3), 3–19.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Setze, J. (2015). Testing the boundaries of subnational diplomacy: The international climate action of local and regional governance. Transnational Environmental Law, 4(02), 319–337.CrossRef Setze, J. (2015). Testing the boundaries of subnational diplomacy: The international climate action of local and regional governance. Transnational Environmental Law, 4(02), 319–337.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Siano, P. (2014). Demand response and smart grids—A survey. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 30, 461–478.CrossRef Siano, P. (2014). Demand response and smart grids—A survey. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 30, 461–478.CrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Global and Local: Climate Change Policies as a Paradigm of Multilevel Governance
verfasst von
Susana Galera
Copyright-Jahr
2017
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54984-2_13