nach oben

Erschienen in:

2017 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

1. Graphene Oxide: Synthesis and Characterization

verfasst von : Mohd. Bilal Khan, Mohd. Parvaz, Zishan Husain Khan

Erschienen in: Recent Trends in Nanomaterials

Verlag: Springer Singapore

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

Graphene oxide is single or few atomic layers of graphene attached to oxygen-containing groups. It is a flexible material and is prepared by the energetic oxidation of graphite. Graphene oxide has a lot of potential due to easy synthesis, cost-effectiveness and scope for mass scale production. It is one of the important materials for the futuristic memory devices. The band gap of graphene oxide can be easily tuned by varying the oxidation level. It is ideal as an electrical insulator as well as semiconductor, when it is fully oxidized and partially oxidized respectively. Graphene oxide is produced by the oxidation of graphite followed by exfoliation of oxidized graphite. Various methods for the synthesis of graphene oxide are discussed in this chapter. The reduction of graphene oxide to produce reduced graphene oxide is extremely important. The process used for reduction has a large impact on the quality of the reduced graphene oxide produced and therefore will determine how close reduced graphene oxide will come, in terms of structure and properties, to pristine graphene. For the industrial applications, there is a need to utilize large quantities of graphene, and reduced graphene oxide is the most obvious solution due to the relative ease in creating sufficient quantities of graphene to desired quality levels. Although, there are many reports on the reduction of graphene oxide available in the literature, the complete removal of oxygen-containing groups is still a challenge. This chapter presents a review of the research work reported on the synthesis and characterization of graphene oxide.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Nächstes Kapitel Wear Behavior of Composites and Nanocomposites: A New Approach

A. Hirsch, M. Brettreich, Fullerenes—Chemistry and Reactions (Wiley, New York, 2004). H. Yang et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 49, 886 (2010)

A. Hirsch, The era of carbon allotropes. Nat. Mater. 9(11), 868–871 (2010)CrossRef

N. Tagmatarchis, H. Shinohara, Fullerenes in medicinal chemistry and their biological applications. Mini. Rev. Med. Chem. 1(4), 339–348 (2001)

E.A. Katz, Fullerene thin films as photovoltaic material, in Nanostructured Materials for Solar Energy Conversion, ed. by T. Sōga (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2006), pp. 361–443

R.E. Smalley, Carbon Nanotubes: Synthesis, Structure, Properties, and Applications, vol. 80, ed. by M.S. Dresselhaus, G. Dresselhaus, P. Avouris (Springer Science & Business Media, 2003)

S.H. Jin, Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs); history and future prospects for electronic applications, in Active-Matrix Flatpanel Displays And Devices (AMFPD), 2016 The 23rd International Workshop on Active-Matrix Flatpanel Displays and Devices, FTFMD (2016), pp. 38–41

M. Husain, Z.H. Khan (eds.), Advances in Nanomaterials, vol. 79 (Springer, Berlin, 2016)

P.M. Ajayan, O.Z. Zhou, Applications of carbon nanotubes, in Carbon Nanotubes (Springer, Berlin, 2001), 391–425

H.P. Boehm, R. Setton, E. Stumpp, Nomenclature and terminology of graphite intercalation compounds (IUPAC Recommendations 1994). Pure Appl. Chem. 66(9), (1994), 1893–1901

10.

E.T. Thostenson, Z. Ren, T.W. Chou, Advances in the science and technology of carbon nanotubes and their composites: a review. Compos. Sci. Technol. 61(13), 1899–1912 (2001)CrossRef

11.

H.P. Boehm, A. Clauss, G.O. Fischer, U. Hofmann, Das adsorptionsverhalten sehr dünner kohlenstoff‐folien. Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie 316(3–4), 119–127 (1962)

12.

K.S. Novoselov, A.K. Geim, S.V. Morozov, D. Jiang, Y. Zhang, S.V. Dubonos, I.V. Grigorieva, A.A. Firsov, Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films. Science 306(5696), 666–669 (2004)CrossRef

13.

This Month in Physics History: October 22, 2004: Discovery of Graphene. APS News. Series II. 18(9), 2 (2009)

14.

D. Chen, H. Feng, J. Li, Graphene oxide: preparation, functionalization, and electrochemical applications. Chem. Rev. 112(11), 6027–6053 (2012)

15.

J.T. Robinson, F.K. Perkins, E.S. Snow, Z. Wei, P.E. Sheehan, Reduced graphene oxide molecular sensors. Nano Lett. 8(10), 3137–3140 (2008)

16.

V. Dua, S.P. Surwade, S. Ammu, S.R. Agnihotra, S. Jain, K.E. Roberts, S. Park, R.S. Ruoff, S.K. Manohar, All-organic vapor sensor using inkjet-printed reduced graphene oxide. Angew. Chem. 122(12), 2200–2203 (2010)

17.

S. Stankovich, D.A. Dikin, G.H.B. Dommett, K.M. Kohlhaas, E.J. Zimney, E.A. Stach, R.D. Piner, S.T. Nguyen, R.S. Ruoff, Graphene-based composite materials. Nature 442(7100), 282–286 (2006)

18.

H. Zhang, X. Lv, Y. Li, Y. Wang, J. Li, P25-graphene composite as a high performance photocatalyst. ACS Nano 4(1), 380–386 (2009)

19.

D. Li, R.B. Kaner, Graphene-based materials. Nat. Nanotechnol. 3, 101 (2008)

20.

S. Goenka, V. Sant, S. Sant, Graphene-based nanomaterials for drug delivery and tissue engineering. J. Controll. Release 173, 75–88 (2014)CrossRef

21.

K. Shehzad, Y. Xu, C. Gao, X. Duan, Three-dimensional macro-structures of two-dimensional nanomaterials. Chem. Soc. Rev. 45(20), 5541–5588 (2016)CrossRef

22.

Y. Han, Z. Xu, C. Gao, Ultrathin graphene nanofiltration membrane for water purification. Adv. Func. Mater. 23(29), 3693–3700 (2013)CrossRef

23.

Martin Pumera, Graphene-based nanomaterials for energy storage. Energy Environ. Sci. 4(3), 668–674 (2011)CrossRef

24.

Z.S. Wu, G. Zhou, L.C. Yin, W. Ren, F. Li, H.M. Cheng, Graphene/metal oxide composite electrode materials for energy storage. Nano Energy 1(1), 107–131 (2012)CrossRef

25.

M.F. El-Kady, R.B. Kaner, Scalable fabrication of high-power graphene micro-supercapacitors for flexible and on-chip energy storage. Nat. Commun. 4, 1475 (2013)CrossRef

26.

H. He, J. Klinowski, M. Forster, A. Lerf, Chem. Phys. Lett. 287, 53–56 (1998)CrossRef

27.

X. Wang, L. Zhi, K. Müllen, Transparent, conductive graphene electrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells. Nano Lett. 8(1), 323–327 (2008)CrossRef

28.

G. Eda, G. Fanchini, M. Chhowalla, Large-area ultrathin films of reduced graphene oxide as a transparent and flexible electronic material. Nat. Nanotechnol. 3(5), 270–274 (2008)CrossRef

29.

X. Li, Y. Zhu, W. Cai, M. Borysiak, B. Han, D. Chen, R.D. Piner, L. Colombo, R.S. Ruoff, Transfer of large-area graphene films for high-performance transparent conductive electrodes. Nano Lett. 9(12), 4359–4363 (2009)CrossRef

30.

G. Eda, Y.Y. Lin, S. Miller, C.W. Chen, Su WF, M. Chhowalla, Transparent and conducting electrodes for organic electronics from reduced graphene oxide. Appl. Phys. Lett. 92(23), 233305 (2008)CrossRef

31.

S. Chen, J. Zhu, X. Wu, Q. Han, X. Wang, Graphene oxide—MnO₂ nanocomposites for supercapacitors. ACS Nano 4(5), 2822–2830 (2010)CrossRef

32.

X. Zhu, Y. Zhu, S. Murali, M.D. Stoller, R.S. Ruoff, Nanostructured reduced graphene oxide/Fe₂O₃ composite as a high-performance anode material for lithium ion batteries. ACS Nano 5(4), 3333–3338 (2011)CrossRef

33.

R.R. Nair, H.A. Wu, P.N. Jayaram, I.V. Grigorieva, A.K. Geim, Unimpeded permeation of water through helium-leak–tight graphene-based membranes. Science 335(6067), 442–444 (2012)CrossRef

34.

L. Wang, K. Lee, Y.Y. Sun, M. Lucking, Z. Chen, J.J. Zhao, S.B. Zhang, Graphene oxide as an ideal substrate for hydrogen storage. ACS Nano 3(10). 2995–3000 (2009)

35.

C. Chung, Y.K. Kim, D. Shin, S.R. Ryoo, B.H. Hong, D.H. Min, Biomedical applications of graphene and graphene oxide. Acc. Chem. Res. 46(10), 2211–2224 (2013)

36.

B.C. Brodie, On the atomic weight of graphite. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London 149, 249–259 (1859)

37.

L. Staudenmaier, Verfahren zur Darstellung der Graphitsäure. Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges. 31, 1481–1487 (1898)CrossRef

38.

L. Staudenmaier, Verfahren zur Darstellung der Graphitsäure. Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges. 32, 1394–1399 (1899)CrossRef

39.

U. Hofmann, R. Holst, Über die Säurenatur und die Methylierung von Graphitoxyd. Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft (A and B Series), 72(4), 754–771 (1939)CrossRef

40.

W. Gao, Synthesis, structure and characterizations, in Graphene Oxide: Reduction Recipes, Spectroscopy, and Applications, ed. by W. Gao (Springer International Publishing, 2015), pp. 1–28

41.

W.S. Hummers Jr, R.E. Offeman, Preparation of graphitic oxide. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 80(6), 1339–1339 (1958)

42.

K.R. Koch, P.F. Krause, Oxidation by dimanganese heptoxide: an impressive demonstration. J. Chem. Ed 59, 973 (1982)

43.

A. Simon, R. Dronskowski, B. Krebs, B. Hettich, The crystal structure of Mn₂O₇. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 26(2), 139–140 (1987)

44.

S. Stankovich, R.D. Piner, X. Chen, N. Wu, S.T. Nguyen, R.S. Ruoff, Stable aqueous dispersions of graphitic nanoplatelets via the reduction of exfoliated graphite oxide in the presence of poly (sodium 4-styrenesulfonate). J. Mater. Chem. 16(2), 155–158 (2006)

45.

N.I. Kovtyukhova, P.J. Ollivier, B.R. Martin, T.E. Mallouk, S.A. Chizhik, E.V. Buzaneva, A.D. Gorchinskiy, Layer-by-layer assembly of ultrathin composite films from micron-sized graphite oxide sheets and polycations. Chem. Mater. 11, 771–778 (1999)

46.

J. Chen, B. Yao, C. Li, G. Shi, An improved hummers method for eco-friendly synthesis of graphene oxide. Carbon 64, 225–229 (2013)CrossRef

47.

D.C. Marcano, D.V. Kosynkin, J.M. Berlin, A. Sinitskii, Z. Sun, A. Slesarev, L.B. Alemany, W. Lu, J.M. Tour, Improved synthesis of graphene oxide. ACS Nano 4, 4806–4814 (2010)CrossRef

48.

S. Park, R.S. Ruoff, Chemical methods for the production of graphenes. Nat. Nanotechnol. 4(4), 217–224 (2009)

49.

S. Park et al., Graphene oxide papers modified by divalentions—Enhancing mechanical properties via chemical cross-linking. ACS Nano 2, 572–578 (2008)

50.

S. Stankovich, R. Piner, S.T. Nguyen, R.S. Ruoff, Synthesis and exfoliation of isocyanate-treated graphene oxide nanoplatelets. Carbon 44, 3342–3347 (2006)

51.

J.I. Paredes, S. Villar-Rodil, A. Martinez-Alonso, J.M.D. Tascón, Graphene oxide dispersions in organic solvents. Langmuir 24, 10560–10564 (2008)

52.

S. Stankovich et al., Synthesis of graphene-based nanosheets via chemical reduction of exfoliated graphite oxide. Carbon 45, 1558–1565 (2007)

53.

D. Li, M.B. Muller, S. Gilje, R.B. Kaner, G.G. Wallace, Processable aqueous dispersions of graphene nanosheets. Nat. Nanotechnol. 3, 101–105 (2008)

54.

Y. Xu, H. Bai, G. Lu, C. Li, G. Shi, Flexible graphene films via the filtration of water-soluble noncovalent functionalized graphene sheets. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130, 5856–5857 (2008)

55.

S. Park et al., Aqueous suspension and characterization of chemically modified graphene sheets. Chem. Mater. 20, 6592–6594 (2008)

56.

Y. Si, E.T. Samulski, Synthesis of water soluble graphene. Nano Lett. 8, 1679–1682 (2008)

57.

S. Niyogi et al., Solution properties of graphite and graphene. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128, 7720–7721 (2006)

58.

J.R. Lomeda, C.D. Doyle, D.V. Kosynkin, W.-F. Hwang, J.M. Tour, Diazonium functionalization of surfactant-wrapped chemically converted graphene sheets. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130, 16201–16206 (2008)

59.

V.C. Tung, M.J. Allen, Y. Yang, R.B. Kaner, High-throughput solution processing of large-scale graphene. Nat. Nanotechnol. 4, 25–29 (2008)

60.

R. Muszynski, B. Seger, P.V. Kamat, Decorating graphene sheets with gold nanoparticles. J. Phys. Chem. C 112, 5263–5266 (2008)

61.

H.C. Schniepp et al., Functionalized single graphene sheets derived form splitting graphite oxide. J. Phys. Chem. B 110, 8535–8539 (2006)

62.

M.J. McAllister et al., Single sheet functionalized graphene by oxidation and thermal expansion of graphite. Chem. Mater. 19, 4396–4404 (2007)

63.

G. Williams, B. Serger, P.V. Kamat, TiO₂-graphene nanocomposites. UV-assisted photocatalytic reduction of graphene oxide. ACS Nano 2, 1487–1491 (2008)

64.

P.V. Kamat, V. Bridewell, Electrocatalytic activity of graphene oxide: mediating electron transfer between two redox couples, in Meeting Abstracts, no. 6, The electrochemical society, (2016), pp. 551–551

65.

Y. Wang, L. Li, C. Luo, X. Wang, H. Duan, Removal of Pb 2+ from water environment using a novel magnetic chitosan/graphene oxide imprinted Pb 2+. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 86, 505–511 (2016)

66.

Z.S. Wu, W. Ren, L. Gao, B. Liu, C. Jiang, H.M. Cheng, Synthesis of high-quality graphene with a pre-determined number of layers. Carbon 47(2), 493–499 (2009)

67.

O. Akhavan, M. Choobtashani, E. Ghaderi, Protein degradation and RNA efflux of viruses photocatalyzed by graphene–tungsten oxide composite under visible light irradiation. J. Phys. Chem. C. 116(17), 9653–9659 (2012)

68.

S. Pei, H.M. Cheng, The reduction of graphene oxide. Carbon 50(9), 3210–3228 (2012)

69.

K.N. Kudin, B. Ozbas, H.C. Schniepp, R.K. Prud’homme, I.A. Aksay, R. Car. Raman spectra of graphite oxide and functionalized graphene sheets. Nano Lett. 8(1), 36–41 (2007)

70.

H.A. Becerril, J. Mao, Z. Liu, R.M. Stoltenberg, Z. Bao, Y. Chen, Evaluation of solution-processed reduced graphene oxide films as transparent conductors. ACS Nano 2(3), 463–470 (2008)

71.

S.C. Youn, J. Geng, B.S. Son, S.B. Yang, D.W. Kim, H.M. Cho, H.T. Jung, Effect of the exposure time of hydrazine vapor on the reduction of graphene oxide films. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 11(7), 5959–5964 (2011)

72.

Y. Zhu, S. Murali, M.D. Stoller, A. Velamakanni, R.D. Piner, R.S. Ruoff, Microwave assisted exfoliation and reduction of graphite oxide for ultracapacitors. Carbon 48(7), 2118–2122 (2010)

73.

H.M.A. Hassan, V. Abdelsayed, A.E.R.S. Khder, K.M. AbouZeid, J. Terner, M.S. El-Shall et al., Microwave synthesis of graphene sheets supporting metal nanocrystals in aqueous and organic media. J. Mater. Chem. 19(23), 3832–3837 (2009)

74.

S. Sharin, I.A. Rahman, A.F. Ahmad, H.M.K. Mohd, F. Mohamed, S. Radiman, M.S. Yasir, S. Sarmani, M.T. Ayob, I.S.A. Bastamam, Reduction of graphene oxide to graphene by using gamma irradiation. Malays. J. Anal. Sci. 19(6), 1223–1228 (2015)

75.

L.J. Cote, R. Cruz-Silva, J. Huang, Flash reduction and patterning of graphite oxide and its polymer composite. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131(31), 11027–11032 (2009)

76.

Y. Zhang, L. Guo, S. Wei, Y. He, H. Xia, Q. Chen et al., Direct imprinting of microcircuits on graphene oxides film by femtosecond laser reduction. Nanotoday 5(1), 15–20 (2010)

77.

Y. Matsumoto, M. Koinuma, S.Y. Kim, Y. Watanabe, T. Taniguchi, K. Hatakeyama, H. Tateishi, S. Ida, Simple photoreduction of graphene oxide nanosheet under mild conditions. ACS Appl. Mater. Inter. 2(12), 3461–3466 (2010)

78.

P. Kumar, K.S. Subrahmanyam, C.N.R. Rao, Graphene produced by radiation-induced reduction of graphene oxide. Int. J. Nanosci. 10(04n05), 559–566 (2011)

79.

B. Zhang, L. Li, Z. Wang, S. Xie, Y. Zhang, Y. Shen, M. Yu et al., Radiation induced reduction: an effective and clean route to synthesize functionalized graphene. J. Mater. Chem. 22(16), 7775–7781 (2012)

80.

D.R. Dreyer, S. Park, C.W. Bielawski, R.S. Ruoff, The chemistry of graphene oxide. Chem. Soc. Rev. 39(1), 228–240 (2010)

81.

C.K. Chua, M. Pumera, Chemical reduction of graphene oxide: a synthetic chemistry viewpoint. Chem. Soc. Rev. 43(1), 291–312 (2014)

82.

X. Zhou, J. Zhang, H. Wu, H. Yang, J. Zhang, S. Guo, J. Phys. Chem. C 115, 11957–11961 (2011)

83.

T. Sakura, Y. Nagasaki, Preparation of gold colloid using pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid and characterization of its particle growth. Colloid Polym. Sci. 285(12), 1407–1410 (2007)

84.

S. Liu, J. Tian, L. Wang, X. Sun, A method for the production of reduced graphene oxide using benzylamine as a reducing and stabilizing agent and its subsequent decoration with Ag nanoparticles for enzymeless hydrogen peroxide detection. Carbon 49(10), 3158–3164 (2011)

85.

Y. Chen, X. Zhang, P. Yu, Y. Ma, Stable dispersions of graphene and highly conducting graphene films: a new approach to creating colloids of graphene monolayers. Chem. Commun. 30, 4527–4529 (2009)

86.

J. Che, L. Shen, Y. Xiao, A new approach to fabricate graphene nanosheets in organic medium: combination of reduction and dispersion. J. Mater. Chem. 20(9), 1722–1727 (2010)

87.

Z. Lei, L. Lu, X.S. Zhao, The electrocapacitive properties of graphene oxide reduced by urea. Energy Environ. Sci. 5(4), 6391–6399 (2012)

88.

P. Su, H.L. Guo, L. Tian, S.K. Ning, An efficient method of producing stable graphene suspensions with less toxicity using dimethyl ketoxime. Carbon 50(15), 5351–5358 (2012)

89.

X. Shen, L. Jiang, Z. Ji, J. Wu, H. Zhou, G. Zhu, Stable aqueous dispersions of graphene prepared with hexamethylenetetramine as a reductant. J. Colloid. Interf. Sci. 354(2), 493–497 (2011)

90.

S. Zhang, Y. Shao, H. Liao, M.H. Engelhard, G. Yin, Y. Lin, Polyelectrolyte-induced reduction of exfoliated graphite oxide: a facile route to synthesis of soluble graphene nanosheets. ACS Nano 5(3), 1785–1791 (2011)

91.

T. Wu, X. Wang, H. Qiu, J. Gao, W. Wang, Y. Liu, Graphene oxide reduced and modified by soft nanoparticles and its catalysis of the Knoevenagel condensation. J. Mater. Chem. 22(11), 4772–4779 (2012)

92.

I.K. Moon, J. Lee, R.S. Ruoff, H. Lee. Reduced graphene oxide by chemical graphitization. Nat. Commun. 1(73), (2010)

93.

P. Cui, J. Lee, E. Hwang, H. Lee, One-pot reduction of graphene oxide at subzero temperatures. Chem. Commun. 47(45), 12370–12372 (2011)

94.

S.F. Pei, J.P. Zhao, J.H. Du, W.C. Ren, H.M. Cheng, Carbon 48, 4466–4474 (2010)

95.

Y. Chen, X. Zhang, D. Zhang, P. Yu, Y. Ma, Carbon 49, 573–580 (2011)

96.

H.J. Shin, K.K. Kim, A. Benayad, S.M. Yoon, H.K. Park, I.S. Jung et al., Efficient reduction of graphite oxide by sodium borohydride and its effect on electrical conductance. Adv. Funct. Mater. 19(12), 1987–1992 (2009)

97.

M. Periasamy, M. Thirumalaikumar, Methods of enhancement of reactivity and selectivity of sodium borohydride for applications in organic synthesis. J. Organomet. Chem. 609(1–2), 137–151 (2000)

98.

W. Gao, L.B. Alemany, L. Ci, P.M. Ajayan, New insights into the structure and reduction of graphite oxide. Nat. Chem. 1(5), 403–408 (2009)

99.

C.Y. Su, X.U. Yanping, W. Zhang, J. Zhao, A. Liu, X. Tang, C.H. Tsai, Y. Huang, L.J. Li, Highly efficient restoration of graphitic structure in graphene oxide using alcohol vapors. ACS Nano 4(9), 5285–5292 (2010)

100.

J. Gao, F. Liu, Y. Liu, N. Ma, Z. Wang, X. Zhang, Chem. Mater. 22, 2213–2218 (2010)

101.

M.J. Fernández-Merino, L. Guardia, J.I. Paredes, S. Villar-Rodil, P. Solís-Fernández, A. Martínez-Alonso, J.M.D. Tascón, J. Phys. Chem. C. 114, 6426–6432 (2010)

102.

Y. Wang, L. Sun, B. Fugetsu, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 85, 1339–1344 (2012)

103.

Q. Ma, J. Song, C. Jin, Z. Li, J. Liu, S. Meng, J. Zhao, Y. Guo, Carbon 54, 36–41 (2013)

104.

Z. Fan, K. Wang, T. Wei, J. Yan, L. Song, B. Shao, Carbon 48, 1686–1689 (2010)

105.

V.H. Pham, H.D. Pham, T.T. Dang, S.H. Hur, E.J. Kim, B.S. Kong, S. Kim, J.S. Chung, J. Mater. Chem. 22, 10530–10536 (2012)

106.

Z.-J. Fan, W. Kai, J. Yan, T. Wei, L.-J. Zhi, J. Feng, Y.-m. Ren, L.-P. Song, F. Wei, ACS Nano 5, 191–198 (2010)

107.

X. Mei, J. Ouyang, Carbon 49, 5389–5397 (2011); P.B. Liu, Y. Huang, L. Wang, Mater. Lett. 91, 125–128 (2013)

108.

N.A. Kumar, S. Gambarelli, F. Duclairoir, G. Bidan, L. Dubois, J. Mater. Chem. A 1, 2789–2794 (2013)

109.

B.K. Barman, P. Mahanandia, K.K. Nanda, RSC Adv. 3, 12621–12624 (2013)

110.

R.S. Dey, S. Hajra, R.K. Sahu, C.R. Raj, M.K. Panigrahi, Chem. Commun. 48, 1787–1789 (2012)

111.

Y. Liu, Y. Li, M. Zhong, Y. Yang, W. Yuefang, M. Wang, J. Mater. Chem. 21, 15449–15455 (2011)

112.

S. Yang, W. Yue, D. Huang, C. Chen, H. Lin, X. Yang, RSC Adv. 2, 8827–8832 (2012)

113.

H. Feng, R. Cheng, X. Zhao, X. Duan, J. Li, Nat. Commun. 4, 1539 (2013)

114.

D. Chen, L. Li, L. Guo, Nanotechnology 22, 325601 (2011)

115.

S. Bose, T. Kuila, A.K. Mishra, N.H. Kim, J.H. Lee, J. Mater. Chem. 22, 9696–9703 (2012)

116.

J.K. Ma, X.R. Wang, Y. Liu, T. Wu, Y. Liu, Y.Q. Guo, R.Q. Li, X.Y. Sun, F. Wu, C.B. Li, J.P. Gao, J. Mater. Chem. A 1, 2192–2201 (2013)

117.

T.A. Pham, J. Kim, J.S. Kim, Y.T. Jeong, Colloids Surf. A 384, 543–548 (2011)

118.

D. Suresh, H. Nagabhushana, S.C. Sharma, Clove extract mediated facile green reduction of graphene oxide, its dye elimination and antioxidant properties. Mater. Lett. 142, 4–6 (2015)

119.

S. Hatamie, O. Akhavan, S.K. Sadrnezhaad, M.M. Ahadian, M.M. Shirolkar, H.Q. Wang, Curcumin-reduced graphene oxide sheets and their effects on human breast cancer cells, Mater. Sci. Eng. C 55, 482–489 (2015)

120.

R.K. Upadhyay, N. Soin, G. Bhattacharya, S. Saha, A. Barman, S.S. Roy, Grape extract assisted green synthesis of reduced graphene oxide for water treatment application. Mater. Lett. 160, 355–358 (2015)

121.

E.C. Salas, Z. Sun, A. Lüttge and JM Tour. ACS Nano 4, 4852–4856 (2010)

122.

O. Akhavan, E. Ghaderi, Escherichia coli bacteria reduce graphene oxide to bactericidal graphene in a self-limiting manner. Carbon 50(5), 1853–1860 (2012)

123.

P. Khanra, T. Kuila, N.H. Kim, S.H. Bae, D.S. Yu, J.H. Lee, Simultaneous bio-functionalization and reduction of graphene oxide by baker’s yeast. Chem. Eng. J. 183, 526–533 (2012)

124.

O. Akhavan, Bacteriorhodopsin as a superior substitute for hydrazine in chemical reduction of single-layer graphene oxide sheets. Carbon 81, 158–166 (2015)

125.

A. Esfandiar, O. Akhavan, A. Irajizad, Melatonin as a powerful bio-antioxidant for reduction of graphene oxide. J. Mater. Chem. 21(29), 10907–10914 (2011)

126.

T. Szabó, O. Berkesi, P. Forgó, K. Josepovits, Y. Sanakis, D. Petridis, I. Dékány, Evolution of surface functional groups in a series of progressively oxidized graphite oxides. Chem. Mater. 18(11), 2740–2749 (2006)

127.

W. Cai, R.D. Piner, F.J. Stadermann, S. Park, M.A. Shaibat, Y. Ishii, D. Yang et al., Synthesis and solid-state NMR structural characterization of 13C-labeled graphite oxide. Science 321(5897), 1815–1817 (2008)

128.

H. He, T. Riedl, A. Lerf, J. Klinowski, Solid-state NMR studies of the structure of graphite oxide. J. Phys. Chem. 100(51), 19954–19958 (1996)

129.

A. Lerf, H. He, T. Riedl, M. Forster, J. Klinowski, 13C and 1H MAS NMR studies of graphite oxide and its chemically modified derivatives. Solid State Ionics. 101, 857–862 (1997)

130.

A. Lerf, H. He, M. Forster, J. Klinowski, Structure of graphite oxide revisited. J. Phys. Chem. B 102(23), 4477–4482 (1998)

131.

Q. Zhang, K. Scrafford, M. Li, Z. Cao, Z. Xia, P.M. Ajayan, B. Wei, Anomalous capacitive behaviors of graphene oxide based solid-state supercapacitors. Nano Lett. 14(4), 1938–1943 (2014)

132.

J. Zhao, L. Liu, F. Li, Structural Characterizations in Graphene Oxide: Physics and Applications. (Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, 2015), pp. 15–29

133.

C. Mattevi, G. Eda, S. Agnoli, S. Miller, K.A. Mkhoyan, O. Celik, D. Mastrogiovanni, G. Granozzi, E. Garfunkel, M. Chhowalla, Evolution of electrical, chemical, and structural properties of transparent and conducting chemically derived graphene thin films. Adv. Funct. Mater. 19(16), 2577–2583 (2009)

134.

D. Yang, A. Velamakanni, G. Bozoklu, S. Park, M. Stoller, R.D. Piner, S. Stankovich et al., Chemical analysis of graphene oxide films after heat and chemical treatments by X-ray photoelectron and Micro-Raman spectroscopy. Carbon 47(1), 145–152 (2009)

135.

O. Akhavan, The effect of heat treatment on formation of graphene thin films from graphene oxide nanosheets. Carbon 48(2), 509–519 (2010)

136.

G. Abhijit, S. Sharma, P. Papakonstantinou, J. Hamilton, Probing the thermal deoxygenation of graphene oxide using high-resolution in situ X-ray-based spectroscopies. J. Phys. Chem. C 115(34), 17009–17019 (2011)

137.

R.J.W.E. Lahaye, H.K. Jeong, C.Y. Park, Y.H. Lee. Density functional theory study of graphite oxide for different oxidation levels. Phys. Rev. B 79(12), 125435 (2009)

138.

A. Bagri, C. Mattevi, M. Acik, Y.J. Chabal, M. Chhowalla, V.B. Shenoy, Structural evolution during the reduction of chemically derived graphene oxide. Nat. Chem. 2(7), 581–587 (2010)

139.

C. Hontoria-Lucas, A.J. Lopez-Peinado, J.D. de López-González, M.L. Rojas-Cervantes, R.M. Martin-Aranda, Study of oxygen-containing groups in a series of graphite oxides: physical and chemical characterization. Carbon 33(11), 1585–1592 (1995)

140.

A.C. Ferrari, J.C. Meyer, V. Scardaci, C. Casiraghi, M. Lazzeri, F. Mauri, S. Piscanec et al., Raman spectrum of graphene and graphene layers. Phys. Rev. Lett. 97(18), 187401 (2006)

141.

A. Gupta, G. Chen, P. Joshi, S. Tadigadapa, P.C. Eklund, Raman scattering from high-frequency phonons in supported n-graphene layer films. Nano Lett. 6(12), 2667–2673 (2006)

142.

K. Krishnamoorthy, M. Veerapandian, K. Yun, S-J. Kim. The chemical and structural analysis of graphene oxide with different degrees of oxidation. Carbon 53, 38–49 (2013)

143.

G. Eda, M. Chhowalla, Chemically derived graphene oxide: towards large‐area thin‐film electronics and optoelectronics. Adv. Mater. 22(22), 2392–2415 (2010)

144.

L.M. Malard, M.A. Pimenta, G. Dresselhaus, M.S. Dresselhaus, Raman spectroscopy in graphene. Phys. Rep. 473(5), 51–87 (2009)

145.

C. Gómez-Navarro, J.C. Meyer, R.S. Sundaram, A. Chuvilin, S. Kurasch, M. Burghard, K. Kern, U. Kaiser, Atomic structure of reduced graphene oxide. Nano Lett. 10(4), 1144–1148 (2010)

146.

K. Erickson, R. Erni, Z. Lee, N. Alem, W. Gannett, A. Zettl, Determination of the local chemical structure of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide, Adv. Mater. 22(40), 4467–4472 (2010)

147.

J. Xie, F. Tu, Q. Su, G. Du, S. Zhang, T. Zhu, G. Cao, X. Zhao, In situ TEM characterization of single PbSe/reduced-graphene-oxide nanosheet and the correlation with its electrochemical lithium storage performance. Nano Eng. 5, 122–131 (2014)

148.

K.A. Mkhoyan, A.W. Contryman, J. Silcox, D.A. Stewart, G. Eda, C. Mattevi, S. Miller, M. Chhowalla, Atomic and electronic structure of graphene-oxide. Nano Lett. 9(3), 1058–1063 (2009)

149.

M.I. Katsnelson, K.S. Novoselov, A.K. Geim, Chiral tunnelling and the Klein paradox in graphene, Nat. Phys. 2(9), 620–625 (2006)

150.

D.A. Skoog, F.J. Holler, S.R. Crouch, Principles of Instrumental Analysis, 6th edn. (Thomson Brooks/Cole, Belmont, CA, 2007), pp. 169–173

151.

Z. Luo, Y. Lu, L.A. Somers, A.T.C. Johnson, High yield preparation of macroscopic graphene oxide membranes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131(3), 898–899 (2009)

152.

Q. Lai, S. Zhu, X. Luo, M. Zou, S. Huang, Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy of graphene oxides. AIP Adv. 2(3), 032146 (2012)

153.

T. Szabó, O. Berkesi, I. Dékány, DRIFT study of deuterium-exchanged graphite oxide. Carbon 43(15), 3186–3189 (2005)

154.

J. Zhang, H. Yang, G. Shen, P. Cheng, J. Zhang, S. Guo. Reduction of graphene oxide via L-ascorbic acid. Chem. Commun. 46(7), 1112–1114 (2010)

155.

Y. Wang, L. Tang, Z. Li, Y. Lin, J. Li, In situ simultaneous monitoring of ATP and GTP using a graphene oxide nanosheet–based sensing platform in living cells. Nat. Protoc. 9(8), 1944–1955 (2014)

156.

K.R. Koch, Oxidation by Mn207: an impressive demonstration of the powerful oxidizing property of dimanganeseheptoxide. J. Chem. Educ. 59(11), 973 (1972)

Titel: Graphene Oxide: Synthesis and Characterization
verfasst von: Mohd. Bilal Khan
Mohd. Parvaz
Zishan Husain Khan
Verlag: Springer Singapore
Buch: Recent Trends in Nanomaterials
Print ISBN: 978-981-10-3841-9

Electronic ISBN: 978-981-10-3842-6

Copyright-Jahr: 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3842-6_1

Premium Partner

Marktübersichten

Die im Laufe eines Jahres in der „adhäsion“ veröffentlichten Marktübersichten helfen Anwendern verschiedenster Branchen, sich einen gezielten Überblick über Lieferantenangebote zu verschaffen.

Zur Marktübersicht