Skip to main content
Fachgebiete
Automobil + Motoren Bauwesen + Immobilien Business IT + Informatik Elektrotechnik + Elektronik Energie + Nachhaltigkeit Finance + Banking Management + Führung Marketing + Vertrieb Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe Versicherung + Risiko
DE
EN
Bücher
Zeitschriften
Themenseiten
Organisationspsychologie Projektmanagement Marketing Smart Manufacturing
Weitere Formate
Podcasts Webinare Technik Webinare Wirtschaft Kongresse Veranstaltungskalender Awards
Jetzt Einzelzugang starten
Zugang für Unternehmen
Referenzkunden
SLX-Digitalkonferenz: Zukunftswerkstatt 2024

Mehr Umsatz mit Top-Kontakten

Am 7. Mai erfahren Sie, wie Vertriebsteams Leadgenerierung, Leadnurturing und Leadstrategien effizient steuern können.
Erweiterte Suche
Anmelden
nach oben
Erschienen in:
Introduction to Nanotechnology Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

2017 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

12. Graphene

verfasst von : Aravind Vijayaraghavan, Maria Iliut

Erschienen in: Springer Handbook of Nanotechnology

Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Graphene is the two-dimensional allotrope of carbon, consisting of a hexagonal arrangement of carbon atoms on a single plane. This chapter begins with a brief history of graphene, followed by a discussion of different methods to produce graphene. The atomic and electronic structure of graphene is then described. The intrinsic properties of graphene can be tailored by nanofabrication, chemistry, electromagnetic fields, etc. Various applications of graphene have been proposed in electronic, optoelectronic and mechanical products. In addition, graphene has emerged as a candidate in chemical, biochemical and biological applications. Derivatives of graphene such as graphene oxide or graphane are also of interest both in terms of fundamental properties and applications.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren
Vorheriges Kapitel Nanoparticles and Their Applications
Nächstes Kapitel MEMS/NEMS Devices and Applications
Literatur
12.1
H.W. Kroto, J.R. Heath, S.C. O’Brien, R.F. Curl, R.E. Smalley: C 60: buckminsterfullerene, Nature 318, 162 (1985)
12.2
S. Iijima: Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon, Nature 354(6348), 56–58 (1991)
12.3
A. Hamwi, S. Mouras, D. Djurado, J.C. Cousseins: Synthesis of first stage graphite intercalation compounds with fluorides, Rev. Chim. Miner. 24(5), 572–582 (1987)
12.4
K.S. Novoselov, A.K. Geim, S.V. Morozov, D. Jiang, Y. Zhang, S.V. Dubonos, I.V. Grigorieva, A.A. Firsov: Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films, Science 306(5696), 666–669 (2004)
12.5
P. Blake, E.W. Hill, A.H.C. Neto, K.S. Novoselov, D. Jiang, R. Yang, T.J. Booth, A.K. Geim: Making graphene visible, Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(6), 63123–63124 (2007)
12.6
K.S. Novoselov, D. Jiang, F. Schedin, T.J. Booth, V.V. Khotkevich, S.V. Morozov, A.K. Geim: Two-dimensional atomic crystals, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 102(30), 10451–10453 (2005)
12.7
W.J. Arnoult, R.B. McLellan: The solubility of carbon in rhodium, ruthenium, iridium, and rhenium, Scr. Metall. 6(10), 1013–1018 (1972)
12.8
A. Reina, X. Jia, J. Ho, D. Nezich, H. Son, V. Bulovic, M.S. Dresselhaus, J. Kong: Large area, few-layer graphene films on arbitrary substrates by chemical vapor deposition, Nano Lett. 9(1), 30–35 (2009)
12.9
X. Li, W. Cai, J. An, S. Kim, J. Nah, D. Yang, R. Piner, A. Velamakanni, I. Jung, E. Tutuc, S.K. Banerjee, L. Colombo, R.S. Ruoff: Large area synthesis of high quality and uniform graphene films on copper foils, Science 324(5932), 1312–1314 (2009)
12.10
K.S. Kim, Y. Zhao, H. Jang, S.Y. Lee, J.M. Kim, K.S. Kim, J.H. Ahn, P. Kim, J.Y. Choi, B.H. Hong: Large-scale pattern growth of graphene films for stretchable transparent electrodes, Nature 457(7230), 706–710 (2009)
12.11
C. Virojanadara, M. Syväjarvi, R. Yakimova, L.I. Johansson, A.A. Zakharov, T. Balasubramanian: Homogeneous large-area graphene layer growth on 6H-SiC(0001), Phys. Rev. B 78(24), 1–6 (2008)
12.12
E. Rollings, G.H. Gweon, S.Y. Zhou, B.S. Mun, J.L. McChesney, B.S. Hussain, A.V. Fedorov, P.N. First, W.A. de Heer, A. Lanzara: Synthesis and characterization of atomically thin graphite films on a silicon carbide substrate, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 67(9/10), 2172–2177 (2006)
12.13
J. Penuelas, A. Ouerghi, D. Lucot, C. David, J. Gierak, H. Estrade-Szwarckopf, C. Andreazza-Vignolle: Surface morphology and characterization of thin graphene films on SiC vicinal substrate, Phys. Rev. B 79(3), 33408 (2009)
12.14
J. Hass, R. Feng, T. Li, X. Li, Z. Zong, W.A. de Heer, P.N. First, E.H. Conrad, C.A. Jeffrey, C. Berger: Highly ordered graphene for two dimensional electronics, Appl. Phys. Lett. 89(14), 143103–143106 (2006)
12.15
V.Y. Aristov, G. Urbanik, K. Kummer, D.V. Vyalikh, O.V. Molodtsova, A.B. Preobrajenski, A.A. Zakharov, C. Hess, T. Hänke, B. Büchner, I. Vobornik, J. Fujii, G. Panaccione, Y.A. Ossipyan, M. Knupfer, B. Victor, V. Olga: Graphene synthesis on cubic SiC/Si wafers. Perspectives for mass production of graphene-based electronic devices, Nano Lett. 10(3), 992–995 (2010)
12.16
M. Sprinkle, M. Ruan, X. Wu, Y. Hu, M. Rubio-Roy, J. Hankinson, N.K. Madiomanana, C. Berger, W.A. de Heer: Directed self-organization of graphene nanoribbons on SiC, Nat. Nanotechnol. 5, 727–731 (2010) doi:10.​1038/​nnano.​2010.​192 CrossRef
12.17
T. Aizawa, R. Souda, S. Otani, Y. Ishizawa, C. Oshima: Bond softening in monolayer graphite formed on transition-metal carbide surfaces, Phys. Rev. B 42(18), 11469 (1990)
12.18
B.S. Itchkawitz, P.F. Lyman, G.W. Ownby, D.M. Zehner: Monolayer graphite on TaC(111): electronic band structure, Surf. Sci. 318(3), 395–402 (1994)
12.19
T. Aizawa, R. Souda, S. Otani, Y. Ishizawa, C. Oshima: Anomalous bond of monolayer graphite on transition-metal carbide surfaces, Phys. Rev. Lett. 64(7), 768 (1990)
12.20
T. Tanaka, A. Tajima, R. Moriizumi, M. Hosoda, R. Ohno, E. Rokuta, C. Oshima, S. Otani: Carbon nano-ribbons and their edge phonons, Solid State Commun. 123(1/2), 33–36 (2002)
12.21
T. Nakajima, Y. Matsuo: Formation process and structure of graphite oxide, Carbon 32(3), 469–475 (1994)
12.22
W.S. Hummers, R.E. Offeman: Preparation of graphitic oxide, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 80(1937), 1939 (1957)
12.23
X. Fan, W. Peng, Y. Li, X. Li, S. Wang, G. Zhang, F. Zhang: Deoxygenation of exfoliated graphite oxide under alkaline conditions: A green route to graphene preparation, Adv. Mater. 20(23), 4490–4493 (2008)
12.24
J.I. Paredes, S. Villar-Rodil, A. Martínez-Alonso, J.M.D. Tascón: Graphene oxide dispersions in organic solvents, Langmuir 24(19), 10560–10564 (2008)
12.25
V.C. Tung, M.J. Allen, Y. Yang, R.B. Kaner: High-throughput solution processing of large-scale graphene, Nat. Nanotechnol. 4(1), 25–29 (2009)
12.26
S. Stankovich, D.A. Dikin, R.D. Piner, K.A. Kohlhaas, A. Kleinhammes, Y. Jia, Y. Wu, S.T. Nguyen, R.S. Ruoff: Synthesis of graphene-based nanosheets via chemical reduction of exfoliated graphite oxide, Carbon 45(7), 1558–1565 (2007)
12.27
S. Stankovich, D.A. Dikin, G.H.B. Dommett, K.M. Kohlhaas, E.J. Zimney, E.A. Stach, R.D. Piner, S.T. Nguyen, R.S. Ruoff: Graphene-based composite materials, Nature 442(7100), 282–286 (2006)
12.28
P.R. Wallace: The band theory of graphite, Phys. Rev. 71(9), 622 (1947)MATH
12.29
Y. Hernandez, V. Nicolosi, M. Lotya, F. Blighe, Z. Sun, S. De, I.T. McGovern, B. Holland, M. Byrne, Y. Gunko, J. Boland, P. Niraj, G. Duesberg, S. Krishnamurti, R. Goodhue, J. Hutchison, V. Scardaci, A.C. Ferrari, J.N. Coleman: High yield production of graphene by liquid phase exfoliation of graphite, Nat. Nanotechnol. 3(9), 563–568 (2008)
12.30
M. Lotya, Y. Hernandez, P.J. King, R.J. Smith, V. Nicolosi, L.S. Karlsson, F.M. Blighe, S. De, W. Zhiming, I.T. McGovern, G.S. Duesberg, J.N. Coleman, Z. Wang: Liquid phase production of graphene by exfoliation of graphite in surfactant/water solutions, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131(10), 3611–3620 (2009)
12.31
K.R. Paton, E. Varrla, C. Backes, R.J. Smith, U. Khan, A. O’Neill, C. Boland, M. Lotya, O.M. Istrate, P. King, T. Higgins, S. Barwich, P. May, P. Puczkarski, I. Ahmed, M. Moebius, H. Pettersson, E. Long, J. Coelho, S.E. O’Brien, E.K. McGuire, B.M. Sanchez, G.S. Duesberg, N. McEvoy, T.J. Pennycook, C. Downing, A. Crossley, V. Nicolosi, J.N. Coleman: Scalable production of large quantities of defect-free few-layer graphene by shear exfoliation in liquids, Nat. Mater. 13, 624–630 (2014)
12.32
A.A. Green, M.C. Hersam: Solution phase production of graphene with controlled thickness via density differentiation, Nano Lett. 9(12), 4031–4036 (2009)
12.33
C.D. Simpson, J.D. Brand, A.J. Berresheim, L. Przybilla, H.J. Räder, K. Müllen: Synthesis of a giant 222 carbon graphite sheet, Chem. Eur. J. 8(6), 1424–1429 (2002)
12.34
H.J. Räder, A. Rouhanipour, A.M. Talarico, V. Palermo, P. Samorì, K. Müllen: Processing of giant graphene molecules by soft-landing mass spectrometry, Nat. Mater. 5(4), 276–280 (2006)
12.35
J. Cai, P. Ruffieux, R. Jaafar, M. Bieri, T. Braun, S. Blankenburg, M. Muoth, A.P. Seitsonen, M. Saleh, X. Feng, K. Müllen, R. Fasel, K. Mullen, K. Mu: Atomically precise bottom-up fabrication of graphene nanoribbons, Nature 466(7305), 470–473 (2010)
12.36
D.V. Kosynkin, A.L. Higginbotham, A. Sinitskii, J.R. Lomeda, A. Dimiev, B.K. Price, J.M. Tour: Longitudinal unzipping of carbon nanotubes to form graphene nanoribbons, Nature 458(7240), 872–876 (2009)
12.37
L. Jiao, L. Zhang, X. Wang, G. Diankov, H. Dai: Narrow graphene nanoribbons from carbon nanotubes, Nature 458(7240), 877–880 (2009)
12.38
J.O. Sofo, A.S. Chaudhari, G.D. Barber: Graphane: A two-dimensional hydrocarbon, Phys. Rev. B 75(15), 153401 (2007)
12.39
D.C. Elias, R.R. Nair, T.M.G. Mohiuddin, S.V. Morozov, P. Blake, M.P. Halsall, A.C. Ferrari, D.W. Boukhvalov, M.I. Katsnelson, A.K. Geim, K.S. Novoselov: Control of graphene’s properties by reversible hydrogenation: Evidence for graphane, Science 323(5914), 610–613 (2009)
12.40
J.T. Robinson, J.S. Burgess, C.E. Junkermeier, S.C. Badescu, T.L. Reinecke, F.K. Perkins, M.K. Zalalutdniov, J.W. Baldwin, J.C. Culbertson, P.E. Sheehan, E.S. Snow: Properties of fluorinated graphene films, Nano Lett. 10(8), 3001–3005 (2010)
12.41
R.R. Nair, W. Ren, R. Jalil, I. Riaz, V.G. Kravets, L. Britnell, P. Blake, F. Schedin, A.S. Mayorov, S. Yuan, M.I. Katsnelson, H.-M.M. Cheng, W. Strupinski, L.G. Bulusheva, A.V. Okotrub, I.V. Grigorieva, A.N. Grigorenko, K.S. Novoselov, A.K. Geim: Fluorographene: a two-dimensional counterpart of Teflon, Small 6(24), 2877–2884 (2010)
12.42
T.J. Booth, P. Blake, R.R. Nair, D. Jiang, E.W. Hill, U. Bangert, A. Bleloch, M. Gass, K.S. Novoselov, M.I. Katsnelson, A.K. Geim: Macroscopic graphene membranes and their extraordinary stiffness, Nano Lett. 8(8), 2442–2446 (2008)
12.43
N.D. Mermin: Crystalline order in two dimensions, Phys. Rev. 176(1), 250 (1968)
12.44
A. Fasolino, J.H. Los, M.I. Katsnelson: Intrinsic ripples in graphene, Nat. Mater. 6(11), 858–861 (2007)
12.45
J.C. Meyer, A.K. Geim, M.I. Katsnelson, K.S. Novoselov, T.J. Booth, S. Roth: The structure of suspended graphene sheets, Nature 446(7131), 60–63 (2007)
12.46
V. Geringer, M. Liebmann, T. Echtermeyer, S. Runte, M. Schmidt, R. Rückamp, M.C. Lemme, M. Morgenstern: Intrinsic and extrinsic corrugation of monolayer graphene deposited on SiO2, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102(7), 76102 (2009)
12.47
M.H. Gass, U. Bangert, A.L. Bleloch, P. Wang, R.R. Nair, A.K. Geim: Free-standing graphene at atomic resolution, Nat. Nanotechnol. 3(11), 676–681 (2008)
12.48
X. Xie, L. Ju, X. Feng, Y. Sun, R. Zhou, K. Liu, S. Fan, Q. Li, K. Jiang: Controlled fabrication of high-quality carbon nanoscrolls from monolayer graphene, Nano Lett. 9(7), 2565–2570 (2009)
12.49
C.H. Lui, L. Liu, K.F. Mak, G.W. Flynn, T.F. Heinz: Ultraflat graphene, Nature 462(7271), 339–341 (2009)
12.50
C. Chen, S. Rosenblatt, K.I. Bolotin, W. Kalb, P. Kim, I. Kymissis, H.L. Stormer, T.F. Heinz, J. Hone: Performance of monolayer graphene nanomechanical resonators with electrical readout, Nat. Nanotechnol. 4(12), 861–867 (2009)
12.51
C. Lee, X. Wei, J.W. Kysar, J. Hone: Measurement of the elastic properties and intrinsic strength of monolayer graphene, Science 321(18), 385–388 (2008)
12.52
M. Poot, H.S.J. van der Zant: Nanomechanical properties of few-layer graphene membranes, Appl. Phys. Lett. 92(6), 63111–63113 (2008)
12.53
J. Atalaya, A. Isacsson, J.M. Kinaret: Continuum elastic modeling of graphene resonators, Nano Lett. 8(12), 4196–4200 (2008)
12.54
D. Garcia-Sánchez, A. Van Der Zande, A.S. Paulo, B. Lassagne, P. McEuen, A. Bachtold: Imaging mechanical vibrations in suspended graphene sheets, Nano Lett. 8(5), 1399–1403 (2008)
12.55
J.T. Robinson, M. Zalalutdinov, J.W. Baldwin, E.S. Snow, Z. Wei, P. Sheehan, B.H. Houston: Wafer-scale reduced graphene oxide films for nanomechanical devices, Nano Lett. 8, 3441–3445 (2008)
12.56
N.I. Kovtyukhova, P.J. Ollivier, B.R. Martin, T.E. Mallouk, S.A. Chizhik, E.V. Buzaneva, A.D. Gorchinskiy: Layer-by-layer assembly of ultrathin composite films from micron-sized graphite oxide sheets and polycations, Chem. Mater. 11(3), 771–778 (1999)
12.57
T. Ohta, A. Bostwick, J.L. McChesney, T. Seyller, K. Horn, E. Rotenberg: Interlayer interaction and electronic screening in multilayer graphene investigated with angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, Phys. Rev. Lett. 98(20), 206802–206804 (2007)
12.58
K.S. Novoselov, A.K. Geim, S.V. Morozov, D. Jiang, M.I. Katsnelson, I.V. Grigorieva, S.V. Dubonos, A.A. Firsov: Two-dimensional gas of massless Dirac fermions in graphene, Nature 438(7065), 197–200 (2005)
12.59
M.I. Katsnelson, K.S. Novoselov: Graphene: New bridge between condensed matter physics and quantum electrodynamics, Solid State Commun. 143(1/2), 3–13 (2007)
12.60
M.I. Katsnelson, K.S. Novoselov, A.K. Geim: Chiral tunnelling and the Klein paradox in graphene, Nat. Phys. 2(9), 620–625 (2006)
12.61
R.R. Nair, P. Blake, A.N. Grigorenko, K.S. Novoselov, T.J. Booth, T. Stauber, N.M.R. Peres, A.K. Geim: Fine structure constant defines visual transparency of graphene, Science 320, 1308 (2008)
12.62
A.A. Balandin, S. Ghosh, W. Bao, I. Calizo, D. Teweldebrhan, F. Miao, C.N. Lau: Superior thermal conductivity of single-layer graphene, Nano Lett. 8(3), 902–907 (2008)
12.63
S. Ghosh, W. Bao, D.L. Nika, S. Subrina, E.P. Pokatilov, C.N. Lau, A.A. Balandin: Dimensional crossover of thermal transport in few-layer graphene, Nat. Mater. 9(7), 555–558 (2010)
12.64
Y.M. Zuev, W. Chang, P. Kim: Thermoelectric and magnetothermoelectric transport measurements of graphene, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 96807 (2009)
12.65
P. Wei, W. Bao, Y. Pu, C.N. Lau, J. Shi: Anomalous thermoelectric transport of Dirac particles in graphene, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 166808 (2009)
12.66
Y. Ouyang, J. Guo: A theoretical study on thermoelectric properties of graphene nanoribbons, Appl. Phys. Lett. 94(26), 263107 (2009)
12.67
J. Kedzierski, H. Pei-Lan, P. Healey, P. Wyatt, C. Keast: Epitaxial graphene transistors on SiC substrates. In: Device Res. Conf. (2008) pp. 25–26
12.68
D. Dragoman, M. Dragoman: Giant thermoelectric effect in graphene, Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(20), 203113–203116 (2007)
12.69
R. Sharma, J.H. Baik, C.J. Perera, M.S. Strano: Anomalously large reactivity of single graphene layers and edges toward electron transfer chemistries, Nano Lett. 10(2), 398–405 (2010)
12.70
F.M. Koehler, A. Jacobsen, K. Ensslin, C. Stampfer, W.J. Stark: Selective chemical modification of graphene surfaces: Distinction between single-and bilayer graphene, Small 6(10), 1125–1130 (2010)
12.71
H. He, C. Gao: General approach to individually dispersed, highly soluble, and conductive graphene nanosheets functionalized by nitrene chemistry, Chem. Mater. 22(17), 5054–5064 (2010)
12.72
A. Sinitskii, A. Dimiev, D.A. Corley, A.A. Fursina, D.V. Kosynkin, J.M. Tour: Kinetics of diazonium functionalization of chemically converted graphene nanoribbons, ACS Nano 4(4), 1949–1954 (2010)
12.73
P.A.D.B. Farmer, R. Golizadeh-Mojarad, V. Perebeinos, Y.-M. Lin, G.S. Tulevski, J.C. Tsang: Chemical doping and electron–hole conduction asymmetry in graphene devices, Nano Lett. 9, 388–392 (2008)
12.74
D.B. Farmer, Y.-M.M. Lin, A. Afzali-Ardakani, P. Avouris: Behavior of a chemically doped graphene junction, Appl. Phys. Lett. 94(21), 213103–213106 (2009)
12.75
C. Casiraghi, A. Hartschuh, E. Lidorikis, H. Qian, H. Harutyunyan, T. Gokus, K.S. Novoselov, A.C. Ferrari: Rayleigh imaging of graphene and graphene layers, Nano Lett. 7(9), 2711–2717 (2007)
12.76
J.C. Meyer, A.K. Geim, M.I. Katsnelson, K.S. Novoselov, D. Obergfell, S. Roth, C. Girit, A. Zettl: On the roughness of single- and bi-layer graphene membranes, Solid State Commun. 143, 101–109 (2007)
12.77
H. Chen, M.B. Müller, K.J. Gilmore, G.G. Wallace, D. Li: Mechanically strong, electrically conductive, and biocompatible graphene paper, Adv. Mater. 20(18), 3557–3561 (2008)
12.78
P. Nemes-Incze, Z. Osváth, K. Kamarás, L.P. Biró: Anomalies in thickness measurements of graphene and few layer graphite crystals by tapping mode atomic force microscopy, Carbon 46(11), 1435–1442 (2008)
12.79
S. Neubeck, Y.M. You, Z.H. Ni, P. Blake, Z.X. Shen, A.K. Geim, K.S. Novoselov: Direct determination of the crystallographic orientation of graphene edges by atomic resolution imaging, Appl. Phys. Lett. 97(5), 53110–53113 (2010)
12.80
V.W. Brar, Y. Zhang, Y. Yayon, T. Ohta, J.L. McChesney, A. Bostwick, E. Rotenberg, K. Horn, M.F. Crommie: Scanning tunneling spectroscopy of inhomogeneous electronic structure in monolayer and bilayer graphene on SiC, Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(12), 122102–122103 (2007)
12.81
Y. Zhang, V.W. Brar, F. Wang, C. Girit, Y. Yayon, M. Panlasigui, A. Zettl, M.F. Crommie: Giant phonon-induced conductance in scanning tunnelling spectroscopy of gate-tunable graphene, Nat. Phys. 4(8), 627–630 (2008)
12.82
A. Bostwick, T. Ohta, T. Seyller, K. Horn, E. Rotenberg: Quasiparticle dynamics in graphene, Nat. Phys. 3(1), 36–40 (2007)
12.83
A.C. Ferrari, J.C. Meyer, V. Scardaci, C. Casiraghi, M. Lazzeri, F. Mauri, S. Piscanec, D. Jiang, K.S. Novoselov, S. Roth, A.K. Geim: Raman spectrum of graphene and graphene layers, Phys. Rev. Lett. 97(18), 187401 (2006)
12.84
A.N. Obraztsov, A.V. Tyurnina, E.A. Obraztsova, A.A. Zolotukhin, B. Liu, K.-C. Chin, A.T.S. Wee: Raman scattering characterization of CVD graphite films, Carbon 46(6), 963–968 (2008)
12.85
A. Das, S. Pisana, B. Chakraborty, S. Piscanec, S.K. Saha, U.V. Waghmare, K.S. Novoselov, H.R. Krishnamurthy, A.K. Geim, A.C. Ferrari, A.K. Sood: Monitoring dopants by Raman scattering in an electrochemically top-gated graphene transistor, Nat. Nanotechnol. 3(4), 210–215 (2008)
12.86
C. Casiraghi, S. Pisana, K.S. Novoselov, A.K. Geim, A.C. Ferrari: Raman fingerprint of charged impurities in graphene, Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(23), 233103–233108 (2007)
12.87
C. Casiraghi: Probing disorder and charged impurities in graphene by Raman spectroscopy, Phys. Status Solidi – Rapid Res. Lett. 3(6), 175–177 (2009)
12.88
T. Yu, Z. Ni, C. Du, Y. You, Y. Wang, Z. Shen: Raman mapping investigation of graphene on transparent flexible substrate: The strain effect, J. Phys. Chem. C 112(33), 12602–12605 (2008)
12.89
J.E. Proctor, E. Gregoryanz, K.S. Novoselov, M. Lotya, J.N. Coleman, M.P. Halsall: High-pressure Raman spectroscopy of graphene, Phys. Rev. B 80(7), 73408 (2009)
12.90
M. Bruna, A. Vaira, A. Battiato, E. Vittone, S. Borini: Graphene strain tuning by control of the substrate surface chemistry, Appl. Phys. Lett. 97(2), 21911–21913 (2010)
12.91
T. Mohiuddin, A. Lombardo, R. Nair, A. Bonetti, G. Savini, R. Jalil, N. Bonini, D. Basko, C. Galiotis, N. Marzari, K.S. Novoselov, A.K. Geim, A.C. Ferrari: Uniaxial strain in graphene by Raman spectroscopy: G peak splitting, Grüneisen parameters, and sample orientation, Phys. Rev. B 79(20), 205433 (2009)
12.92
J.H. Chen, C. Jang, S. Adam, M.S. Fuhrer, E.D. Williams, M. Ishigami: Charged-impurity scattering in graphene, Nat. Phys. 4(5), 377–381 (2008)
12.93
Y.W. Tan, Y. Zhang, K. Bolotin, Y. Zhao, S. Adam, E.H. Hwang, S. Das Sarma, H.L. Stormer, P. Kim: Measurement of Scattering rate and minimum conductivity in graphene, Phys. Rev. Lett. 99(24), 246803–246804 (2007)
12.94
J. Moser, A. Barreiro, A. Bachtold: Current-induced cleaning of graphene, Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(16), 163513 (2007)
12.95
J.-H. Chen, W.G. Cullen, C. Jang, M.S. Fuhrer, E.D. Williams: Defect scattering in graphene, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102(23), 236805 (2009)
12.96
Z.H. Ni, L.A. Ponomarenko, R.R. Nair, R. Yang, S. Anissimova, I.V. Grigorieva, F. Schedin, P. Blake, Z.X. Shen, E.H. Hill, K.S. Novoselov, A.K. Geim: On resonant scatterers as a factor limiting carrier mobility in graphene, Nano Lett. 10(10), 3868–3872 (2010)
12.97
K.I. Bolotin, K.J. Sikes, Z. Jiang, M. Klima, G. Fudenberg, J. Hone, P. Kim, H.L. Stormer: Ultrahigh electron mobility in suspended graphene, Solid State Commun. 146(9/10), 351–355 (2008)
12.98
X. Du, I. Skachko, E.Y. Andrei, A. Barker, E.Y. Andrei: Approaching ballistic transport in suspended graphene, Nat. Nanotechnol. 3(8), 491–495 (2008)
12.99
J.-H. Chen, C. Jang, S. Xiao, M. Ishigami, M.S. Fuhrer: Intrinsic and extrinsic performance limits of graphene devices on SiO2, Nat. Nanotechnol. 3(4), 206–209 (2008)
12.100
X. Du, I. Skachko, F. Duerr, A. Luican, E.Y. Andrei: Fractional quantum Hall effect and insulating phase of Dirac electrons in graphene, Nature 462(7270), 192–195 (2009)
12.101
K.I. Bolotin, F. Ghahari, M.D. Shulman, H.L. Stormer, P. Kim: Observation of the fractional quantum Hall effect in graphene, Nature 462(7270), 196–199 (2009)
12.102
J.B. Oostinga, H.B. Heersche, X. Liu, A.F. Morpurgo, L.M.K. Vandersypen: Gate-induced insulating state in bilayer graphene devices, Nat. Mater. 7(2), 151–157 (2008)
12.103
K.S. Novoselov, V.I. Fal, L. Colombo, P.R. Gellert, M.G. Schwab, K. Kim: A roadmap for graphene, Nature 490, 192–200 (2012)
12.104
G. Eda, G. Fanchini, M. Chhowalla: Large-area ultrathin films of reduced graphene oxide as a transparent and flexible electronic material, Nat. Nanotechnol. 3(5), 270–274 (2008)
12.105
G. Eda, M. Chhowalla: Graphene-based composite thin films for electronics, Nano Lett. 9(2), 814–818 (2009)
12.106
S. Watcharotone, D.A. Dikin, S. Stankovich, R. Piner, I. Jung, G.H.B. Dommett, G. Evmenenko, S.-E. Wu, S.-F. Chen, C.-P. Liu, S.T. Nguyen, R.S. Ruoff: Graphene–silica composite thin films as transparent conductors, Nano Lett. 7(7), 1888–1892 (2007)
12.107
Z. Liu, Q. Liu, Y. Huang, Y. Ma, S. Yin, X. Zhang, W. Sun, Y. Chen: Organic photovoltaic devices based on a novel acceptor material: Graphene, Adv. Mater. 20(20), 3924–3930 (2008)
12.108
H. Zhang, X. Lv, Y. Li, Y. Wang, J. Li: P25-graphene composite as a high performance photocatalyst, ACS Nano 4(1), 380–386 (2009)
12.109
T. Ramanathan, A.A. Abdala, S. Stankovich, D.A. Dikin, M.A. Herrera, R.D. Piner, D.H. Adamson, H.C. Schniepp, X. Chen, R.S. Ruoff, S.T. Nguyen, I.A. Aksay, R.K. Prud’Homme, L.C. Brinson: Functionalized graphene sheets for polymer nanocomposites, Nat. Nanotechnol. 3(6), 327–331 (2008)
12.110
J.W.Z.C. Xu, X. Wang: Graphene-metal particle nanocomposites, J. Phys. Chem. C 112, 19841–19845 (2008)
12.111
X. Li, G. Zhang, X. Bai, X. Sun, X. Wang, E. Wang, H. Dai: Highly conducting graphene sheets and Langmuir-Blodgett films, Nat. Nanotechnol. 3(9), 538–542 (2008)
12.112
J. Wu, H.A. Becerril, Z. Bao, Z. Liu, Y. Chen, P. Peumans: Organic solar cells with solution-processed graphene transparent electrodes, Appl. Phys. Lett. 92(26), 263302–263303 (2008)
12.113
X. Wang, L. Zhi, K. Müllen: Transparent, conductive graphene electrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells, Nano Lett. 8(1), 323–327 (2008)
12.114
S. Bae, H. Kim, Y. Lee, X. Xu, J.-S. Park, Y. Zheng, J. Balakrishnan, T. Lei, H.K. Ri, Y. Il Song, Y.-J. Kim, K.S. Kim, B. Ozyilmaz, J.-H. Ahn, B.H. Hong, S. Iijima: Roll-to-roll production of 30-inch graphene films for transparent electrodes, Nat. Nanotechnol. 5(8), 574–578 (2010)
12.115
X.S. Li, Y.W. Zhu, W.W. Cai, M. Borysiak, B.Y. Han, D. Chen, R.D. Piner, L. Colombo, R.S. Ruoff: Transfer of large-area graphene films for high-performance transparent conductive electrodes, Nano Lett. 9(12), 4359–4363 (2009)
12.116
J. Wu, M. Agrawal, H.A. Becerril, Z. Bao, Z. Liu, Y. Chen, P. Peumans: Organic light-emitting diodes on solution-processed graphene transparent electrodes, ACS Nano 4, 43–48 (2010)
12.117
F. Schedin, A.K. Geim, S.V. Morozov, E.W. Hill, P. Blake, M.I. Katsnelson, K.S. Novoselov: Detection of individual gas molecules adsorbed on graphene, Nat. Mater. 6(9), 652–655 (2007)
12.118
J.T. Robinson, F.K. Perkins, E.S. Snow, Z. Wei, P.E. Sheehan: Reduced graphene oxide molecular sensors, Nano Lett. 8(10), 3137–3140 (2008)
12.119
J.D. Fowler, M.J. Allen, V.C. Tung, Y. Yang, R.B. Kaner, B.H. Weiller: Practical chemical sensors from chemically derived graphene, ACS Nano 3(2), 301–306 (2009)
12.120
R. Arsat, M. Breedon, M. Shafiei, P.G. Spizziri, S. Gilje, R.B. Kaner, K. Kalantar-zadeh, W. Wlodarski: Graphene-like nano-sheets for surface acoustic wave gas sensor applications, Chem. Phys. Lett. 467(4–6), 344–347 (2009)
12.121
Y. Ohno, K. Maehashi, Y. Yamashiro, K. Matsumoto: Electrolyte-gated graphene field-effect transistors for detecting pH and protein adsorption, Nano Lett. 9, 3318–3322 (2009)
12.122
A. Sakhaee-Pour, M.T. Ahmadian, A. Vafai: Applications of single-layered graphene sheets as mass sensors and atomistic dust detectors, Solid State Commun. 145(4), 168–172 (2008)
12.123
M.Y. Han, B. Özyilmaz, Y. Zhang, P. Kim: Energy band-gap engineering of graphene nanoribbons, Phys. Rev. Lett. 98(20), 206805 (2007)
12.124
L.A. Ponomarenko, F. Schedin, M.I. Katsnelson, R. Yang, E.W. Hill, K.S. Novoselov, A.K. Geim: Chaotic Dirac billiard in graphene quantum dots, Science 320(5874), 356–358 (2008)
12.125
C. Stampfer, J. Guttinger, F. Molitor, D. Graf, T. Ihn, K. Ensslin: Tunable Coulomb blockade in nanostructured graphene, Appl. Phys. Lett. 92(1), 12102–12103 (2008)
12.126
C. Stampfer, E. Schurtenberger, F. Molitor, J. Güttinger, T. Ihn, K. Ensslin: Tunable graphene single electron transistor, Nano Lett. 8(8), 2378–2383 (2008)
12.127
F. Molitor, S. Droscher, J. Guttinger, A. Jacobsen, C. Stampfer, T. Ihn, K. Ensslin: Transport through graphene double dots, Appl. Phys. Lett. 94(22), 222103–222107 (2009)
12.128
S.S. Sabri, P.L. Levesque, C.M. Aguirre, J. Guillemette, R. Martel, T. Szkopek: Graphene field effect transistors with parylene gate dielectric, Appl. Phys. Lett. 95(24), 242103–242104 (2009)
12.129
D.B. Farmer, H.-Y. Chiu, Y.-M. Lin, K.A. Jenkins, F. Xia, P. Avouris: Utilization of a buffered dielectric to achieve high field-effect carrier mobility in graphene transistors, Nano Lett. 9(12), 4474–4478 (2009)
12.130
A. Vijayaraghavan, C. Sciascia, S. Dehm, A. Lombardo, A. Bonetti, A.C. Ferrari, R. Krupke: Dielectrophoretic assembly of high-density arrays of individual graphene devices for rapid screening, ACS Nano 3(7), 1729–1734 (2009)
12.131
Y.-M.Y. Lin, C. Dimitrakopoulos, K.A. Jenkins, D.B. Farmer, H.-Y.H.Y. Chiu, A. Grill, P. Avouris: 100-GHz transistors from wafer-scale epitaxial graphene, Science 327(5966), 662 (2010)
12.132
Y.-M.Y. Lin, K.K.A. Jenkins, A. Valdes-Garcia, J.J.P. Small, D.B. Farmer, P. Avouris: Operation of graphene transistors at gigahertz frequencies, Nano Lett. 9(1), 422–426 (2008)
12.133
C.R. Dean, A.F. Young, I. Meric, C. Lee, L. Wang, S. Sorgenfrei, K. Watanabe, T. Taniguchi, P. Kim, K.L. Shepard, J. Hone: Boron nitride substrates for high-quality graphene electronics, Nat. Nanotechnol. 5(10), 722–726 (2010)
12.134
S.J. Haigh, A. Gholinia, R. Jalil, S. Romani, L. Britnell, D.C. Elias, K.S. Novoselov, L.A. Ponomarenko, A.K. Geim, R. Gorbachev: Cross-sectional imaging of individual layers and buried interfaces of graphene-based heterostructures and superlattices, Nat. Mater. 11(9), 764–767 (2012)
12.135
L. Britnell, R.V. Gorbachev, R. Jalil, B.D. Belle, F. Schedin, A. Mishchenko, T. Georgiou, M.I. Katsnelson, L. Eaves, S.V. Morozov, N.M.R. Peres, J. Leist, A.K. Geim, K.S. Novoselov, L.A. Ponomarenko: Field-effect tunneling transistor based on vertical graphene heterostructures, Science 335(6071), 947–950 (2012)
12.136
T. Georgiou, R. Jalil, B.D. Belle, L. Britnell, R.V. Gorbachev, S.V. Morozov, Y. Kim, A. Gholinia, S.J. Haigh, O. Makarovsky, L. Eaves, L.A. Ponomarenko, A.K. Geim, K.S. Novoselov, A. Mishchenko: Vertical field-effect transistor based on graphene-WS2 heterostructures for flexible and transparent electronics, Nat. Nanotechnol. 8(2), 100–103 (2013)
12.137
N. Tombros, C. Jozsa, M. Popinciuc, H.T. Jonkman, B.J. van Wees: Electronic spin transport and spin precession in single graphene layers at room temperature, Nature 448, 571–574 (2007)
12.138
E.W. Hill, A.K. Geim, K. Novoselov, F. Schedin, P. Blake: Graphene spin valve devices, Magn. IEEE Trans. 42(10), 2694–2696 (2006)
12.139
S. Cho, Y.-F. Chen, M.S. Fuhrer: Gate-tunable graphene spin valve, Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 123103–123105 (2007)
12.140
T.M.G. Mohiuddin, E. Hill, D. Elias, A. Zhukov, K. Novoselov, A. Geim: Graphene in multilayered CPP spin valves, IEEE Trans. Magn. 44, 2624–2627 (2008)
12.141
F. Xia, T. Mueller, Y.-M. Lin, A. Valdes-Garcia, P. Avouris: Ultrafast graphene photodetector, Nat. Nanotechnol. 4, 839–843 (2009)
12.142
Q. Bao, H. Zhang, Y. Wang, Z. Ni, Y. Yan, Z.X. Shen, K.P. Loh, D.Y. Tang: Atomic-layer graphene as a saturable absorber for ultrafast pulsed lasers, Adv. Funct. Mater. 19, 3077–3083 (2009)
12.143
J. Wang, Y. Hernandez, M. Lotya, J.N. Coleman, W.J. Blau: Broadband nonlinear optical response of graphene dispersions, Adv. Mater. 21(23), 2430–2435 (2009)
12.144
D.A. Dikin, S. Stankovich, E.J. Zimney, R.D. Piner, G.H.B. Dommett, G. Evmenenko, S.T. Nguyen, R.S. Ruoff: Preparation and characterization of graphene oxide paper, Nature 448(7152), 457–460 (2007)
12.145
R.R. Nair, H.A. Wu, P.N. Jayaram, I.V. Grigorieva, A.K. Geim: Unimpeded permeation of water through helium-leak-tight graphene-based membranes, Science 335(6067), 442–444 (2012)
12.146
R.K. Joshi, P. Carbone, F.C. Wang, V.G. Kravets, Y. Su, I.V. Grigorieva, H.A. Wu, A.K. Geim, R.R. Nair: Precise and ultrafast molecular sieving through graphene oxide membranes, Science 343(6043), 752–754 (2014)
12.147
S. Chen, L. Brown, M. Levendorf, W. Cai, S.Y. Ju, J. Edgeworth, X. Li, C.W. Magnuson, A. Velamakanni, R.D. Piner, J. Kang, J. Park, R.S. Ruoff: Oxidation resistance of graphene-coated Cu and Cu/Ni alloy, ACS Nano 5(2), 1321–1327 (2011)
12.148
M. Schriver, W. Regan, W.J. Gannett, A.M. Zaniewski, M.F. Crommie, A. Zettl: Graphene as a long-term metal oxidation barrier: Worse than nothing, ACS Nano 7(7), 5763–5768 (2013)
12.149
Y. Su, V.G. Kravets, S.L. Wong, J. Waters, A.K. Geim, R.R. Nair: Impermeable barrier films and protective coatings based on reduced graphene oxide, Nat. Commun. 5, 4843 (2014)
12.150
Y. Wang, Z. Shi, Y. Huang, Y. Ma, C. Wang, M. Chen, Y. Chen: Supercapacitor devices based on graphene materials, J. Phys. Chem. C 113(30), 13103–13107 (2009)
12.151
H.-P. Cong, X.-C. Ren, P. Wang, S.-H. Yu: Flexible graphene–polyaniline composite paper for high-performance supercapacitor, Energy Environ. Sci. 6(4), 1185 (2013)
12.152
O.N. Ruiz, K.A.S. Fernando, B. Wang, N.A. Brown, P.G. Luo, N.D. McNamara, M. Vangsness, Y.-P.P. Sun, C.E. Bunker: Graphene oxide: a nonspecific enhancer of cellular growth, ACS Nano 5(10), 8100–8107 (2011)
12.153
X. Zhang, J. Yin, C. Peng, W. Hu, Z. Zhu, W. Li, C. Fan, Q. Huang: Distribution and biocompatibility studies of graphene oxide in mice after intravenous administration, Carbon 49(3), 986–995 (2011)
12.154
S.R. Ryoo, Y.K. Kim, M.H. Kim, D.H. Min: Behaviors of NIH-3T3 fibroblasts on graphene/carbon nanotubes: Proliferation, focal adhesion, and gene transfection studies, ACS Nano 4(11), 6587–6598 (2010)
12.155
N. Li, Q. Zhang, S. Gao, Q. Song, R. Huang, L. Wang, L. Liu, J. Dai, M. Tang, G. Cheng: Three-dimensional graphene foam as a biocompatible and conductive scaffold for neural stem cells, Sci. Rep. 3, 1604 (2013)
12.156
G.-Y. Chen, D.W.P. Pang, S.M. Hwang, H.-Y. Tuan, Y.-C. Hu: A graphene-based platform for induced pluripotent stem cells culture and differentiation, Biomaterials 33(2), 418–427 (2012)
12.157
Y. Chong, Y. Ma, H. Shen, X. Tu, X. Zhou, J. Xu, J. Dai, S. Fan, Z. Zhang: The in vitro and in vivo toxicity of graphene quantum dots, Biomaterials 35(19), 5041–5048 (2014)
12.158
C.L. Weaver, J.M. LaRosa, X. Luo, X.T. Cui: Electrically controlled drug delivery from graphene oxide nanocomposite films, ACS Nano 8(2), 1834–1843 (2014)
12.159
L. Feng, S. Zhang, Z. Liu: Graphene based gene transfection, Nanoscale 3(3), 1252–1257 (2011)
12.160
K. Yang, S. Zhang, G. Zhang, X. Sun, S.-T. Lee, Z. Liu: Graphene in mice: ultrahigh in vivo tumor uptake and efficient photothermal therapy, Nano Lett. 10(9), 3318–3323 (2010)
12.161
S.K. Misra, P. Kondaiah, S. Bhattacharya, C.N.R. Rao: Graphene as a nanocarrier for tamoxifen induces apoptosis in transformed cancer cell lines of different origins, Small 8(1), 131–143 (2012)
12.162
J.-H. Liu, S.-T. Yang, H. Wang, Y. Chang, A. Cao, Y. Liu: Effect of size and dose on the biodistribution of graphene oxide in mice, Nanomedicine 7, 1801–1812 (2012)
12.163
K. Yang, J. Wan, S. Zhang, Y. Zhang, S.T. Lee, Z. Liu: In vivo pharmacokinetics, long-term biodistribution, and toxicology of pegylated graphene in mice, ACS Nano 5(1), 516–522 (2011)
Metadaten
Titel
Graphene
verfasst von
Aravind Vijayaraghavan
Maria Iliut
Copyright-Jahr
2017
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Buch
Springer Handbook of Nanotechnology

Print ISBN: 978-3-662-54355-9

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-662-54357-3

Copyright-Jahr: 2017

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-54357-3_12

Neuer Inhalt

    Bildnachweise