Introduction
Related work
Background on commitments
Intuitions on trust and commitments
Effects of commitment operations on trust
-
In our basic approach (baseline), the change in trust is the same for all commitment outcomes. We additionally provide an approach in which the change in trust depends upon the strength of a commitment. For example, a commitment with a strict deadline when satisfied may produce a different level of trust compared to a commitment with a flexible deadline.
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We assume commitment discharge and violation to be all or none; in our scenarios, partial success is not easy to infer.
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In case of violation, the trust of the creditor for the debtor decreases irrespective of whether the debtor was truly responsible. An agent’s beliefs and goals are private and cannot be identified directly from his or her interactions.
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In case of delegation, the original creditor’s trust in the original and the new debtor changes equally, reflecting the idea that the creditor has a positive experience thanks to the two debtors.In case of a situation where the new debtor violates a commitment and the original debtor has nothing to do with it, it was still the responsibility of the original debtor to satisfy the commitment. (This is one of the patterns of delegation identified by Singh et al. [21]). Thus, the creditor’s trust will decrease equally for both the new and the original debtor.
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In case of assignment, the new creditor’s trust in the debtor changes as much as the original creditor’s trust in the debtor, reflecting the intuition that both creditors’ expectations are met.
Subjectivity, memory, and strength
Güven: model of trust based on commitments
Considering subjectivity
Considering memory
Considering strength
Features | Example 1 | Example 2 |
---|---|---|
1. Commissive, Directive | Commissive (2) | Commissive (2) |
2. Debtor’s type | “I” (2) | “I” (2) |
3. Creditor’s type | single (1) | single (1) |
4. Modal Verbs | “will” (4) | can (2) |
5. Action Verbs | “repair” (1) | “repair” (1) |
5. Deadlines | “Monday” (1) | no deadline (0) |
Total Weight | 11 | 8 |
Evaluation strategy
Evaluation process
Sender | Receiver | Email content | Operation | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Kim
|
Dorothy
|
I will also check with Alliance Travel Agency …
| create(C
1) | |
Kim
|
Dorothy
|
I checked with our Travel Agency …
| discharge(C
1) | |
Rob
|
Kim
|
By Wednesday Aug 16 2001, please send all copies of your documentation …
| create(C
2) | |
Kim
|
Rob
|
Rob, please forgive me for not sending this in by Aug 15
| cancel(C
2) | |
Sender | Receiver | Chat content | Operation | |
P
1
|
P
4
|
Can you please give 1 green tile?
| ||
P
4
|
P
1
|
I can
| create(C
3) | |
P
4
|
P
1
|
P
4 transferred P
1 1 green tile | discharge(C
3) |
Evaluation
Trust pairs | Experiences | S1 | S2 | S3 | S4 | S5 | S6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kim\(\rightarrow \)Dorothy | 2 Neutral, 0 Positive, 0 Negative | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.35 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.7 |
Dorothy\(\rightarrow \)Kim | 1 Neutral, 1 Positive, 0 Negative | 0.7 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.95 |
Results
μ
C(λ)<μ
others
|
μ
C(λ)
|
μ
others
|
p-value |
---|---|---|---|
\(\mu _{C(\lambda)} < \mu _{F_{3}}\phantom {\dot {i}\!}\)
| 0.18 | 0.21 | 0.14 |
\(\mu _{C(\lambda)} < \mu _{F_{2}}\phantom {\dot {i}\!}\)
| 0.18 | 0.20 | 0.18 |
\(\mu _{C(\lambda)} < \mu _{F_{1}}\phantom {\dot {i}\!}\)
| 0.18 | 0.21 | 0.07 |
μ
C(λ)<μ
L(λ)
| 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.34 |
μ
C(λ)<μ
λ=0.9
| 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.36 |
μ
C(λ)<μ
λ=0.7
| 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.34 |
μ
C(λ)<μ
λ=0.5
| 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.33 |
μ
C(λ)<μ
λ=0.3
| 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.34 |
μ
C(λ) + C
W
<μ
others
|
μ
C(λ) + C
W
|
μ
others
|
p-value |
---|---|---|---|
μ
C(λ) + C
W
<μ
λ=0.7+C
W=1
| 0.17 | 0.27 | 0.00 |
μ
C(λ) + C
W
<μ
λ=0.9+C
W=12
| 0.17 | 0.20 | 0.08 |
μ
C(λ) + C
W
<μ
C(λ)
| 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.27 |
μ
C(λ) + C
W
<μ
L(λ)+C
W
| 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.32 |
μ
C(λ) + C
W
<μ
λ=0.9+C
W
| 0.17 | 0.19 | 0.17 |
μ
C(λ) + C
W
<μ
λ=0.7+C
W
| 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.30 |
Features | Ordering |
---|---|
1. Commissive, Directive | Commissive (2) >Directive (1) |
2. Debtor’s type | “I” (2) >“We” (1) |
3. Creditor’s type | multiple creditor (2) >single creditor (1) |
4. Modal Verbs | “must, will” (4) >“would, should, shall” (3) >“can, could” (2) >“may” (1) |
5. Deadlines | messages with “deadline” (2) >messages without “deadline” (1) |
μ
C(λ) + C
W
T
<μ
others
|
μ
C(λ) + C
W
T
|
μ
others
|
p-value |
---|---|---|---|
μ
C(λ) + C
W
<μ
C(λ)
| 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.50 |
μ
C(λ) + C
W
<μ
L(λ)+C
W
T
| 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.37 |
μ
C(λ) + C
W
<μ
λ=0.9+C
W
T
| 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.40 |
μ
C(λ) + C
W
<μ
λ=0.7+C
W
T
| 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.34 |
μ
C(λ) + C
W
<μ
λ=0.5+C
W
T
| 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.32 |
Discussion
Future directions
Endnote
Appendix
Data
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Processed_Data_Emails_Experiences_Trust_Values file contains experiences obtained from emails between senders and receivers and corresponding trust value assigned by subjects.
-
Processed_Data_Game_Experiences_Trust_Values file contains experiences obtained from chats exchanged between subjects during their game play and corresponding trust value assigned by subjects
-
Processed_Data_Emails_Windows_Size_1-12_Trust_Values files contain experiences based on different window sizes (from 1 to 12) and corresponding trust values assigned by subjects. The maximum window size considered is 12 since we mention in Section ‘Results’ that increasing the window size beyond 12 does not improved the result (reduce the MAE).
-
Processed_Data_Emails_Experiences_Strength_Trust_Values file contains experiences strength computed from emails based on ranks of features provided in Table 6 and corresponding trust values assigned by subjects.
Questionnaires
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According to you which is more important?
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1. Please review the attached agreement for the Big Sandy Interconnect.
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2. I will review the attached agreement for the Big Sandy Interconnect.
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3. 1 and 2 are equal
-
-
According to you which is more important?
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1. We will follow up with Mike to make sure he understands how the numbers were derived.
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2. I will follow up with Mike to make sure he understands how the numbers were derived.
-
3. 1 and 2 are equal
-
-
According to you which is more important?
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1. SENDER: Kimberly; RECEIVER: Steven, Teb, Mark, Mansoor, Earl, Stephen, Robert, Jan, Mark, Mansoor, Earl, Stephen, Robert, Jan; Please review the attached work order for the tap and side valve for the new Agave interconnect.
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2. SENDER: Kimberly; RECEIVER: Steven; Please review the attached work order for the tap and side valve for the new Agave interconnect.
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3. 1 and 2 are equal
-
-
According to you which is more important?
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1. SENDER: Kimberly; RECEIVER: Lorraine, Lohman, Michelle, Mark, Paul; Would you please send me your bullets by the end of today (before we leave for the Cirque show).
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2. SENDER: Kimberly; RECEIVER: Lorraine; Would you please send me your bullets by the end of today (before we leave for the Cirque show).
-
3. 1 and 2 are equal
-
-
According to you which is more important?
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1. SENDER: Michelle; RECEIVER: Rich Cc: Earl; Kimberly; I will speak to Mark Kraus (EOG Commercial) to recap, in case he was not aware of the results.
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2. SENDER: Michelle; RECEIVER: Rich, Earl, Kimberly; I will speak to Mark Kraus (EOG Commercial) to recap, in case he was not aware of the results.
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3. SENDER: Michelle, RECEIVER: Rich; I will speak to Mark Kraus (EOG Commercial) to recap, in case he was not aware of the results
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3. 1 and 2 are equal
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4. 2 and 3 are equal
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5. 1 and 3 are equal
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-
Rank the following sentences in a order that ranges over a scale of 1 to 8 where 1 indicates the lowest and 8
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1. I would call you on Monday to discuss so we can give it to Danny quickly [Assign Rank: 1–8].
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2. I must call you on Monday to discuss so we can give it to Danny quickly [Assign Rank: 1–8].
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3. I can call you on Monday to discuss so we can give it to Danny quickly [Assign Rank: 1–8].
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4. I will call you on Monday to discuss so we can give it to Danny quickly [Assign Rank: 1–8].
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5. I could call you on Monday to discuss so we can give it to Danny quickly [Assign Rank: 1–8].
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6. I should call you on Monday to discuss so we can give it to Danny quickly [Assign Rank: 1–8].
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7. I may call you on Monday to discuss so we can give it to Danny quickly [Assign Rank: 1–8].
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8. I shall call you on Monday to discuss so we can give it to Danny quickly [Assign Rank: 1–8].
-
-
According to you which is more important?
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1. Would you please send me your bullets by the end of today?
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2. Would you please send me your bullets?
-
3. 1 and 2 are equal
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