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2015 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

2. How Water Services Manage Territories and Technologies: History and Current Trends in Developed Countries

verfasst von : Bernard Barraqué, Laure Isnard, Julien Souriau

Erschienen in: Understanding and Managing Urban Water in Transition

Verlag: Springer Netherlands

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Abstract

In recent decades urban water services have been confronted by new challenges questioning their sustainability. As detailed in previous chapters of this book, there have been environmental issues and climate change issues which require more efficient use of energy and water resources; and now the rise of ‘water poverty’ provokes renewed interest into social sustainability. At the same time, full cost recovery is broadly advocated, public subsidies are coming to an end, precisely when water services are facing calls for huge investment to renew their assets. Technical, economic, and social solutions have been provided by urban water industries and regulatory agencies, demonstrating that some of these challenges can be addressed. But the institutional and functional organisation of water services is also affected by these changes, which underlines the important governance issues that arise when crises occur and change is needed in urban water management.

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Fußnoten
1
In 2009 2.2 million inhabitants lived in Paris but the water utility runs only 93,000 subscriptions as there is usually only one meter per building. The water bill is split between the households living in the building.
 
2
The Seine county gathered together the four present-day départements – Paris, Hauts-de-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis, and Val-de-Marne – until it was reformed in 1968.
 
3
However, after WW2, this State enterprise was typically decentralised into a joint board of the municipalities served.
 
5
E.g. the work by Yoram Cohen on decentralised systems in the Institute of Environment and Sustainability at UCLA.
 
6
Storm water is managed separately from water services and waste water services, and its costs cannot be covered by water bills, only by local taxes.
 
7
In fact this company is a regional bulk water production and transfer company, supplying cities, industry, and agriculture with clean but untreated water.
 
8
For instance, the above-mentioned regional water supplies of Baden Württemberg are not based on hydrographic districts, and their boards are only composed of water suppliers.
 
9
Indeed, citizens are not obliged to subscribe to the public water service, and in some countries, there is in fact no obligation to extend the service to all citizens (such as hamlets far from the network). The tariff is the same for the entire category, and those who do not pay are temporarily disconnected. Until recently, few WSS operators considered the issue of the ‘water poor’, since water was affordable to virtually all the population. Major prices increases have given rise to a new issue that brings the developed countries closer to those of developing ones, and has created an unprecedented level of complexity.
 
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Metadaten
Titel
How Water Services Manage Territories and Technologies: History and Current Trends in Developed Countries
verfasst von
Bernard Barraqué
Laure Isnard
Julien Souriau
Copyright-Jahr
2015
Verlag
Springer Netherlands
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9801-3_2