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2011 | Buch

Possible Routes Towards Carbon-Free Vehicles Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

Hydrogen Fuel Cells for Road Vehicles

verfasst von: Pasquale Corbo, Fortunato Migliardini, Ottorino Veneri

Verlag: Springer London

Buchreihe : Green Energy and Technology

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik"

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Über dieses Buch

Hydrogen Fuel Cells for Road Vehicles addresses the main issues related to the application of hydrogen fuel cell technology in the road transportation sector. A preliminary treatment is given on fuel resources and atmospheric pollution concerns which are closely related to the current technology (internal combustion engine) used for moving people and goods. The authors deal, in particular, with the problems that can hinder a widespread hydrogen market (production, storage and distribution), as well as giving an analysis of fuel cell technologies available for utilization of this energy carrier in the automotive field. Hydrogen Fuel Cells for Road Vehicles also examines the concerns faced during the design and realization of a PEM fuel cell system with optimal size and efficiency, evidencing the impact of the individual auxiliary components on energy losses and dynamic stack performance. The book ends with the analysis of two practical case studies on fuel cell propulsion systems. Hydrogen Fuel Cells for Road Vehicles is a useful text for researchers, professionals and advanced students in the fields of automotive and environmental engineering.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. Possible Routes Towards Carbon-Free Vehicles
Abstract
This chapter analyzes the main energy and environmental issues that justify the present interest towards the development of novel technologies for sustainable means of transportation. The potentialities and limitations of hydrogen fuel cell technology, as alternative solution for efficient and not polluting vehicles, are presented in the context of the most stringent questions to deal with in this field: the scarcity of fossil resources, the necessity of further reductions in current engine emissions to meet the severe incoming legislative limits and the global warming risks related to the green-house effect. A well-to-wheel analysis, effected for different types of vehicles starting from both fossil and renewable primary energy resources, evidences the viable paths in the direction of novel clean technologies for transportation means.
Pasquale Corbo, Fortunato Migliardini, Ottorino Veneri
Chapter 2. Hydrogen as Future Energy Carrier
Abstract
The use of hydrogen has the potential of strongly reducing the impact of mobility on global warming and urban air pollution, overcoming the present dependence of transportation means on oil. Hydrogen is not a primary source but it is an energy carrier that can be produced starting from any primary sources, included fossil, renewable and nuclear. However criticalities related to production costs, absence of massive distribution networks and low capacity of existent on-board storage devices limit its diffusion, in particular in the transportation sector. The different methods for hydrogen production and storage are discussed in this chapter, together with the main infrastructure concerns. The analysis of production technologies takes into account the role of different primary resources, while the possible development of hydrogen distribution networks is discussed considering their correlation with the production methods. The potentialities and the barriers of different hydrogen storage approaches are detailed evidencing the need of matching the severe vehicle range requirements, today satisfied by liquid fuels.
Ottorin Veneri
Chapter 3. Fuel Cells for Automotive Applications
Abstract
The main properties of the fuel cells based on polymeric electrolyte are described in this chapter explaining the technical reasons that make them more suitable to automotive applications in comparison with other types of fuel cells. A preliminary discussion on basic thermodynamic and kinetic concepts necessary for the comprehension of fuel cell electrochemistry is presented before describing details and problems of the different components of a polymeric electrolyte fuel cell: membrane electrolyte, electrocatalysts, gas diffusion layers, bipolar plates. The effect of different operative parameters (membrane humidity grade, reactant pressure, stack temperature, stoichiometric ratio) on stack performance is experimentally analyzed, evidencing the kinetic limitations which cause efficiency losses. A brief discussion on stack durability issues concludes the chapter.
Pasquale Corbo, Fortunato Migliardini, Ottorino Veneri
Chapter 4. Design of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Systems for Road Vehicles
Abstract
Hydrogen fuel cell systems (FCSs) represent very promising on-board power generators in hybrid electric vehicles, as they can effectively exploit both the environmental benefits of the fuel and the high efficiency of the electro-chemical device. In this chapter, FCSs based on PEM fuel cell stacks and fuelled by pure hydrogen are described taking into account the specific application in the transportation field. All sub-systems necessary to operate a PEM fuel cell stack (reactant feeding, water and thermal fluxes management) are detailed, evidencing the main design issues to be defined for a reliable working in conditions compatible with vehicular requirements. The role of the auxiliary components in reducing the stack efficiency and dynamic performance of the whole system is discussed, while a brief discussion about expected costs of FCS concludes this chapter.
Pasquale Corbo, Fortunato Migliardini, Ottorino Veneri
Chapter 5. Electric Vehicles in Hybrid Configuration
Abstract
In this chapter, an analysis of fuel cell power trains is effected starting from the examination of a generic configuration of battery powered electric vehicles, and evidencing the principle of operation and main characteristics of its components (electric machines, drives, power electronics and control techniques). Different electric energy storage systems are presented (electrochemical batteries, flywheels and super capacitors), underlining the main properties for automotive applications. The electrical and mechanical connections of different hybrid electric vehicles are examined and discussed, in particular thermal electric hybrids, vehicles using photovoltaic panels, flywheels and super capacitors, and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. Different hybrid configurations suitable for fuel cell power trains are closely analyzed, evidencing the key role of storage systems for the best performance of the fuel cell system.
Pasquale Corbo, Fortunato Migliardini, Ottorino Veneri
Chapter 6. Case Study A: Fuel Cell Power Train for Mopeds
Abstract
This chapter refers to an experimental study of a 3.5 kW electric power train equipped with a fuel cell system based on a H2/air PEM fuel cell stack of about 2 kW and realized according to the analysis reported in the Chap.​ 4 . The fuel cell system is characterized in both steady-state and dynamic conditions. The energy losses associated with auxiliary components of the fuel cell system are evaluated, while its dynamic performance is analyzed starting from warm-up operation and investigating different load variation rates, in relation with air supply management issues. Hydrogen purge and membrane humidification strategies are discussed in order to individuate the optimal working conditions for a reliable stack operation. The results of tests on the whole power train during two European driving cycles are finally analyzed, with the aim to evaluate the effect of different control strategies on the power train efficiency.
Pasquale Corbo, Fortunato Migliardini, Ottorino Veneri
Chapter 7. Case Study B: Fuel Cell Power Train for Cars
Abstract
This chapter reports the results of an experimental analysis on a 30 kW fuel cell power train for city cars. The electric energy is generated by using a laboratory fuel cell system (FCS) based on a 20 kW H2/air PEM stack, realized taking into account the design criteria discussed in Chap.​ 4. The FCS experimental characterization provides results about the effect of different operative parameters on stack performance, and indications regarding the causes of energy losses associated with auxiliary components of the FCS. Moreover, reactant feeding, membrane humidification, and cooling issues are discussed, evidencing in particular the role of air compressor, fuel purge, temperature control, and humidification strategy in stack management in both steady state and dynamic conditions. The dynamic performance of the whole fuel cell traction system are tested on the European R40 driving cycle, evaluating the effect of different hybrid configurations on efficiency of single subsystems and of the overall propulsion system.
Pasquale Corbo, Fortunato Migliardini, Ottorino Veneri
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
Hydrogen Fuel Cells for Road Vehicles
verfasst von
Pasquale Corbo
Fortunato Migliardini
Ottorino Veneri
Copyright-Jahr
2011
Verlag
Springer London
Electronic ISBN
978-0-85729-136-3
Print ISBN
978-0-85729-135-6
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-136-3

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