Introduction
Research methodology
Data sources
Mean | Median | Maximum | SD | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Daily hospital admission (visit number/day) | |||||
Hospital A | Outpatient | 5020 | 5248 | 7291 | 1233.6 |
Emergency | 677 | 681 | 1011 | 88.6 | |
Hospital C | Outpatient | 3074 | 3282 | 4598 | 778.2 |
Emergency | 711 | 707 | 1155 | 146.3 | |
Hospital D | Outpatient | 2072 | 2291 | 3375 | 745.9 |
Emergency | 903 | 823 | 1947 | 297.3 | |
Total | Outpatient | 10,170 | 10,730 | 15,010 | 2553 |
Emergency | 2292 | 2259 | 3964 | 447 | |
Weather measurements | |||||
Temperature (°C) | 17.85 | 18.73 | 35.02 | 8.7 | |
TDIF24H (°C) | 5.6 | 6.21 | 20.6 | 3.33 | |
MTD48H (°C) | 1.58 | 1.21 | 14.64 | 1.44 | |
PM2.5 (μg/m3) | 56.17 | 44 | 447 | 41.5 | |
PM10 (μg/m3) | 74.91 | 60 | 467 | 49.4 | |
SO2 (μg/m3) | 19.96 | 15 | 103 | 14.2 | |
NO2 (μg/m3) | 45.74 | 41 | 136 | 20.8 | |
CO (mg/m3) | 0.7958 | 0.7100 | 3.023 | 0.3 | |
O3 (μg/m3) | 103.8 | 98 | 302 | 41.9 | |
PRCP (mm) | 3.98 | 0 | 189.5 | 12.0 |
Statistical modeling
Results
Calendar factors effect on pediatric admissions volume
Effect of environmental conditions on pediatric hospital admissions
Environmental conditions in Shanghai
Regression results for single pollutants
Effect of fossil fuel-related air pollutants on pediatric admissions
Effect of temperature changes on pediatric admissions
Effect of ground-level ozone on pediatric admissions
Multi-pollutant regression results—effect of environmental conditions on pediatric admissions
Outpatient | Emergency | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ER (%)a | 95% CI | P-value | ER (%) | 95% CI | P-value | |
PM2.5 | − 0.31* | [− 0.36, − 0.25] | 0.0000 | − 0.15* | [− 0.26, − 0.04] | 0.0074 |
PM2.5_lag2 | 0.09* | [0.02, 0.15] | 0.0111 | − 0.30* | [− 0.44, − 0.16] | 0.0000 |
PM2.5_lag4MA | − 0.65* | [− 0.77, − 0.54] | 0.0000 | 0.24* | [0.00, 0.48] | 0.0493 |
SO2 | 0.48* | [0.30, 0.66] | 0.0000 | − 0.18 | [− 0.55, 0.19] | 0.3364 |
\( {\text{SO}}_{{ 2_{\text{lag2}} }} \)
| − 0.14 | [− 0.37, 0.09] | 0.2351 | 0.74* | [0.29, 1.20] | 0.0015 |
\( {\text{SO}}_{{ 2_{\text{lag4MA}} }} \)
| 1.66* | [1.26, 2.07] | 0.0000 | 1.20* | [0.39, 2.02] | 0.0037 |
O3 | − 0.03 | [− 0.07, 0.01] | 0.1703 | 0.58* | [0.50, 0.66] | 0.0000 |
\( {\text{O}}_{{ 3_{{_{\text{lag2}} }} }} \)
| − 0.13* | [− 0.17, − 0.08] | 0.0000 | 0.12* | [0.02, 0.21] | 0.0163 |
\( {\text{O}}_{{ 3_{{_{\text{lag4MA}} }} }} \)
| 0.05 | [− 0.04, 0.13] | 0.2520 | − 0.87* | [− 1.05, − 0.69] | 0.0000 |
TDIF | − 0.17* | [− 0.21, − 0.13] | 0.0000 | 0.01 | [− 0.07, 0.09] | 0.7789 |
\( {\text{TDIF}}_{\text{lag1}} \)
| 0.03 | [0.00, 0.07] | 0.0746 | − 0.08* | [− 0.16, 0.00] | 0.0391 |
\( {\text{TDIF}}_{\text{lag4MA}} \)
| 0.67* | [0.59, 0.75] | 0.0000 | 1.03* | [0.87, 1.19] | 0.0000 |