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2019 | Buch

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Industrial Sensors and Controls in Communication Networks

From Wired Technologies to Cloud Computing and the Internet of Things

verfasst von: Prof. Dong-Seong Kim, Dr. Hoa Tran-Dang

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Buchreihe : Computer Communications and Networks

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

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Über dieses Buch

This informative text/reference presents a detailed review of the state of the art in industrial sensor and control networks. The book examines a broad range of applications, along with their design objectives and technical challenges. The coverage includes fieldbus technologies, wireless communication technologies, network architectures, and resource management and optimization for industrial networks. Discussions are also provided on industrial communication standards for both wired and wireless technologies, as well as for the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT).

Topics and features: describes the FlexRay, CAN, and Modbus fieldbus protocols for industrial control networks, as well as the MIL-STD-1553 standard; proposes a dual fieldbus approach, incorporating both CAN and ModBus fieldbus technologies, for a ship engine distributed control system; reviews a range of industrial wireless sensor network (IWSN) applications, from environmental sensing and condition monitoring, to process automation; examines the wireless networking performance, design requirements, and technical limitations of IWSN applications; presents a survey of IWSN commercial solutions and service providers, and summarizes the emerging trends in this area; discusses the latest technologies and open challenges in realizing the vision of the IIoT, highlighting various applications of the IIoT in industrial domains; introduces a logistics paradigm for adopting IIoT technology on the Physical Internet.

This unique work will be of great value to all researchers involved in industrial sensor and control networks, wireless networking, and the Internet of Things.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

Industrial Control Networks

Frontmatter

Chapter 1. An Overview on Industrial Control Networks

Abstract

Industrial control systems broadly refer to the connection of various electronic equipment used in factories, process control plants, and automated facilities for monitoring and controlling manufacturing and other applications. The electronic equipment mainly includes machines like robots, computers, machine tools, programmable logic controllers (PLCs), sensors, actuators (e.g., relays, valves, motors) and measuring instruments. However, one dominant component throughout all industrial control systems is communication networks which are responsible for connecting all equipment and devices by electrical interfaces and communication protocols to function the systems. Over the decades, the usage of communication equipment has increased significantly in the industrial control systems thanks to the development of advanced information and communication technologies in order to improve the communication network performances as well as optimize monitoring and control operations. This chapter briefly overviews the development of industrial control networks emphasizing the importance of wired communication technologies like fieldbus, Ethernet and examines the trends and issues in the industrial control application area.

Dong-Seong Kim, Hoa Tran-Dang

Chapter 2. FlexRay Protocol: Objectives and Features

Abstract

In industrial networks, many mechanical controlling parts have been replaced with electronic control units (ECU). Such ECUs have been deployed and implemented in industrial automation modes to control the system as well as provide information to other on-board devices and users such as telephones and entertainment systems in vehicles. However, an increasing number and complexity of applications using ECUs has led to the development of new in-vehicle communication systems, as well as techniques to simplify the development of applications utilizing multiple ECUs. Different types of communication protocols are currently being used in different automobiles such as Controller Area Network (CAN) and FlexRay. FlexRay is a potential replacement for CAN, a bus for inter-ECU communication in many vehicles today since FlexRay can support high data rate, time/event-triggered behavior, deterministic, fault-tolerance and redundancy for the network communications.

Dong-Seong Kim, Hoa Tran-Dang

Chapter 3. Communication Using Controller Area Network Protocol

Abstract

Controller Area Network (CAN) is a multi-master serial bus that allows an efficient transmission of data between different nodes in the industrial bus communication. The advantage features of CAN protocol include flexibility, reliability, robustness and standard and can support real-time communication. Since CAN is message-based and not address-based, it is especially suited when data is needed by more than one location. CAN is ideally suited in applications requiring in a large number of short messages with high reliability in rugged operating environments.

Dong-Seong Kim, Hoa Tran-Dang

Chapter 4. Distributed Control System for Ship Engines Using Dual Fieldbus

Abstract

This chapter describes a distributed control system (DCS) for ship engines using a dual fieldbus. Communication among DCS entities is provided by considering the redundancy between Modbus and the controller area network (CAN) bus. The dual fieldbus consists of Modbus and an alternative CAN bus. Owing to its short time frame, CAN networks have the advantage of a short time latency. Moreover, Modbus is a simple protocol and is powerful in its support of many types of real-time industrial applications. By considering the benefits of both Modbus and CAN bus, a DCS based on a dual fieldbus for monitoring and controlling the condition of a ship engine has been proposed. In the proposed scheme, Modbus has been used as a primary communication link for engine system. If link errors arise with Modbus, the system automatically switches to CAN in a reliable way. The performance of the proposed DCS has been tested and evaluated by a real implementation in a testbed. The experimental results show that the proposed DCS satisfies the redundancy time required by the International Association of Classification Societies.

Dong-Seong Kim, Hoa Tran-Dang

Chapter 5. Implementing Modbus and CAN Bus Protocol Conversion Interface

Abstract

In communication system design, a key challenge is the ability to make different components from different manufactures communicates with each other. In communication system design, a key challenge is the ability to make different components from different manufactures communicates with each other. A number of field buses are available to exchange the serial data among one or more controllers and a number of field devices that are communicating with each other. However, fieldbus standards are currently not uniform, which brings many difficulties in system design, as different equipment from different manufacturers follow different standards. For a reliable system design, there is a need of efficient communication interface to make the communication possible. Many serial communication protocols like RS-232/RS-485, I2C, SPI, Modbus and CAN bus, etc., were used in embedded systems. All these protocols have their own advantages and limitations. Generally, different manufactures follow different protocols and standards. This makes the system integration task very difficult. Hence, there must be several means to make this task easier. Protocol conversion interface is one of the possible solutions for this problem. CAN bus and Modbus are two most common fieldbus protocol used in industrial control systems. This chapter implements a CAN bus to Modbus protocol conversion interface and investigates the feasibility of such interface in meeting the communication requirements of system.

Dong-Seong Kim, Hoa Tran-Dang

Chapter 6. MIL-STD-1553 Protocol in High Data Rate Applications

Abstract

In this chapter, MIL-STD-1553—a digital time division multiplex serial interface bus is investigated for reliability and flexibility in high data rate applications. The standard has 40+ years of quality-controlled flight experience, lending itself as a proven technology widely used in flight control and avionics applications. MIL-STD-1553 is an inexpensive technology by dramatically reducing the size, weight, power, and cost in the last 10 years. The traditional MIL-STD-1553 has been investigated and analyzed for high data rate applications using 1553 derivative technologies such as Turbo-1553 (50–100+ Mbps) and HyPer-1553TM (5 Mbps). The resulting test network analysis verifies that at higher data rate, the standard provides reliable data transfer (error free) and flexible control over the existing legacy 1553 standard.

Dong-Seong Kim, Hoa Tran-Dang

Chapter 7. Research and Design of 1553B Protocol Bus Control Unit

Abstract

In avionics system, the 1553B interface board is an important part in the whole system, and it mainly integrates data in bus, share resources, coordination tasks, and fault-tolerant reconstruction. The technology of compatible with high-performance general-purpose microcomputer and large-scale integrated circuits is widely applied to complete interface communication from the 80s in our country. The Bus Controller Unit (BCU) not only insures sending or receiving commands is correct, but also monitors the bus status. The chapter introduces a new design method based on 1553B protocol in order to design BCU. Based on in-depth study, 1553B bus transport protocols and foreign design method of chip, and combined with popular EDA technology, the chapter has designed successfully the digital 1553B MIL-STD-BCU under the top-down design method, and proved to be correct on self-designed experiment board.

Dong-Seong Kim, Hoa Tran-Dang

Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks

Frontmatter

Chapter 8. An Overview on Wireless Sensor Networks

Abstract

Wireless Sensor networks offer countless challenges, but their versatility and their broad range of applications are eliciting more and more interest from the research community as well as from industry. Sensor networks have the potential of triggering the next revolution in information and communication technology. The aim of this chapter is to discuss some of the most relevant issues of WSNs, from the application, design, and technology viewpoints.

Dong-Seong Kim, Hoa Tran-Dang

Chapter 9. Wireless Fieldbus for Industrial Networks

Abstract

The recent improvement of wireless communication networks has made possible for using such networks at the lowest levels of factory automation systems, which typically imposes severe requirements in terms of real-time communication, reliability, and dependability. However, industrial plants represent a hostile environment due to the presence of different noise sources. The presence of these noises can easily inflict damages on the wireless information signals and creates erroneous interruptions on the data transmitted. Wireless Fieldbus can be one of solution where real time communication between controllers and sensor/actuators at the field level of factory automation. Wireless Fieldbus technologies have the potential capability and significant benefits in industrial application. In factory automation, the cost and time needed for the installation and maintenance of the large number of cables can be reduced by wireless technology. This is important in harsh environment where vibrations, high temperature, or moving parts exist that could potentially damage any sort of cabling. The objective of this chapter lies on the feasibility analysis on usage Wireless Fieldbus technologies and comparison of recent industrial wireless technology. For this, we investigate the fundamental problem of Wireless Fieldbus and details of each wireless technology at factory automation.

Dong-Seong Kim, Hoa Tran-Dang

Chapter 10. Wireless Sensor Networks for Industrial Applications

Abstract

Traditionally, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) technology has been successfully applied in military, environment, health, home, and other commercial areas. Compared to traditional wired device condition monitoring and diagnosis systems, using industrial wireless sensor networks (IWSNs) has inherent advantages such as relatively low cost, and convenience of installation and relocation. By replacing periodic manual checkups with continuous wireless monitoring, it is claimed that industries could save up to 18% of the energy consumed by motor systems. So, industrial monitoring systems based on IWSNs have many potential advantages, although they have been relatively unexplored until recently. This chapter focuses on the use of WSN in industrial applications also referred to as Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks (IWSN) and specifically considers industrial applications for control systems, which are different from the conventional control systems.

Dong-Seong Kim, Hoa Tran-Dang

Chapter 11. MAC Protocols for Energy-Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks

Abstract

Improvements in hardware technology have resulted in low-cost sensor nodes, which are composed of a single chip embedded with memory, a processor, and a transceiver. Low power capacities lead to limited coverage and communication range for sensor nodes compared to other mobile devices. Unlike other wireless networks, it is generally difficult or impractical to charge/replace exhausted batteries for sensors in harsh environments. This chapter emphasizes the peculiar features of sensor networks, including reasons for potential energy waste at medium-access communication. Then, a brief definition for the key medium access control (MAC) protocols proposed for energy-efficient sensor networks are discussed.

Dong-Seong Kim, Hoa Tran-Dang

Chapter 12. Cooperative Multi-channel Access for Industrial Wireless Networks Based 802.11 Standard

Abstract

Cooperative communication, which can achieve spatial diversity by exploiting distributed virtual antennas of cooperative nodes, has attracted much attention because of its ability to mitigate fading in wireless networks. Previous studies have shown that significant gain can be obtained through cooperative communication in terms of reliability, coverage range, and energy efficiency. IEEE 802.11 networking is entering a new phase with the ongoing standardization of IEEE 802.11s and the recent introduction of Wi-Fi Direct technology. The new technologies will allow 802.11 devices to easily communicate directly with each other by forming a mesh network, which will open up new avenues for device-to-device communication. This chapter focuses on the practical utilization of a novel cooperation approach at the media access control (MAC) layer to allow multi-channel access in 802.11 mesh networks.

Dong-Seong Kim, Hoa Tran-Dang

Chapter 13. 802.11 Medium Access Control DCF and PCF: Performance Comparison

Abstract

Nowadays, 802.11 standard increasingly plays an important role in daily life as well as in the industry by various applications and advantages such as low cost, quick deployment, flexible configuration, user mobility support, etc. Along with evolutions of this standards from 802.11 b, g, n to ac main difference is in the modulation method and improvement at PHY layer, medium access control mechanisms almost not change except HCF which is an optional mechanism for delay-sensitive applications. An evolution in medium access control mechanisms is needed for higher performance 802.11 standard when the improvements at PHY layer are more close to theoretical limitation. This chapter detailed the characteristics of DCF and PCF—two important channel access mechanisms in IEEE 802.11. Overview about 802.11 MAC is introduced first followed by PCF and DCF mechanism. This chapter presented comparisons between DCF and PCF in two simulation scenarios.

Dong-Seong Kim, Hoa Tran-Dang

Chapter 14. An Overview of Ultra-Wideband Technology and Its Applications

Abstract

Ultra-Wideband (UWB) is a technology anticipated to dominate the home networking market and eventually provide carriers with an inexpensive LAN alterative. It offers very high data rates, low power, less expensive cost. UWB provides 100 times the data speeds of Bluetooth solution and allows transmission of large amounts of data i.e. video files between TVs or PCs as well as enabling high quality video applications for portable devices. UWB will either become a new age communication or the end of an old technology, and probably both will stay. This chapter presents the overview of UWB technology and its potential application, and the UWB regulation standard worldwide. The UWB short impulse and advantages/disadvantages UWB are also presented.

Dong-Seong Kim, Hoa Tran-Dang

Chapter 15. Ultra-Wideband Technology for Military Applications

Abstract

Ultra-WideBand (UWB) communication systems are usually classified as any communication system whose instantaneous bandwidth is many times greater than the minimum bandwidth required to deliver information. UWB communication is fundamentally different from all other communication techniques because it employs extremely narrow Radio Frequency (RF) pulses to communicate between transmitters and receivers. Utilizing short-duration pulses as the building blocks for communications directly generates a very wide bandwidth and offers several advantages, such as large throughput, covertness, robustness to jamming, and coexistence with current radio services. UWB technology offers a promising solution to the RF spectrum drought by allowing new services to coexist with current radio systems with minimal or no interference. This coexistence brings the advantage of avoiding the expensive spectrum licensing fees that providers of all other radio services must pay. In this chapter, the application of UWB technology in military areas has been summarized. Its wider applications has been evaluated over several leading technology including military technology systems, government sectors, communication systems, surveillance systems, rescuing, logistics entertainment, public transport, and others.

Dong-Seong Kim, Hoa Tran-Dang

Industrial Internet of Things

Frontmatter

Chapter 16. An Overview on Industrial Internet of Things

Abstract

Recently, the technological advancement in embedded systems and wireless communication has enabled interconnection of massive electronic devices to support innovative services and promises better flexibility and efficiency. Such paradigm is referred to as the Internet of Things (IoT) that promises ubiquitous connection to the Internet, turning common objects into connected devices. An emerging class of IoT-enabled industrial production systems is called the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) that, when adopted successfully, provides huge efficacy and economic benefits to industrial system installation, maintainability, reliability, scalability, and interoperability. This chapter aims at introducing briefly the concept of IIoT from technological and practical application aspects. The key challenges and trends on the up-to-date development of such paradigm will be overviewed.

Dong-Seong Kim, Hoa Tran-Dang

Chapter 17. Energy-Aware Real-Time Routing for Large-Scale Industrial Internet of Things

Abstract

This chapter proposes a routing scheme that enhances energy consumption and end-to-end delay for large-scale Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) systems based on IEEE 802.15.4a MAC. In the current IIoT, a larger scale and complex deployment has been a noticeable obstacle for minimizing power consumption and routing on real time. Thus, the proposed algorithm is targeted at large-scale systems where data are aggregated through different clusters on their way to the sink. Moreover, a hierarchical system framework is employed to promote scalability of IIoT elements. By estimating the residual energy and hop counts for each path, the data can be forwarded to the destination through the optimal path. Simulation results show that the scheme can reduce the energy consumption and end-to-end delay effectively.

Dong-Seong Kim, Hoa Tran-Dang

Chapter 18. 3D Perception Framework for Stacked Container Layout in the Physical Internet

Abstract

The Physical Internet concept was developed to address the current unsustainability problem of logistic systems. The key elements are the encapsulation and the handling of world-standard smart green modular containers (π-containers) throughout an open global logistic infrastructure. Logistic processes such as partial loading/unloading or splitting/merging of π-containers play an important role for a successful Physical Internet. However, the large variety of transformation processes can introduce desynchronization between the physical and informational flows, i.e., the real composition of a composite π-container (a set of stacked π-containers) can differ of the information stored in the supply chain management system. To overcome this problem, this chapter proposes a system to generate and maintain automatically a virtual three-dimensional layout reflecting the spatial distribution of π-containers. The proposed approach uses smart π-containers equipped with wireless sensor nodes. The relative position of π-containers can be determined by the neighborhood relationships between the sensor nodes. From this information, a constraint set is formulated in a Constraint Satisfaction Problem where each solution is a potential loading pattern. The methodology is developed and computational experiments are proposed, as a proof-of-concept. The results show that our proposed method yields quick and satisfactory results.

Dong-Seong Kim, Hoa Tran-Dang

Chapter 19. An Information Framework of Internet of Things Services for Physical Internet

Abstract

The Physical Internet (PI, or π) concept was developed to address the current un-sustainability problem of logistics systems. The key physical elements in the PI include π-containers, π-nodes, and π-movers. The π-containers designed to be world-standard, smart, green, and modular are moved, handled, and stored throughout an open global logistic infrastructure. Meanwhile, the π-nodes and π-movers including physical systems and vehicles are designed to exploit as best as possible the characteristics of π-containers to facilitate material handling processes. Thus, the logistics industry vision is a key player poised to benefit from the Internet of Things (IoT) revolution since millions of π-containers with contained shipments being moved, tracked, and stored by a variety of the π-nodes and π-movers each day. This chapter proposes first an information framework enabling IoT of the PI infrastructure and then a service-oriented architecture (SOA) for the IoT applied for providing the IoT logistics services for the PI. A case study utilizing the architecture is presented to illustrate an efficient management service of logistics operations in the PI.

Dong-Seong Kim, Hoa Tran-Dang

Backmatter

Titel: Industrial Sensors and Controls in Communication Networks
verfasst von: Prof. Dong-Seong Kim
Dr. Hoa Tran-Dang
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-04927-0
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-04926-3
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04927-0