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2018 | Buch

Innovative Polymeric Adsorbents

Radiation-Induced Graft Polymerization

verfasst von: Prof. Dr. Kyoichi Saito, Dr. Kunio Fujiwara, Dr. Takanobu Sugo

Verlag: Springer Singapore

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Über dieses Buch

This book presents the reader with a story-based narrative of discovery and development of radiation-induced graft polymerization. The report presented here accomplishes this by relating the inspiring account of research and development based on long-term collaboration among a professor, an engineer, and an entrepreneur. Their goal, ultimately successful, was to come up with a method for grafting functional polymer chains onto existing trunk polymers. The desired outcome was to produce feasible forms for practical use as adsorbents such as porous hollow-fiber membranes, porous sheets, nonwoven fabrics, and fibers. Adsorbents that specifically and efficiently bind to target ions and molecules are essential for capturing uranium species in seawater and antibody drugs in biological fluids and for removing metal ions from ultrapure water and radioactive cesium ions from contaminated water.
This unique volume, with its clearly written text and many illustrative figures and diagrams, demonstrates the advantages of the high-adsorption capacity and rate and the easy handling of new polymeric adsorbents over conventional adsorbents. The dynamic behavior of graft chains as described here is certain to appeal especially to chemists, physicists, and material scientists as well as to other readers with an interest in this valuable subject.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. Fundamentals of Radiation-Induced Graft Polymerization
Abstract
Among the various graft polymerization methods, radiation-induced graft polymerization is powerful in that various forms of existing polymers can be selected as trunk polymers and converted into polymeric adsorbents. In particular, preirradiation graft polymerization has an advantage that the graft polymerization step can be separated from the irradiation step, which will enhance the industrial production of graft-type materials. The grafting of an epoxy-group-containing vinyl monomer, glycidyl methacrylate, enables the introduction of different functional moieties such as ion-exchange and chelate-forming groups, and hydrophobic and affinity ligands. In this chapter, batch and flow-through modes are described as methods of evaluating the performance of adsorbents for metal ions and proteins.
Kyoichi Saito, Kunio Fujiwara, Takanobu Sugo
Chapter 2. Scientific Findings on Graft Chains
Abstract
A graft chain immobilized onto a trunk polymer by radiation-induced graft polymerization has a free end and an immobile end. Depending on the formation site, the graft chain is divided into a polymer brush extending from the surface of the trunk polymer and a polymer root entering the matrix of the trunk polymer. The graft chain will extend or shrink depending on the density of the charged group of the graft chain and the ionic strength of the liquid surrounding the graft chain. An extended polymer brush captures proteins in multilayers via multipoints. When a graft chain is immobilized over a porous membrane, the permeability of the liquid through the porous membrane reflects the static and dynamic behavior of the graft chain. Also, the graft-chain phase diffusion of metal ions and proteins occurs, driven by the gradient of the number of ions and proteins bound by the graft chain.
Kyoichi Saito, Kunio Fujiwara, Takanobu Sugo
Chapter 3. Revolution in the Form of Polymeric Adsorbents 1: Porous Hollow-Fiber Membranes and Porous Sheets
Abstract
Porous hollow-fiber membranes and porous sheets used for microfiltration can be modified into porous adsorbents by radiation-induced graft polymerization. The three-dimensional modification or modification over the entire volume of the porous trunk polymer provides a functional density comparable to that of conventional adsorbents. The ideal adsorption in a flow-through mode is achievable because the time required for a target to diffuse to the functional moiety is much shorter than the residence time of the target solution as it passes through the porous membrane or sheet. The multilayer binding of proteins via multipoints in the polymer brush is applied to the immobilization of an enzyme at a high density, leading to high activity in enzyme reactions such as the quantitative hydrolysis of 4 M urea solution.
Kyoichi Saito, Kunio Fujiwara, Takanobu Sugo
Chapter 4. Revolution in the Form of Polymeric Adsorbents 2: Fibers, Films, and Particles
Abstract
Commercially available adsorbents are in the form of beads, granules, and short-length fibers. A 15-cm-diameter bobbin consisting of a fiber can be modified by radiation-induced graft polymerization. The fiber of the resultant bobbin can be fabricated into a wound filter, a nonwoven fabric, or a braid depending on the conditions of practical separation. In this chapter, examples of the application of functional fibers are the recovery of uranium from seawater using a chelating-group-immobilized fiber and the resolution of neodymium and dysprosium using an extractant-impregnated fiber. In addition, a polyethylene film is modified into ion-exchange membranes installed in an electrodialyzer for the production of edible salt.
Kyoichi Saito, Kunio Fujiwara, Takanobu Sugo
Chapter 5. Competition Between Graft Chains and Rivals
Abstract
New polymeric adsorbents prepared by radiation-induced graft polymerization are superior to conventional adsorbents in terms of resolution in elution chromatography and dynamic binding capacity in the flow-through mode. However, currently used adsorbents cannot be easily replaced with our new graft-type adsorbents. Thus far, graft-type adsorbents have not been considered as alternatives. This chapter provides information indicating that graft-type adsorbents may be useful for separation. When a new need for separation that cannot be easily met using existing adsorbents arises, then graft-type adsorbents will be available as promising candidates to meet this need.
Kyoichi Saito, Kunio Fujiwara, Takanobu Sugo
Chapter 6. Commercial Products by Radiation-Induced Graft Polymerization
Abstract
Radiation-induced graft polymerization is a powerful tool for the following reasons: (1) From the macroscopic standpoint, the form of the adsorbent can be selected. For example, nonwoven fabrics and porous sheets may be adopted as trunk polymers instead of beads or granules. (2) From the microscopic standpoint, graft chains are relatively flexible, providing a novel space for ions and molecules. For example, proteins can be multilayered via multipoint binding, and inorganic precipitates can be immobilized through entanglement and penetration. (3) From an industrial standpoint, the pre-irradiation method is advantageous in that the processes, i.e., irradiation and grafting, are separable. An electron-beam-irradiated wound film and bobbins of gamma-ray-irradiated fibers can be used as trunk polymers in continuous and batch modes, respectively. Many polymeric adsorbents of various forms and components can be produced by radiation-induced graft polymerization.
Kyoichi Saito, Kunio Fujiwara, Takanobu Sugo
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
Innovative Polymeric Adsorbents
verfasst von
Prof. Dr. Kyoichi Saito
Dr. Kunio Fujiwara
Dr. Takanobu Sugo
Copyright-Jahr
2018
Verlag
Springer Singapore
Electronic ISBN
978-981-10-8563-5
Print ISBN
978-981-10-8562-8
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8563-5

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