Integrating Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence for Industry 4.0 Innovations

In recent years, machine learning (ML) has become a hot topic of research and application. ML model and huge amount of data growth difficulties still follow ML development. With the lack of new data and constant training, published ML models may soon become obsolete; unscrupulous data contributors may upload incorrectly labelled data, leading to poor training results; and data leakage and abuse are all possible outcomes. These issues can be effectively addressed by using blockchain, a new and rapidly evolving technology. With the advancement of various smart devices and the field of artificial intelligence and machine learning, interdisciplinary collaboration with blockchain technology may be incredibly valuable for future investigations. Collaborative ML and blockchain convergence can be studied here, with emphasis on how these two technologies can be combined and their application areas. On the other hand, look at the existing research’s shortcomings and future enhancements.

The Internet of Things (IoT) enables Internet-connected devices to transmit data to private blockchain networks, allowing for the creation of tamper-resistant documents with shareable exchanges. IoT blockchain technology enables you to communicate and connect IoT data with key stakeholders, while avoiding the need for extensive management and control. Each transfer can be checked to ensure there are no disagreements and to build trust in the network. Blockchain technology protects data from being changed, restricts access to Internet-connected devices, and allows vulnerable IoT devices to be shut down. Blockchain encryption eliminates the possibility of someone overwriting existing data records. In addition, storing IoT data on the blockchain adds an extra layer of security, preventing malicious attackers from accessing the system. The many blockchain IoT firms provide significant value in revolutionizing company operations and daily routines. IoT blockchain firms demonstrate the possibility of blockchain and IoT integration. For instance, Helium is a successful blockchain IoT company specializing in securing Internet connections. This chapter presents the vital role of the Internet of Things and blockchain in the healthcare domain. The integration of blockchain technology in the healthcare industry has given us a chance to solve some problems with IoT networks. In recent years, the need for blockchain-enabled IoT transactions has become an essential technology that will change how users share data. A scenario has been developed to enhance this study to analyse the integration, need, and obstacles associated with blockchain-enabled IoT transactions in the healthcare area. As a result, there is also an IoT model designed using devices for hospitals that take into account all of these people and their needs and the office space where they work.

Blockchain is an emerging and disruptive technology that has gained growing popularity in recent years and has been implemented in different fields. This chapter reviews the Blockchain adoption in the supply chain domain by examining the achievements of Blockchain in overcoming supply chain difficulties. The majority of prior research is predominantly about possible ways of adoption, proofs-of-concept, and beta projects. This research goes a step further and describes the effects of implementing Blockchain-based applications in real supply chain cases. The findings are achieved with a multiple case-study analysis on a sample of 10 projects selected out of 45 Blockchain-based supply chain projects. Finally, a conceptual model incorporating the formulated propositions is presented, suggesting that Blockchain has more potential to address enhanced collaboration, transparency, sustainability, risks mitigation, and efficiency challenges of supply chains.

Disease is a common term used for ailments in all species, from humans to animals and plants. This research work helps to identify the diseases of plants. There are many methods to identify the plant’s disease using various techniques and algorithms; in this work, leaf disease is identified focusing on the ailment identification using quantum computing techniques to get a vivid result for better crop production. As there are many diseases in a paddy crop, they have been categorized into two types: nursery diseases and main field diseases. Both types cause a great loss in crop yield. In this research work, main field diseases are studied; though there are various main field diseases, research work targets leaf color changing, and colored spots. The existing methods use hybrid algorithms using AI techniques, but the result is not favorable, therefore, to get a precise result, the methodology is focused on techniques based on quantum computing. The technique to identify disease in a plant varies from leaf to leaf, but the base disease remains the same. Defects like yellow, black, and white spots are common problems. The fungi disease takes the energy from the plants in which they live, this leads to conditions like wilting, scabs, moldy coatings, rusts, blotches, and rotted tissues. All these problems have different existing solutions, through this research work, a minimal fault detection method is identified to reduce the flaws in the paddy crop. As the initial step, paddy crops are taken for research work; later, this can be extended to wheat and maize. The focus is on a hybrid approach of quantum computing and AI as quantum computing techniques help to spot patterns in large data sets. The concept of quantum image processing will help to elaborate the images of a leaf to identify its defect. QIP uses high varied quantum lattice methods to identify clear leaf images by reducing noise and paving the way to identify the discolored leaf at a minimal time. quantum computing possibly paves way for new opportunities in the techniques of Artificial Intelligence, for better predictions and decision-making involving a combination of large data collected from various resources, to produce very clear results. This research work aims to solve the problem of proper identification of paddy crops by studying the image carefully with the designed algorithms to achieve better results that lead to better productivity. The image detection helps to trigger the crop production by routine test work on the image captured thus optimizing the consistency and accuracy. This work also helps to detect the related issues during image computation using image classification techniques.

The fourth industrial revolution was led by Industry 4.0, which turned traditional into smart factories controlled by the Internet of Things (IoT). Because of the high incidence of work-related accidents and losses, the building industry faces a range of problems and is regarded as a high-risk industry. These difficulties often lead to higher-level problems such as overruns of cost, schedule expansion, and failure of the project. As a result, construction research has decided to identify best practices for enhancing safety, performance, and efficiency. The characteristics of portable devices, as well as safety criteria that can be used to forecast safety, efficiency, and organization practices are recognized and analysed. Adoption of recommender systems will result in significant improvements in terms of protection, reliability, and productivity, as well as a reduction in the risk of falling. Individual portable sensors or devices combined for multiparameter safety output monitoring based on their characteristics can be used effectively.

Sharing patient data across health organizations is currently not secure, and doing so without mutual trust may result in data privacy violations. Through the implementation of Industry 4.0 principles, the whole ecosystem is advancing toward Healthcare 4.0. Periodic medical data sensing, aggregation, data transfer, data sharing, and data storage were the core components of Healthcare 4.0. The blockchain provides trust in the flow of patient medical information between health institutions. In this research, a permissioned blockchain network based on the Hyperledger Fabric architecture is built among patients and medical institutions to achieve secure and trustworthy data exchange for patients. Using the Hyperledger Fabric framework, blockchain can effectively handle electronic health records by combining the customized access-control method with asymmetric cryptography to remove inconsistency in data interchange. This work provides the results with different chaincodes and assesses Fabric’s performance as the number of chaincodes and peers grow.

The Low Rate Wireless Personal Area Network (LR-WPAN) is adopted for various purposes in the Internet of Things (IoT), where the systems need to be integrated to improve connectivity, productivity, and overall geographic distribution. The implementation of Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN) across recorded wavelengths with Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) is for extending the development of Long-Term Evolution (LTE). The Long-Term Evolution of Machines (LTE-M) is a formalized technique to form a 5G communication in the organization. It provides a hybrid network development technology that efficiently links various connections to the same piece of equipment. Another example is the combination of a previous IEEE 802.15.4 infrastructure using NB-IoT. The work examines aspects underlying the development of various embedded broadcasters rather than their operation. Moreover, the Dynamic Link Selection (DLS) mechanism group descriptors are proposed to continually check the connection performance. Comprehensive calculations show that the use of the DLS method greatly improves the battery consumption on both terminals and has the highest resource requirements of the system. With sensor networks more prone to attacks, blockchain-based WSN (BWSN) is proposed to improve security and trust.

Water constitutes an indispensable element that assures our existence. In fact, the main part of the human body is formed by water (more than 60%). In addition, all living beings such as plants, animals, and vegetables require water. However, in recent days, this vital resource is condemned by pollutant due to many factors. Consequently, implementation of real-time water quality index monitoring can play a significant role to manage water quality. Besides, it helps water manager to alert users if water with poor quality was sensed. In this study, our aim is to develop a new application for real-time monitoring water quality index-based programming language Java, and the new technology Internet of Things. The experimental validation demonstrates that our developed application can sense water parameters and then computes WQI. Then, users can visualize the measurement ether in graphics or in standard table.

In agriculture, blockchain enables peer-to-peer transactions with extreme transparency and eliminates the need for a middleman or intermediary. Food attribution may be outlined using blockchain technology, in order to help the making of reliable food supply chains and the establishment of trust between producers and consumers. It encourages the adoption of data-driven technology in agriculture by offering a safe data storage system. In this chapter, we are aiming to discuss food supply chains, farming assurance, E-Agriculture, and farming resource transactions using blockchain technology in a theoretical and practical manner. We also confer the trials of monitoring farmer businesses and building a blockchain ecosystem for the food and agriculture industries. The Internet of Things (IoT), grid specimen, topographical information system (TIS), in-season decision-making, different current data collecting and analysis, and sensor technologies are all features of precision agriculture. The development of a comprehensive security system that supports the usage and administration of data is a critical aspect of constructing smart agriculture.

The authority claims that an electronic voting system is secure, yet features such as transparency and integrity are not adequately addressed. This study focuses on developing an online voting platform that uses Blockchain technology to meet the aforementioned characteristics and thereby take account of its advantages as it operates as a service to conduct voting and store the results.

Organ donation is an important part of healthcare and can save countless lives. But the organ donation system has many loopholes and rampant organ trafficking exists. The organ donation rate in India is one of the lowest in the world – around 5 lakh people die each year due to lack of access to timely organ donation. Our study discusses a novel platform for organ transplant matching for end users – healthcare organizations, donors and receivers – in a secure and traceable manner, minimizing organ trafficking. The application can be extended to aid people to access plasma donations and medications in the current pandemic situation. With blockchain being popular, it has become one of the best choices for data security and scalability. Hence, the Ethereum blockchain approach to design a platform in achieving these goals is highly sought and could prove to be a breakthrough in solving a crucial real-world issue.

Crowdfunding refers to a way of raising funds from individuals and/or firms for business purposes. Conventionally, it is a manual process, in which, the collected fund is available with a single entity (firm or an individual). In such cases, it has been observed that the funds could be diverted elsewhere or misused. Online crowdfunding platform powered through blockchain technology brings in transparency and accountability to such transactions, which could possibly improve the scale of business since more and more people would now like to fund the ventures as each individual is aware of the utilization of the funds. The blockchain technology builds upon the Industrial Internet (Industry 4.0), a transparent and secure environment for the people and the transactions. In this chapter, one such application based on blockchain technology is proposed that has the potential to improve the security and reliability of the transactions. Since the control in blockchain-based technology is decentralized, it effectively addresses the monopoly over the funds and improves the accountability of the one who is making the investments.

An individual’s qualification is determined by the educational certificates, which serve as proof. Nowadays each and everything has been represented in digital form in which the academic certificate of school and college education is digitalized by the educational board or University and granted to the students. It had been troublesome to keep up the academic qualification records and can be a loophole to fraud and unethical. The process of verification and evaluation was a tiresome and unwieldy process for both the employer organization and academic institution. The traditional method of approving the lawfulness and originality of certificates had not given abundant potency in averting forgery. In our project, a trustable and spoil-proof blockchain-based certificate authentication methodology is proposed to make the employee verification process easier for any employer. It verifies the essential documents required by the applicant for an interview process. Unlike the conventional verification system, the proposed methodology is maintained by blockchain-based sealed smart contracts to automatize the authentication method and supply lucidity and authenticity needed for developing a quick, reliable, and cost-efficient authentication system. The hash value of the digital certificate is obtained by employing the SHA3-512 algorithm which enhances security. Then the academic records are represented in the blockchain system in the Merkle tree structure and these certificates are validated by using the smart contracts.

Each year, billions of students complete their studies, continue their education, and either find employment in the private sector or in graduate school. The business also invests a lot of effort in verifying the validity of the applicant’s certificate. To reflect their credentials and degrees, people frequently counterfeit certificates. An expert con artist’s fake certificate is never simple to identify. Therefore, improving the certification verification process is really necessary. Recently, Blockchain technology was introduced, which might replace the manual student verification method. This work provides a decentralized student verification infrastructure built on the Blockchain that will make it simple to issue, review, and validate academic credentials. Based on the comparison of hashes currently present in the Blockchain, the student’s identity and academic history are both confirmed. The archives are also linked to the understudy in the suggested method to provide an additional layer of assurance. This approach will aid academics and institutions in keeping the system transparent and secure.

Climate change is currently being considered as one of the most worrying problems of humanity. It can be stated today that the impacts of human activities are changing the Earth’s climate on a global scale. Aerosols disturb the Earth’s radioactive balance through their direct effects. It is now recognized that the role of anthropogenic embers on the climate evolution is significant compared to greenhouse gases. Despite the intensification of investigations on this subject, the assessment of anthropogenic aerosols’ radiative forcing and the impact on physical variables are still very uncertain. The major causes of uncertainty stem from our poor knowledge of the emission sources of aerosols but also of their process of formation, conversion, and storage. Emerging aerosols released by the quarries are largely made up of a mixture of dust, sulphates, and nitrates and are discernible in the Hemisphere. In situ, satellite, and ground-based measurements all need to be improved. The precise methods by which aerosols interact with the natural environment, on the other hand, are extremely complicated and remain largely unknown. Our research is a comparative study between our system of the internet of things and the satellite atmospheric models to have the performance and the spatial-temporal variability of the concentrations of fine particles of diameter lower (PM10) and lower (PM2.5) at the level of site of study in Morocco, the tested system gives favorable results and for the system sheltering a great number of quarries of extraction and thus offering a system of capture of particles to high- resolution.

The application of blockchains along with machine-learning (ML) algorithms will provide safe data transactions because it is an unchanging kind of disseminated record that is suitable for loading information without depending on outside data. In addition, a few machine-learning algorithms using blockchains can prevent ransomware attacks. Even though a lot of work has gone into using blockchains with algorithms for network safety, too few exhaustive overviews have been conducted on blockchain frameworks that use such algorithms for online protection. A new advancement in the Internet of Things (IoT), in cutting-edge intelligent systems (ISs), can hold sufficient information to conduct big data analyses with high accuracy and low inertness in security. Thus, for conducting efficient and effective analytics on blockchain data, a neural network of deep learning (DL) could be a better option because it can identify all the layers. The research in this chapter focuses on cybersecurity in blockchains by using neural networks. The proposed method, which combines a multilayer perceptron (MLP) with long short-term memory (LSTM) models for online security to establish an arrangement that is based on market patterns, provides security to data transactions such as online payments.

A blockchain is a distributed database featuring a decentralized digital network. A blockchain contains a set of data that can store information in blocks on an electronic platform in an advanced setup that uses a systematic framework via the Internet. Blockchains are popular because of their roles in cryptocurrency networks—such as Bitcoin—which must have a secure payment system. This method of transaction is perceived as an imaginative technique for online payments because it enables productive, straightforward, and secure exchanges. The blockchain of Bitcoin turned innovation into success by building a peer-to-peer monetary transaction network for secure transactions—a network that connects global financial markets with a circulated framework without any weak links.

The purpose of this research is to provide the best hybrid algorithm for cryptocurrency so that secure payments can be made. For example, because booking a hotel room reservation becomes complex when that hotel is located in other country. Currency exchanges and funds transfers have become expensive because of high exchange rates, so using cryptocurrency to make hotel room reservations is a cheaper option.

The security quality in Vehicular Ad-hoc NETworks (VANET) has improved as a result of recent developments in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). However, within the current VANET system, providing a cheap computational cost with a high serving capability is a significant necessity. When a vehicle user goes between one Roadside Unit (RSU) to another RSU region in the current scenario, the current RSU periodically needs re-authentication of the vehicle user. This increases the computational complexity of the system. The gathering and broadcast of existing traffic event information by automobiles are critical in Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANET). Traditional VANETs, on the other hand, have several security concerns. This work develops a blockchain-based authentication protocol to address the aforementioned difficulty. To address critical message propagation issues in the VANET, we invent a novel type of blockchain. We develop a local blockchain for exchanging real-world event messages among cars within a country’s borders, which is a novel sort of blockchain ideal for the VANET. We describe a public blockchain RPCA that records the trustworthiness of nodes and messages in such a distributed ledger suitable for secure message distribution.

In past years with upgrades in sensor technology, new networking streams and wireless communication with fast networks are applied to the Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). It raised the region of WSN to a wide reach that led to its massive usage in areas like biotechnology, military applications, IoT, etc. Because of the self-administering nature of sensors in WSN environments, the sensor hubs are also open to compromise. Exactly when a hub is compromised, a few attacks are possible, for instance, spoofing and sinkhole attacks. In this work, the sinkhole attack in WSN is designed and Artificial Bee Colony – Attack Detection (ABC-AD) mechanism for perceiving the sinkhole attack in WSN is proposed. The combination of blockchain and the Artificial Bee Colony is used for evaluating the precedented area of sinkhole attack using the rule-based identical methodology and voting-based methodology. The proposed method shows good resistance and detects sinkholes with a 2% increase in performance when compared with other techniques. The proposed methodology is intuited by the shortfalls of the existing algorithms and the effectiveness of Gestalt consciousness algorithms in the recent era leading to an optimized Artificial Bee Colony exchange security mechanism with blockchain.

Industry 4.0, which involves the automation of core operations, aims to build an intelligent, connected, and reliable supply chain. An essential aspect of information security, the reliability of the systems was based on cordial relations, assurances, openness, and accountability. Specialists in a variety of areas of IT have become interested in blockchain technology as a safe and affordable setting to monitor many company productions. Cyber-Physical Smart Manufacturing Systems (CPSMS) were advanced production technologies that strive to synchronize and link the hardware reality of machines with the digital domain. In addition, for CPSMS to be used in the real world, extended interconnection and a computing framework were essential. The unified 3 blockchain design proposed in this study serves as a framework for experts and businesses to properly recognize the possibilities of blockchain to adjust, expand, and integrate this innovation with their industrial advancements towards Industry 4.0. Additionally, the federated learning-enabled technology offers safe power exchange between many crucial organizations. Reliability assessments are performed to evaluate the proposed solution’s performance in terms of reliability and responsiveness in a scenario involving an energy exchange network for vehicles.

In a cryptocurrency wallet, the private and public keys of the blockchain are maintained, but not the real currency values. Customers can send and receive virtual currency/tokens, as well as adjust their balance, using wallets that interface with blockchains. Many investors from the worldwide stock market have recently entered the Bitcoin company because of the cryptocurrency market’s recent overgrowth. The Bitcoin wallet is where users connect and manage their investments and transactions. In this work, cryptocurrency wallet is made that can send Ethereum from one address to another. Users can attach an Ethereum transfer with a specific(unique) message and a graphics interchange format (GIF) that will be unique to that specific transaction that is maintained on the main blockchain network. Smart contracts will be used to carry out the deals. We’ll be using the Robson Test Network, also known as Ethereum Test Net, which is a testing network that uses the same Ethereum protocol as the main network and is used for testing before going live on the main network (Main Net). This is a cryptocurrency react application that provides detailed information about all cryptocurrency and their current rates, as well as the most recent updates based on market fluctuations. We’ll also employ a quick API to acquire the most recent news about various cryptocurrencies, so consumers can receive everything they need to know about a certain cryptocurrency on a single page.

Artificial intelligence (AI) and blockchain technologies are revolutionizing the banking industry and impacting how banks operate. Not only do these technologies help increase the speed of transactions and reduce security risks, but they can also help financial institutions develop blockchain smart contracts that further enhance digital transactions. AI and blockchain are innovative technologies that pave the way for digital transformation and that will bring about disruptive changes in various industries. Technological innovations such as robotics, cloud technology, and the mobile economy have asserted themselves very quickly in recent years through evolution such as social media and digital identities and have become an important part of the commercial and social economy. The combination of artificial intelligence and blockchain creates what is perhaps the most reliable technology-enabled decision-making system in the world, one that is virtually tamper-proof and delivers robust insights and decisions. This technology enables the exchange of digital information without external users or intermediaries. Utilizing decentralization through blockchain makes digital transactions more secure. Moreover, combining AI and blockchain can contribute to improving cyber security, streamlining financial operations, improving marketing, providing better health care, etc.