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Erschienen in:
2021 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel
1. Introduction to the Principles of Cement and Concrete Composites
verfasst von : Natt Makul
Erschienen in: Principles of Cement and Concrete Composites
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Abstract
More advanced techniques have been proposed for construction purposes and improvement cement because of the global sustainability demand. Alongside the integrations of positive policies, emission reductions for all infrastructural projects can be achieved when there shall be swift scale-up in the novel cement use. The book explores techniques such as self-consolidating and advanced nano cements, green cement, and steel fiber reinforcements and how they contribute to construction cost reductions and environmental sustainability. In comparison with the traditional cement, improved multifunctional nano-engineered concretes exhibit advanced functionalities. They for example have up to 146% and 76.5% respective compressive and flexural strengths. They also have improved electrical and thermos-mechanical performances with considerable declines in absorption of waters of about 400%. Technologies of modern engineering aim at generating multifunctional and ultra-high performance concrete substances because of the increased demands for cost-effectiveness, sustainability, and durability. Such building materials are marked by long-term performances and advanced mechanical characteristics. Also, they incorporate characteristics that promote different uses making them sustainable for future applications. Advanced concrete composites are important in multifunctional uses such as in chemical and marine exposed environments because of their high corrosion resistance, affordability, high durability, and lightweight nature. Composite materials (combinations of aggregates) offer an in-built mixture of toughness and stiffness with corrosion resistance and lightweight properties. Such materials are obtained from various compositions with different physical and chemical characteristics. Combinations of such concretes give special capability that gives composite materials an advantage over other improvement methods. Major classifications are explained below:
1.
Reinforcement-based composites: The first categorization is founded on reinforcements. Examples are particle-reinforced materials, fiber-reinforced materials, and sheet-reinforced materials. Fiber can be taken from synthetic fibers or organic components such as basalts, carbon, and glasses. Particle-reinforced concretes are categorized into dispersion and large particles. One of the largest particle composites is concrete mixture with gravels and sands. Particle-reinforced concretes have the benefits of production ease and low costs, while particle-reinforced concretes do not perform better than fiber-reinforced composites. Sheet reinforcements comprise glasses. Glass fiber-reinforced concretes are fiber-reinforced concrete forms consisting of alkali-resistant and high-strength glass fibers distributed into composite matrix. An example of concrete composites founded on reinforcements is RPC. It consists of fine grains of silica fumes, quartz, sand, and cement. Also, it has components of steel fibers and superplasticizers.
2.
Matrix phase-based composites: The second composite classification is founded on the matrix phases. Matrix phase-based composites include metal matrix composite, ceramic matrix composite, and polymer matrix composite. Ceramic matrix composites, also known as inverse composites, are custom-made to overcome the challenges of brittleness and monolithic ceramics. They consist of fibers of silicon carbide, silicon nitride (SiN), and aluminum oxide (Al2O3). Metal matrix composites (MMCs) consist of metallic reinforcement of aluminum (Al), titanium (Ti), magnesium (Mg), and copper (Cu). Polymer matrix composites (PMCs) have matrices as their components scattered with metal fibers, carbon, and glasses.
3.
Nanoscale-based composite: The last classification of composite is based on scales. Bio-composites and nanocomposites are the two types. The nanocomposite involves material mixing and improvements at the nanoscales that result in concretes with exceptional qualities. The demands for bio-composite are for ecological sustainability and biodegradability because they can be obtained from fibers of sugar palms reinforced in matrices of sago starches.