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2017 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

1. Introduction

verfasst von : Bruce L. Hay

Erschienen in: Nazi-Looted Art and the Law

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

This introductory chapter describes the Holocaust-era art restitution claims brought in the American courts, and provides an overview of the “labyrinthine” cluster of issues they raise in the domains of domestic, international, and foreign law.

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Nächstes Kapitel United States v. Portrait of Wally

Dobrzynski (1997).

On Holocaust-era looting and destruction of art, see Nicholas (1994), Petropoulos (1996), Feliciano (1997), Simpson (1997), Müller and Tatzkow (2010), Hopp (2012), Ronald (2015), and Huyssen et al. (2017). The prisoner reference was coined by Elan Steinberg of the World Jewish Congress. See Dellheim (2013), which also discusses Pierre Nora’s concept of “sites of memory,” mentioned above in the preface.

United States v. Portrait of Wally, a Painting by Egon Schiele, No. 99-Civ.-9940 (S.D.N.Y., filed Sep. 22, 1999). The case is examined in Chap. 2.

Elaine Rosenberg et al. v. Seattle Art Museum, No. 98-cv-1073 (W.D. Wash., filed July 31, 1998). Because the case produced no written opinions (except concerning an ancillary dispute between the museum and another defendant), I do not examine the case in this book. For a summary, see Lee (1999).

Martin Grosz et al. v. Museum of Modern Art, No. 09-cv-3706 (S.D.N.Y., filed April 10, 2009). See Chap. 8.

Museum of Fine Arts, Boston v. Claudia Seger-Thomschitz, No. 08-cv-10097 (D. Mass., filed Jan. 22, 2008). See Chap. 10.

Detroit Institute of Arts v. George Ullin et al., No. 06-cv-10333 (E.D. Mich., filed Jan. 24, 2006); Toledo Museum of Art v. George Ullin et al., No. 06-cv-7031 (N.D. Ohio, filed Jan. 24, 2006). See Chap. 13.

Museum of Modern Art and the Guggenheim Museum of Modern Art v. Julius Schoeps et al., No. 07-Civ.-11074 (S.D.N.Y., filed Dec. 7, 2007). See Chap. 11.

Marei von Saher et al. v. Norton Simon Museum of Art at Pasadena, No. 07-cv-2866 (C.D. Cal., filed May 1, 2007). See Chap. 6.

Nick Goodman et al. v. Daniel Searle, No. 96-cv-6459 (N.D. Ill., filed July 17, 1996). Because the case produced no written judicial opinions, I do not examine it in this book. The case is discussed in Dobrzynski (1998) and Trienens (2000).

Sarah Adler et al. v. Elizabeth Taylor, No. 04-cv-8472 (C.D. Cal., filed Oct. 13, 2004). Andrew Orkin was later substituted as lead named plaintiff. See Chap. 5.

David Bakalar v. Milos Vavra et al., No. 04-cv-3037 (S.D.N.Y., filed Mar. 21, 2005). See Chap. 9. Another case brought by Grünbaum heirs, Timothy Reif et al. v. Richard Nagy et al., No. 161799/2015 (N.Y. Sup. Ct., filed Nov. 16, 2015), is pending.

Sarah Dunbar v. Claudia Seger-Thomschitz, No. 08-cv-711 (E.D. La., filed Jan. 22, 2008). The case is briefly discussed at the end of Chap. 10, which focuses on Seger-Thomschitz’s claim against the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.

Robert Vineberg et al. v. Maria-Louise Bissonnette, No. 06-cv-211 (D.R.I., filed May 8, 2006). See Chap. 14.

Maria Altmann v. Republic of Austria, No. 00-cv-8913 (C.D. Cal., filed Aug. 22, 2000). See Chap. 3.

Fred Westfield et al. v. Federal Republic of Germany, No. 09-cv-204 (M.D. Tenn., filed Mar. 2, 2009). See Chap. 4.

Andrew Orkin v. Swiss Confederation et al., No. 09-cv-10013 (S.D.N.Y., filed Dec. 7, 2009). The case is briefly discussed at the end of Chap. 5, which focuses on Orkin’s claims against Elizabeth Taylor.

Claude Cassirer v. Kingdom of Spain and Thyssen-Bornemisza Foundation, No. 05-cv-3459 (C.D. Cal., filed May 10, 2005). See Chap. 7.

David de Csepel et al. v. Republic of Hungary et al., No. 10-cv-1261 (D.D.C., filed July 27, 2010). See Chap. 12.

The quotations in this paragraph are from Bakalar v. Vavra, 819 F. Supp.2d 293, 294 (S.D.N.Y. 2011), and United States v. Portrait of Wally, 663 F. Supp.2d 23, 264 (S.D.N.Y. 2009).

Orkin v. Taylor, 487 F.3d 734 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 552 U.S. 990 (2007).

Grosz v. Museum of Modern Art, 772 F. Supp.2d 473 (S.D.N.Y.), aff’d, Grosz v. Museum of Modern Art, 403 Fed. Appx. 575 (2d Cir. 2010), cert. denied, 565 U.S. 819 (2011).

Vineberg v. Bissonnette, 529 F. Supp.2d 300 (D.R.I. 2007), aff’d, Vineberg v. Bissonnette, 548 F.3d 50 (1st Cir. 2008).

2002 Cal. Legis. Serv. Ch. 332 (A.B.1758).

Von Saher v. Norton Simon Museum of Art, 592 F.3d 954 (9th Cir. 2010), cert. denied, 564 U.S. 1037 (2011).

Holocaust Victims Redress Act, Pub. L. No. 105-158 § 202, 112 Stat. 15, 17–18 (1998).

U.S. Dept. of State, The Washington Conference on Holocaust Era Assets, Washington Principles on Nazi-Confiscated Art (Dec. 3, 1998); Vilnius International Forum on Holocaust-Era Looted Cultural Assets, Vilnius Forum Declaration (Oct. 5, 2000); Prague Holocaust Era Assets Conference, Terezín Declaration on Holocaust Era Assets and Related Issues (June 30, 2009).

Holocaust Expropriated Art Recovery Act, Pub. L. 114–308 (Dec. 16, 2016), § 2(6), discussed in Chap. 15. Because it only applies to claims filed or pending after its enactment, the Act does not affect past cases in which courts have ruled claims time-barred.

Altmann v. Republic of Austria, 142 F.Supp.2d 1187 (C.D. Cal. 2001), aff’d, 317 F.3d 954 (9th Cir. 2003), aff’d, 541 U.S. 699 (2004).

A related recurring issue in the cases is whether a matter should be dismissed under the doctrine of forum non conveniens or some similar principle.

The location of most of the art nonetheless remains unknown.

Museum of Fine Arts, Boston v. Seger-Thomschitz, 2009 WL 6506658 (D. Mass. 2009), aff’d, 623 F.3d 1 (1st Cir. 2010); Dunbar v. Seger-Thomschitz, 615 F.3d 574 (5th Cir. 2010).

Orkin v. Taylor, 487 F.3d 734, 736 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 552 U.S. 990 (2007).

Id. at 737.

In addition to the works cited in note 2 above, see Aly (2007), Dean et al. (2007), Dean (2008), and Huener and Nicosia (2009).

Simon v. Republic of Hungary, 812 F.3d 127, 142–43 (D.C. Cir. 2016) (emphasis in original). See also Abelesz v. Magyar Nemzeti Bank, 692 F.3d 661, 675 (7th Cir. 2012). The designation is important for purposes of determining whether a particular expropriation violated international law. See Section 12.3.1 below.

See Eizenstat (2003), Bazyler (2003), and Bazyler and Alford (2006).

See European Shoah Legacy Institute (2017), Siegel (2017), and Zieve (2017).

See Schnabel and Tatzlow (2007), Campfens (2012), Fisher and Weinberger (2014), and Voss (2017).

Aly, Götz. 2007. Hitler’s Beneficiaries: Plunder, Racial War, and the Nazi Welfare State. Translated by Jefferson Chase. New York: Metropolitan.

Bazyler, Michael J. 2003. Holocaust Justice: The Battle for Restitution in America’s Courts. New York: New York University Press.

Bazyler, Michael J., and Roger P. Alford, eds. 2006. Holocaust Restitution: Perspectives on the Litigation and Its Legacy. New York: New York University Press.

Campfens, Evelien, ed. 2012. Fair and Just Solutions? Alternatives to Litigation in Nazi-Looted Art Disputes: Status Quo and New Developments. The Hague: Eleven International Publishing.

Dean, Martin. 2008. Robbing the Jews: the Confiscation of Jewish Property in the Holocaust, 1933-45. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Dean, Martin, Constantin Goschler, and Philipp Ther. 2007. Robbery and Restitution: The Conflict over Jewish Property in Europe. New York: Berghahn Books.

Dellheim, Charles. 2013. Framing Nazi Art Loot. In The Art of Being Jewish in Modern Times, ed. Barbara Kirshenblatt-Gimblett and Jonathan Karp. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Dobrzynski, Judith H. 1997. The Zealous Collector—a Special Report: A Singular Passion for Collecting Art, One Way or Another. New York Times, December 24.

———. 1998. Settlement in Dispute over a Painting Looted by Nazis. New York Times, August 14.

Eizenstat, Stuart. 2003. Imperfect Justice: Looted Assets, Slave Labor, and the Unfinished Business of World War II. New York: Public Affairs.

European Shoah Legacy Institute. 2017. ESLI Immovable Property Restitution Study. Accessed July 20, 2017. http://shoahlegacy.org/restitution-of-immovable-property.

Feliciano, Hector. 1997. The Lost Museum: The Nazi Conspiracy to Steal the World’s Greatest Works of Art. New York: Basic Books.

Fisher, Wesley A., and Ruth Weinberger. 2014. Holocaust-Era Looted Art: A Current World-Wide Overview. Claims Conference/WJRO. Accessed July 15, 2017. http://art.claimscon.org/our-work/looted-art-report.

Hopp, Meike. 2012. Kunsthandel im Nationalsozialismus: Adolf Weinmüller in München und Wien. Wien: Böhlau Verlag.

Huener, Jonathan, and Francis R. Nicosia, eds. 2009. The Arts in Nazi Germany: Continuity, Conformity, Change. New York: Berghahn Books.

Huyssen, Andreas, Anson Rabinbach, and Avinoam Shalem. 2017. Nazi-Looted Art and Its Legacies: Introduction. New German Critique 130: 1–6.

Lee, Felicia. 1999. Seattle Museum to Return Looted Work. New York Times, June 16.

Müller, Melissa, and Monika Tatzkow. 2010. Lost Lives, Lost Art: Jewish Collectors, Nazi Art Theft. London: Frontline.

Nicholas, Lynn. 1994. The Rape of Europa: The Fate of Europe’s Treasures in the Third Reich and the Second World War. New York: Knopf.

Petropoulos, Jonathan. 1996. Art as Politics in the Third Reich. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.

Ronald, Susan. 2015. Hitler’s Art Thief: Hildebrand Gurlitt, the Nazis, and the Looting of Europe’s Treasures. New York: St. Martin’s Press.

Schnabel, Gunnar, and Monika Tatzlow. 2007. Nazi-Looted Art: Handbuch Kunstrestitution weltweit. Berlin: Proprietas-Verlag.

Siegel, Nina. 2017. Holocaust Survivors in Poland Find Restitution Claims “Like a Carousel.” New York Times, May 10.

Simpson, Elizabeth, ed. 1997. The Spoils of War: World War II and Its Aftermath: The Loss, Disappearance and Recovery of Cultural Property. New York: H.N. Abrams.

Trienens, Howard J. 2000. Landscape with Smokestacks: The Case of the Allegedly Plundered Degas. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press.

Voss, Julia. 2017. Have German Restitution Politics Been Advanced Since the Gurlitt Case? A Journalist’s Perspective. New German Critique 130: 57–73.CrossRef

Zieve, Tamara. 2017. European Parliament President Urges Post-Holocaust Restitution Progress. Jerusalem Post, April 26.

Abelesz v. Magyar Nemzeti Bank, 692 F.3d 661 (7th Cir. 2012)

Sarah Adler et al. v. Elizabeth Taylor, No. 04-cv-8472 (C.D. Cal., filed Oct. 13, 2004)

Maria Altmann v. Republic of Austria, No. 00-cv-8913 (C.D. Cal., filed Aug. 22, 2000)

David Bakalar v. Milos Vavra et al., No. 04-cv-3037 (S.D.N.Y., filed Mar. 21, 2005)

Claude Cassirer v. Kingdom of Spain and Thyssen-Bornemisza Foundation, No. 05-cv-3459 (C.D. Cal., filed May 10, 2005)

David de Csepel et al. v. Republic of Hungary et al., No. 10-cv-1261 (D.D.C., filed July 27, 2010)

Detroit Institute of Arts v. George Ullin et al., No. 06-cv-10333 (E.D. Mich., filed Jan. 24, 2006)

Sarah Dunbar v. Claudia Seger-Thomschitz, No. 08-cv-711 (E.D. La., filed Jan. 22, 2008)

Nick Goodman et al. v. Daniel Searle, No. 96-cv-6459 (N.D. Ill., filed July 17, 1996)

Martin Grosz et al. v. Museum of Modern Art, No. 09-cv-3706 (S.D.N.Y., filed April 10, 2009)

Museum of Fine Arts, Boston v. Claudia Seger-Thomschitz, No. 08-cv-10097 (D. Mass., filed Jan. 22, 2008)

Museum of Modern Art and the Guggenheim Museum of Modern Art v. Julius Schoeps et al., No. 07-Civ.-11074 (S.D.N.Y., filed Dec. 7, 2007)

Andrew Orkin v. Swiss Confederation et al., No. 09-cv-10013 (S.D.N.Y., filed Dec. 7, 2009)

Timothy Reif et al. v. Richard Nagy et al., No. 161799/2015 (N.Y. Sup. Ct., filed Nov. 16, 2015)

Elaine Rosenberg et al. v. Seattle Art Museum, No. 98-cv-1073 (W.D. Wash., filed July 31, 1998)

Marei von Saher et al. v. Norton Simon Museum of Art at Pasadena, No. 07-cv-2866 (C.D. Cal., filed May 1, 2007)

Simon v. Republic of Hungary, 812 F.3d 127 (D.C. Cir. 2016)

Toledo Museum of Art v. George Ullin et al., No. 06-cv-7031 (N.D. Ohio, filed Jan. 24, 2006)

United States v. Portrait of Wally, a Painting by Egon Schiele, No. 99-Civ.-9940 (S.D.N.Y., filed Sep. 22, 1999)

Robert Vineberg et al. v. Maria-Louise Bissonnette, No. 06-cv-211 (D.R.I., filed May 8, 2006)

Fred Westfield et al. v. Federal Republic of Germany, No. 09-cv-204 (M.D. Tenn., filed Mar. 2, 2009)

Titel: Introduction
verfasst von: Bruce L. Hay
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: Nazi-Looted Art and the Law
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-64966-5

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-64967-2

Copyright-Jahr: 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64967-2_1

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