Skip to main content
Erschienen in:
Buchtitelbild

2011 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

1. Introduction

verfasst von : Ina Koch, Falk Schreiber

Erschienen in: Modeling in Systems Biology

Verlag: Springer London

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

This chapter gives a general introduction into the field of systems biology and the motivation for using Petri nets in this field. We consider modeling processes in the context of biological modeling approaches providing different examples. Starting from a general description of the purpose of a model and the modeling process, we cover the range from qualitative to quantitative modeling. We compile different modeling techniques at different abstraction levels, for example, at discrete, stochastic, and continuous levels. In this context, we introduce Petri nets and give the motivation for using Petri nets in particular for modeling biochemical systems. We describe the first applications of Petri nets in biology and give a brief overview of the progress made so far. Furthermore, we discuss the main public data resources for systems biology, giving an overview of microarray data repositories, protein–protein interaction databases, and pathway databases. Finally, we describe methods and tools for the visualization of biochemical systems and Petri net models.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literatur
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Alfarano, C., Andrade, C.E., Anthony, K., et al.: The Biomolecular Interaction Network Database and related tools 2005 update. Nucleic Acids Res. 33, D418–D424 (2005) CrossRef Alfarano, C., Andrade, C.E., Anthony, K., et al.: The Biomolecular Interaction Network Database and related tools 2005 update. Nucleic Acids Res. 33, D418–D424 (2005) CrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Alon, U.: An Introduction to Systems Biology. CRC Press, Boca Raton (2006) MATH Alon, U.: An Introduction to Systems Biology. CRC Press, Boca Raton (2006) MATH
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Ashburner, M., Ball, C.A., Blake, J.A., et al.: Gene Ontology: tool for the unification of biology. Nat. Genet. 25, 25–29 (2000) CrossRef Ashburner, M., Ball, C.A., Blake, J.A., et al.: Gene Ontology: tool for the unification of biology. Nat. Genet. 25, 25–29 (2000) CrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Ashyraliyev, M., Fomekong-Nanfack, Y., Kaandorp, J.A., Blom, J.G.: Systems biology: parameter estimation for biochemical models. FEBS J. 276, 886–902 (2009) CrossRef Ashyraliyev, M., Fomekong-Nanfack, Y., Kaandorp, J.A., Blom, J.G.: Systems biology: parameter estimation for biochemical models. FEBS J. 276, 886–902 (2009) CrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Bard, J., Rhee, S.Y., Ashburner, M.: An ontology for cell types. Genome Biol. 6, R21 (2005) CrossRef Bard, J., Rhee, S.Y., Ashburner, M.: An ontology for cell types. Genome Biol. 6, R21 (2005) CrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Bassett, D.E.Jr., Eisen, M.B., Boguski, M.S.: Gene expression informatic—it’s all in your mine. Nat. Genet. 21, 51–55 (1999) CrossRef Bassett, D.E.Jr., Eisen, M.B., Boguski, M.S.: Gene expression informatic—it’s all in your mine. Nat. Genet. 21, 51–55 (1999) CrossRef
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Biedl, T.C., Madden, B., Tollis, I.G.: The three-phase method: a unified approach to orthogonal graph drawing. In: Proceedings international symposium on graph drawing. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 1353, pp. 391–402. Springer, Berlin (1997) CrossRef Biedl, T.C., Madden, B., Tollis, I.G.: The three-phase method: a unified approach to orthogonal graph drawing. In: Proceedings international symposium on graph drawing. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 1353, pp. 391–402. Springer, Berlin (1997) CrossRef
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Bortfeldt, R., Schuster, S., Koch, I.: Exhaustive analysis of the modular structure of the spliceosomal assembly network—a Petri net approach. In Silico Biol. 10, 0007 (2010) Bortfeldt, R., Schuster, S., Koch, I.: Exhaustive analysis of the modular structure of the spliceosomal assembly network—a Petri net approach. In Silico Biol. 10, 0007 (2010)
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Bowtell, D.D.: Options available—from start to finish—for obtaining expression data by microarray. Nat. Genet. 21, 25–32 (1999) CrossRef Bowtell, D.D.: Options available—from start to finish—for obtaining expression data by microarray. Nat. Genet. 21, 25–32 (1999) CrossRef
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Box, G.E.P., Draper, N.R.: Empirical Model-Building and Response Surfaces. Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics, p. 424. Wiley, New York (1987) Box, G.E.P., Draper, N.R.: Empirical Model-Building and Response Surfaces. Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics, p. 424. Wiley, New York (1987)
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Boyle, J.: Gene-Expression Omnibus integration and clustering tools in SeqExpress. Bioinformatics 21, 2550–1551 (2005) CrossRef Boyle, J.: Gene-Expression Omnibus integration and clustering tools in SeqExpress. Bioinformatics 21, 2550–1551 (2005) CrossRef
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Brazma, A., Hingamp, P., Quackenbush, J., et al.: Minimum information about a microarray experiment (MIAME)-toward standards for microarray data. Nat. Genet. 29, 365–371 (2001) CrossRef Brazma, A., Hingamp, P., Quackenbush, J., et al.: Minimum information about a microarray experiment (MIAME)-toward standards for microarray data. Nat. Genet. 29, 365–371 (2001) CrossRef
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Caspi, R., Foerster, H., Fulcher, C.A., Kaipa, P., Krummenacker, M., Latendresse, M., Paley, S., Rhee, S.Y., Shearer, A.G., Tissier, C., Walk, T.C., Zhang, P., Karp, P.D.: The MetaCyc Database of metabolic pathways and enzymes and the BioCyc collection of Pathway/Genome Databases. Nucleic Acids Res. 36, D623–D631 (2008) CrossRef Caspi, R., Foerster, H., Fulcher, C.A., Kaipa, P., Krummenacker, M., Latendresse, M., Paley, S., Rhee, S.Y., Shearer, A.G., Tissier, C., Walk, T.C., Zhang, P., Karp, P.D.: The MetaCyc Database of metabolic pathways and enzymes and the BioCyc collection of Pathway/Genome Databases. Nucleic Acids Res. 36, D623–D631 (2008) CrossRef
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Chiola, G., Franceschinis, G., Gaeta, R., Ribaudo, M.: GreatSPN 1.7: graphical editor and analyzer for timed and stochastic Petri nets. Perform. Eval. 24, 47–68 (1995) MATHCrossRef Chiola, G., Franceschinis, G., Gaeta, R., Ribaudo, M.: GreatSPN 1.7: graphical editor and analyzer for timed and stochastic Petri nets. Perform. Eval. 24, 47–68 (1995) MATHCrossRef
86.
Zurück zum Zitat Dahlquist, K.D., Salomonis, N., Vranizan, K., et al.: GenMAPP, a new tool for viewing and analyzing microarray data on biological pathways. Nat. Genet. 31, 19–22 (2002) CrossRef Dahlquist, K.D., Salomonis, N., Vranizan, K., et al.: GenMAPP, a new tool for viewing and analyzing microarray data on biological pathways. Nat. Genet. 31, 19–22 (2002) CrossRef
96.
Zurück zum Zitat Doi, A., Nagasaki, M., Matsuno, H., Miyano, S.: Simulation based validation of the p53 transcriptional activity with hybrid functional Petri net. In Silico Biol. 6(1–2), 1–13 (2006) Doi, A., Nagasaki, M., Matsuno, H., Miyano, S.: Simulation based validation of the p53 transcriptional activity with hybrid functional Petri net. In Silico Biol. 6(1–2), 1–13 (2006)
107.
Zurück zum Zitat Dwyer, T., Marriott, K., Schreiber, F., et al.: Exploration of networks using overview+detail with constraint-based cooperative layout. IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph. 14(6), 1293–1300 (2008) CrossRef Dwyer, T., Marriott, K., Schreiber, F., et al.: Exploration of networks using overview+detail with constraint-based cooperative layout. IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph. 14(6), 1293–1300 (2008) CrossRef
108.
Zurück zum Zitat International Union of Biochemistry and Moleculare Biology, Nomenclature Committee: Enzyme Nomenclature. Academic Press, San Diego (1992) International Union of Biochemistry and Moleculare Biology, Nomenclature Committee: Enzyme Nomenclature. Academic Press, San Diego (1992)
110.
Zurück zum Zitat Enright, A.J., Ouzounis, C.A.: BioLayout-an automatic graph layout algorithm for similarity visualization. Bioinformatics 17(9), 853–854 (2001) CrossRef Enright, A.J., Ouzounis, C.A.: BioLayout-an automatic graph layout algorithm for similarity visualization. Bioinformatics 17(9), 853–854 (2001) CrossRef
114.
Zurück zum Zitat Fall, C., Marland, E., Wagner, J., Tyson, J.: Computational Cell Biology. Springer, Berlin (2002) MATH Fall, C., Marland, E., Wagner, J., Tyson, J.: Computational Cell Biology. Springer, Berlin (2002) MATH
119.
Zurück zum Zitat Fruchterman, T., Reingold, E.: Graph Drawing by Force-directed Placement. Software—Practice and Experience 21(11), 1129–1164 (1991) CrossRef Fruchterman, T., Reingold, E.: Graph Drawing by Force-directed Placement. Software—Practice and Experience 21(11), 1129–1164 (1991) CrossRef
120.
Zurück zum Zitat Funahashi, A., Tanimura, N., Morohashi, M., Kitano, H.: CellDesigner: a process diagram editor for gene-regulatory and biochemical networks. Biosilico 1, 159–162 (2003) CrossRef Funahashi, A., Tanimura, N., Morohashi, M., Kitano, H.: CellDesigner: a process diagram editor for gene-regulatory and biochemical networks. Biosilico 1, 159–162 (2003) CrossRef
124.
Zurück zum Zitat Genrich, H.J., Küffner, R., Voss, K.: Executable Petri net models for the analysis of metabolic pathways. Int. J. STTT 3, 394–404 (2001) MATH Genrich, H.J., Küffner, R., Voss, K.: Executable Petri net models for the analysis of metabolic pathways. Int. J. STTT 3, 394–404 (2001) MATH
141.
Zurück zum Zitat Goss, P.J.E., Peccoud, J.: Analysis of the stabilizing effect of Rom on the genetic network controlling ColE1 plasmid replication. Proc. Pac. Symp. Biocomput. 4, 65–76 (1999) Goss, P.J.E., Peccoud, J.: Analysis of the stabilizing effect of Rom on the genetic network controlling ColE1 plasmid replication. Proc. Pac. Symp. Biocomput. 4, 65–76 (1999)
147.
Zurück zum Zitat Grunwald, S., Speer, A., Ackermann, J., Koch, I.: Petri net modelling of gene regulation of the Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Biosystems 92(2), 189–205 (2008) CrossRef Grunwald, S., Speer, A., Ackermann, J., Koch, I.: Petri net modelling of gene regulation of the Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Biosystems 92(2), 189–205 (2008) CrossRef
153.
Zurück zum Zitat Heiner, M., Koch, I., Will, J.: Model validation of biological pathways using Petri nets—demonstrated for apoptosis. Biosystems 75(1), 15–28 (2004) CrossRef Heiner, M., Koch, I., Will, J.: Model validation of biological pathways using Petri nets—demonstrated for apoptosis. Biosystems 75(1), 15–28 (2004) CrossRef
162.
Zurück zum Zitat Hofestädt, R.: A petri net application to model metabolic processes. Syst. Anal. Mod. Simul. 16(2), 113–122 (1994) MATH Hofestädt, R.: A petri net application to model metabolic processes. Syst. Anal. Mod. Simul. 16(2), 113–122 (1994) MATH
163.
Zurück zum Zitat Hofestädt, R., Thelen, S.: Quantitative modeling of biochemical networks. In Silico Biol. 1, 39–53 (1998) Hofestädt, R., Thelen, S.: Quantitative modeling of biochemical networks. In Silico Biol. 1, 39–53 (1998)
165.
Zurück zum Zitat Ikeo, K., Ishi-i, J., Tamura, T., et al.: CIBEX: center for information biology gene expression database. C. R. Biol. 326, 1079–1082 (2003) CrossRef Ikeo, K., Ishi-i, J., Tamura, T., et al.: CIBEX: center for information biology gene expression database. C. R. Biol. 326, 1079–1082 (2003) CrossRef
176.
Zurück zum Zitat Joshi-Tope, G., Gillespie, M., Vastrik, I., et al.: Reactome: a knowledgebase of biological pathways. Nucleic Acids Res. 33, D428–D432 (2005) CrossRef Joshi-Tope, G., Gillespie, M., Vastrik, I., et al.: Reactome: a knowledgebase of biological pathways. Nucleic Acids Res. 33, D428–D432 (2005) CrossRef
177.
Zurück zum Zitat Junker, B.H., Klukas, C., Schreiber, F.: VANTED: A system for advanced data analysis and visualization in the context of biological networks. BMC Bioinform. 7, 109 (2006) CrossRef Junker, B.H., Klukas, C., Schreiber, F.: VANTED: A system for advanced data analysis and visualization in the context of biological networks. BMC Bioinform. 7, 109 (2006) CrossRef
180.
Zurück zum Zitat Kanehisa, M., Goto, S., Kawashima, S., et al.: The KEGG resource for deciphering the genome. Nucleic Acids Res. 32, D277–D280 (2004) CrossRef Kanehisa, M., Goto, S., Kawashima, S., et al.: The KEGG resource for deciphering the genome. Nucleic Acids Res. 32, D277–D280 (2004) CrossRef
183.
Zurück zum Zitat Karp, P.D., Riley, M., Paley, S.M., Pellegrini-Toole, A., Krummenacker, M.: EcoCyc: Encyclopedia of Escherichia coli genes and metabolism. Nucleic Acids Res. 26, 50–53 (1998) CrossRef Karp, P.D., Riley, M., Paley, S.M., Pellegrini-Toole, A., Krummenacker, M.: EcoCyc: Encyclopedia of Escherichia coli genes and metabolism. Nucleic Acids Res. 26, 50–53 (1998) CrossRef
184.
Zurück zum Zitat Karp, P.D., Riley, M., Saier, M., Paulsen, I.T., Paley, S.M., Pellegrini-Toole, A.: The EcoCyc and MetaCyc databases. Nucleic Acids Res. 28, 56–59 (2000) CrossRef Karp, P.D., Riley, M., Saier, M., Paulsen, I.T., Paley, S.M., Pellegrini-Toole, A.: The EcoCyc and MetaCyc databases. Nucleic Acids Res. 28, 56–59 (2000) CrossRef
186.
Zurück zum Zitat Keener, J., Sneyd, J.: Mathematical Physiology. Springer, Berlin (1998) MATH Keener, J., Sneyd, J.: Mathematical Physiology. Springer, Berlin (1998) MATH
190.
Zurück zum Zitat Kielbassa, J., Bortfeldt, R., Schuster, S., Koch, I.: Modeling of the U1 snRNP assembly pathway in alternative splicing in human cells using Petri nets. Comput. Biol. Chem. 33(1), 46–61 (2009) MathSciNetMATHCrossRef Kielbassa, J., Bortfeldt, R., Schuster, S., Koch, I.: Modeling of the U1 snRNP assembly pathway in alternative splicing in human cells using Petri nets. Comput. Biol. Chem. 33(1), 46–61 (2009) MathSciNetMATHCrossRef
193.
Zurück zum Zitat Kitano, H.: Systems biology: a brief overview. Science 295, 1662–1664 (2002) CrossRef Kitano, H.: Systems biology: a brief overview. Science 295, 1662–1664 (2002) CrossRef
201.
Zurück zum Zitat Kindler, E., Pales, C.: 3D-Visualization of Petri net models: concept and realization. In: Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Applications and Theory of Petri Nets, Bologna. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 3099, pp. 464–473. Springer, Berlin (2004) Kindler, E., Pales, C.: 3D-Visualization of Petri net models: concept and realization. In: Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Applications and Theory of Petri Nets, Bologna. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 3099, pp. 464–473. Springer, Berlin (2004)
203.
Zurück zum Zitat Klipp, E., Herwig, R., Kowald, A., Wierling, C., Lehrach, H.: Systems Biology in Practice. Wiley VCH, Weinheim (2006) Klipp, E., Herwig, R., Kowald, A., Wierling, C., Lehrach, H.: Systems Biology in Practice. Wiley VCH, Weinheim (2006)
204.
Zurück zum Zitat Klukas, C., Spies, K., Lange, M., et al.: Comparison of pathway visualisation tools. J. Integr. Bioinform. (2010, to appear) Klukas, C., Spies, K., Lange, M., et al.: Comparison of pathway visualisation tools. J. Integr. Bioinform. (2010, to appear)
208.
Zurück zum Zitat Koch, I., Heiner, M.: Petri nets. In: Junker, B.H., Schreiber, F. (eds.) Biological Network Analysis, Wiley Book Series on Bioinformatics, pp. 139–180. Wiley, New York (2008). Chapter 7 CrossRef Koch, I., Heiner, M.: Petri nets. In: Junker, B.H., Schreiber, F. (eds.) Biological Network Analysis, Wiley Book Series on Bioinformatics, pp. 139–180. Wiley, New York (2008). Chapter 7 CrossRef
209.
Zurück zum Zitat Koch, I., Kaden, F., Selbig, J.: Analysis of protein sheet topologies by graph-theoretical methods. Protein Struct. Funct. Genet. 12, 314–324 (1992) CrossRef Koch, I., Kaden, F., Selbig, J.: Analysis of protein sheet topologies by graph-theoretical methods. Protein Struct. Funct. Genet. 12, 314–324 (1992) CrossRef
211.
Zurück zum Zitat Koch, I., Junker, B.H., Heiner, M.: Application of Petri net theory for modelling and validation of the sucrose breakdown pathway in the potato tuber. Bioinformatics 21(7), 1219–1226 (2005) CrossRef Koch, I., Junker, B.H., Heiner, M.: Application of Petri net theory for modelling and validation of the sucrose breakdown pathway in the potato tuber. Bioinformatics 21(7), 1219–1226 (2005) CrossRef
224.
Zurück zum Zitat Lehninger, A.L., Nelson, D.L., Cox, M.M.: Principles of Biochemistry. Worth Publisher, New York (2004) Lehninger, A.L., Nelson, D.L., Cox, M.M.: Principles of Biochemistry. Worth Publisher, New York (2004)
229.
Zurück zum Zitat Le Nov‘ere, N., Hucka, M., Mi, H., et al.: The systems biology graphical notation. Nat. Biotechnol. 27, 735–741 (2009) CrossRef Le Nov‘ere, N., Hucka, M., Mi, H., et al.: The systems biology graphical notation. Nat. Biotechnol. 27, 735–741 (2009) CrossRef
249.
Zurück zum Zitat Matsuno, H., Fujita, S., Doi, A., Nagasaki, M., Miyano, S.: Towards biopathway modeling and simulation. In: Proc. ICATPN 2003. LNCS, vol. 2679, pp. 3–22. Springer, Berlin (2003) Matsuno, H., Fujita, S., Doi, A., Nagasaki, M., Miyano, S.: Towards biopathway modeling and simulation. In: Proc. ICATPN 2003. LNCS, vol. 2679, pp. 3–22. Springer, Berlin (2003)
252.
Zurück zum Zitat May, P., Kreuchwig, A., Steinke, T., Koch, I.: PTGL: A data base for secondary structure-based protein topologies. Nucleic Acids Res. 38, D326–D330 (2010) CrossRef May, P., Kreuchwig, A., Steinke, T., Koch, I.: PTGL: A data base for secondary structure-based protein topologies. Nucleic Acids Res. 38, D326–D330 (2010) CrossRef
253.
Zurück zum Zitat Matsuno, H., Doi, A., Nagasaki, M., Miyano, S.: Hybrid Petri Net Representation of Gene Regulatory Network. In: Proceedings Pacific Symposium Biocomputing 2000, vol. 5, pp. 338–349 (2000) Matsuno, H., Doi, A., Nagasaki, M., Miyano, S.: Hybrid Petri Net Representation of Gene Regulatory Network. In: Proceedings Pacific Symposium Biocomputing 2000, vol. 5, pp. 338–349 (2000)
254.
Zurück zum Zitat Matsuno, H., Tanaka, Y., Aoshima, H., Doi, A., Matsui, M., Miyano, S.: Biopathway representation and simulation on hybrid functional Petri net. In Silico Biology 3(3), 389–404 (2003) Matsuno, H., Tanaka, Y., Aoshima, H., Doi, A., Matsui, M., Miyano, S.: Biopathway representation and simulation on hybrid functional Petri net. In Silico Biology 3(3), 389–404 (2003)
255.
Zurück zum Zitat Matsuno, H., Inouye, S.-I.T., Okitsu, Y., Fujii, Y., Miyano, S.: A new regulatory interaction suggested by simulations for circadian genetic control mechanism in mammals. J. Bioinf. Comput. Biol. 4(1), 139–153 (2006) CrossRef Matsuno, H., Inouye, S.-I.T., Okitsu, Y., Fujii, Y., Miyano, S.: A new regulatory interaction suggested by simulations for circadian genetic control mechanism in mammals. J. Bioinf. Comput. Biol. 4(1), 139–153 (2006) CrossRef
286.
Zurück zum Zitat Ng, A., Bursteinas, B., Gao, Q., Mollison, E., Zvelebil, M.: pSTIING: a ‘systems’ approach towards integrating signalling pathways, interaction and transcriptional regulatory networks in inflammation and cancer. Nucleic Acids Res. 34, D527–D534 (2006) CrossRef Ng, A., Bursteinas, B., Gao, Q., Mollison, E., Zvelebil, M.: pSTIING: a ‘systems’ approach towards integrating signalling pathways, interaction and transcriptional regulatory networks in inflammation and cancer. Nucleic Acids Res. 34, D527–D534 (2006) CrossRef
287.
Zurück zum Zitat Ng, A., Bursteinas, B., Gao, Q., Mollison, E., Zvelebil, M.: Resources for integrative systems biology: fromdata through databases to networks and dynamic systemmodels. Brief. Bioinform. 7(4), 318–330 (2006) CrossRef Ng, A., Bursteinas, B., Gao, Q., Mollison, E., Zvelebil, M.: Resources for integrative systems biology: fromdata through databases to networks and dynamic systemmodels. Brief. Bioinform. 7(4), 318–330 (2006) CrossRef
288.
Zurück zum Zitat Oliveira, J.S., Jones-Oliveira, J.B., Dixon, D.A., Bailey, C.G., Gull, D.W.: Hyperdigraph-theoretical analysis of the EGFR signaling network: initial steps leading to GTP: Ras complex formation. J. Comput. Biol. 11(5), 812–842 (2004) CrossRef Oliveira, J.S., Jones-Oliveira, J.B., Dixon, D.A., Bailey, C.G., Gull, D.W.: Hyperdigraph-theoretical analysis of the EGFR signaling network: initial steps leading to GTP: Ras complex formation. J. Comput. Biol. 11(5), 812–842 (2004) CrossRef
290.
Zurück zum Zitat Palsson, B.Ø.: Systems Biology: Properties of Reconstructed Networks. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2006) CrossRef Palsson, B.Ø.: Systems Biology: Properties of Reconstructed Networks. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2006) CrossRef
292.
Zurück zum Zitat Parkinson, H., Sarkans, U., Shojatalab, M., et al.: ArrayExpress—a public repository for microarray gene expression data at the EBI. Nucleic Acids Res. 33, D553–D555 (2005) CrossRef Parkinson, H., Sarkans, U., Shojatalab, M., et al.: ArrayExpress—a public repository for microarray gene expression data at the EBI. Nucleic Acids Res. 33, D553–D555 (2005) CrossRef
299.
Zurück zum Zitat Petri, C.A.: Communication with automata. Institut für Instrumentelle Mathematik, Bonn: Schriften des IIM 3 (1962) (in German) Petri, C.A.: Communication with automata. Institut für Instrumentelle Mathematik, Bonn: Schriften des IIM 3 (1962) (in German)
308.
Zurück zum Zitat Popova-Zeugmann, L., Heiner, M., Koch, I.: Time Petri nets for modelling and analysis of biochemical networks. Fundam. Inform. 67, 149–162 (2005) MathSciNetMATH Popova-Zeugmann, L., Heiner, M., Koch, I.: Time Petri nets for modelling and analysis of biochemical networks. Fundam. Inform. 67, 149–162 (2005) MathSciNetMATH
314.
Zurück zum Zitat Reddy, V.N., Mavrovouniotis, M.L., Liebman, M.N.: Petri net representation in metabolic pathways. In: Proc. Int. Conf. Intell. Syst. Mol. Biol., vol. 1, pp. 328–336. MIT Press, Cambridge (1993) Reddy, V.N., Mavrovouniotis, M.L., Liebman, M.N.: Petri net representation in metabolic pathways. In: Proc. Int. Conf. Intell. Syst. Mol. Biol., vol. 1, pp. 328–336. MIT Press, Cambridge (1993)
327.
Zurück zum Zitat Sackmann, A., Heiner, M., Koch, I.: Application of Petri net based analysis techniques to signal transduction pathways. BMC Bioinform. 7(1), 482 (2006) CrossRef Sackmann, A., Heiner, M., Koch, I.: Application of Petri net based analysis techniques to signal transduction pathways. BMC Bioinform. 7(1), 482 (2006) CrossRef
328.
Zurück zum Zitat Sackmann, A., Formanowicz, D., Formanowicz, P., Koch, I., Blazewicz, J.: An analysis of the Petri net based model of the human body iron homeostasis process. Comput. Biol. Chem. 31, 1–10 (2007) MATHCrossRef Sackmann, A., Formanowicz, D., Formanowicz, P., Koch, I., Blazewicz, J.: An analysis of the Petri net based model of the human body iron homeostasis process. Comput. Biol. Chem. 31, 1–10 (2007) MATHCrossRef
332.
Zurück zum Zitat Salwinski, L., Miller, C.S., Smith, A.J., et al.: The Database of Interacting Proteins: 2004 update. Nucleic Acids Res. 32, D449–D451 (2004) CrossRef Salwinski, L., Miller, C.S., Smith, A.J., et al.: The Database of Interacting Proteins: 2004 update. Nucleic Acids Res. 32, D449–D451 (2004) CrossRef
344.
Zurück zum Zitat Schreiber, F., Dwyer, T., Marriott, K., Wybrow, M.: A generic algorithm for layout of biological networks. BMC Bioinform. 10, 375 (2009) CrossRef Schreiber, F., Dwyer, T., Marriott, K., Wybrow, M.: A generic algorithm for layout of biological networks. BMC Bioinform. 10, 375 (2009) CrossRef
353.
Zurück zum Zitat Schuster, S., Marhl, M., Höfer, T.: Modelling of simple and complex calcium oscillations. Eur. J. Biochem. 269, 1333–1355 (2002) CrossRef Schuster, S., Marhl, M., Höfer, T.: Modelling of simple and complex calcium oscillations. Eur. J. Biochem. 269, 1333–1355 (2002) CrossRef
358.
Zurück zum Zitat Shannon, P., Markiel, A., Ozier, O., Baliga, N.S., Wang, J.T., Ramage, D., Amin, N., Schwikowski, B., Ideker, T.: Cytoscape: a software environment for integrated models of biomolecular interaction networks. Genome Res. 13(11), 2498–2504 (2003) CrossRef Shannon, P., Markiel, A., Ozier, O., Baliga, N.S., Wang, J.T., Ramage, D., Amin, N., Schwikowski, B., Ideker, T.: Cytoscape: a software environment for integrated models of biomolecular interaction networks. Genome Res. 13(11), 2498–2504 (2003) CrossRef
364.
Zurück zum Zitat Smith, B., Ashburner, M., Rosse, C., Bard, J., Bug, W., Ceusters, W., Goldberg, L.J., Eilbeck, K., Ireland, A., Mungall, C.J., The OBI Consortium, Leontis, N., Rocca-Serra, P., Ruttenberg, C.J., Sansone, S.-A., Scheuermann, R.H., Shah, N., Whetzel, P.L., Lewis, S.: The OBO Foundry: coordinated evolution of ontologies to support biomedical data integration. Nat. Biotechnol. 25, 1251–1255 (2007) CrossRef Smith, B., Ashburner, M., Rosse, C., Bard, J., Bug, W., Ceusters, W., Goldberg, L.J., Eilbeck, K., Ireland, A., Mungall, C.J., The OBI Consortium, Leontis, N., Rocca-Serra, P., Ruttenberg, C.J., Sansone, S.-A., Scheuermann, R.H., Shah, N., Whetzel, P.L., Lewis, S.: The OBO Foundry: coordinated evolution of ontologies to support biomedical data integration. Nat. Biotechnol. 25, 1251–1255 (2007) CrossRef
366.
Zurück zum Zitat Snel, B., Lehmann, G., Bork, P., Huynen, M.A.: STRING: a web-server to retrieve and display the repeatedly occurring neighbourhood of a gene. Nucleic Acids Res. 28(18), 3442–3444 (2000) CrossRef Snel, B., Lehmann, G., Bork, P., Huynen, M.A.: STRING: a web-server to retrieve and display the repeatedly occurring neighbourhood of a gene. Nucleic Acids Res. 28(18), 3442–3444 (2000) CrossRef
367.
Zurück zum Zitat Spellman, P.T., Miller, M., Stewart, J., et al.: Design and implementation of microarray gene expression markup language (MAGE-ML). Genome Biol. 3(9), 46.1–46.9 (2002) CrossRef Spellman, P.T., Miller, M., Stewart, J., et al.: Design and implementation of microarray gene expression markup language (MAGE-ML). Genome Biol. 3(9), 46.1–46.9 (2002) CrossRef
379.
Zurück zum Zitat Suderman, M., Hallett, M.: Tools for visually exploring biological networks. Bioinformatics 23(10), 2651–2659 (2007) CrossRef Suderman, M., Hallett, M.: Tools for visually exploring biological networks. Bioinformatics 23(10), 2651–2659 (2007) CrossRef
380.
Zurück zum Zitat Sugiyama, K., Tagawa, S., Toda, M.: Methods for visual understanding of hierarchical system structures. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. SMC-11(2), 109–125 (1981) MathSciNetCrossRef Sugiyama, K., Tagawa, S., Toda, M.: Methods for visual understanding of hierarchical system structures. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. SMC-11(2), 109–125 (1981) MathSciNetCrossRef
383.
Zurück zum Zitat Szallai, Z., Stelling, J., Periwal, V.: System Modeling in Cellular Biology. MIT Press, Cambridge (2006) Szallai, Z., Stelling, J., Periwal, V.: System Modeling in Cellular Biology. MIT Press, Cambridge (2006)
407.
Zurück zum Zitat Voss, K., Heiner, M., Koch, I.: Steady state analysis of metabolic pathways using Petri nets. In Silico Biol. 3, 367–387 (2003) Voss, K., Heiner, M., Koch, I.: Steady state analysis of metabolic pathways using Petri nets. In Silico Biol. 3, 367–387 (2003)
410.
Zurück zum Zitat Windhager, L., Zimmer, R.: Intuitive modeling of dynamic systems with Petri nets and fuzzy logic. In: Proceedings German Conference on Bioinformatics. Lecture Notes in Informatics, pp. 106–115. Gesellschaft für Informatik, Bonn (2008) Windhager, L., Zimmer, R.: Intuitive modeling of dynamic systems with Petri nets and fuzzy logic. In: Proceedings German Conference on Bioinformatics. Lecture Notes in Informatics, pp. 106–115. Gesellschaft für Informatik, Bonn (2008)
425.
Zurück zum Zitat Zanzoni, A., Montecchi-Palazzi, L., Quondam, M., et al.: MINT: a Molecular INTeraction database. FEBS Lett. 513, 135–140 (2002) CrossRef Zanzoni, A., Montecchi-Palazzi, L., Quondam, M., et al.: MINT: a Molecular INTeraction database. FEBS Lett. 513, 135–140 (2002) CrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Introduction
verfasst von
Ina Koch
Falk Schreiber
Copyright-Jahr
2011
Verlag
Springer London
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-474-6_1