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2021 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

1. Investment Dispute Settlement and the Position of State-to-State Arbitration in Investment Law

verfasst von : Angshuman Hazarika

Erschienen in: State-to-state Arbitration based on International Investment Agreements

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

The popularity of investor-state arbitration had overshadowed other forms of dispute resolution present in international investment agreements. The recent criticism of investor-state arbitration has however led to debates on the need for reform of the system or even for alternatives to investor-state arbitration. State-to-state arbitration is proposed as an alternative which can be considered for debate. The chapter discusses the origin of state-to-state arbitration through compromissory clauses in Friendship, Commerce and Navigation treaties and sheds light on the current status of the compromissory clauses which contain an option for recourse to state-to-state arbitration as an integral part of any present-day international investment agreement. It further introduces the current status of state-to-state arbitration as an alternative which has rarely been used and lays the foundation for a key question addressed in the book: What are the factors which hamper the growth of state-to-state arbitration and how can they be resolved?

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Nächstes Kapitel Framework for State-to-State Arbitration Under the Compromissory Clause in an IIA

Chi (2013), p. 27; Pyka (2016), p. 81.

Statement at High Level IIA Conference by Joint Secretary, Department of Economic Affairs, India, 19 July, 2016, https://worldinvestmentforum.unctad.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/WIF-2016-Statement-India-.pdf (Accessed 24 Mar 2020); Kelsey (2015), p. 333 et seqq.; Roberts (2018), p. 410; Moul (2015), p. 889 et seqq.

Chase (2015), p. 218; Kulick (2015), p. 443. See also, European Parliament, Question for written answer E-011275/12, OJ C 321/E, 7.11.2013, p. 202.

Vincenti (2015).

Clodfelter (2014), p. 188.

Franck and Wylie (2015), p. 474 et seqq.; Clodfelter (2014), p. 188.

Clodfelter (2014), p. 188.

UNCITRAL Working Group III (2017a), p. 5 et seqq.

Huiping (2008), p. 470.

Art. 14.2(4) USMCA.

Posner and Walter (2015), p. 381.

European Commission (2017b), p. 11 et seqq.; See also, Franck and Wylie (2015), p. 462 et seqq.; Kelsey (2015), p. 329. For a discussion on the issues in detail, see also, Advisory Council on International Affairs (2015), p. 25 et seqq.

Gaukrodger (2016b), p. 6; Chi (2013), p. 27; Gazzini (2018), p. 249; Osmanski (2018), p. 662; Howard (2017), p. 27 et seq.; Bottini (2015), p. 466 et seq.; Lazo (2010), p. 593.

Osmanski (2018), p. 658; Choudhury (2008), p. 786; Fiezzoni (2011), p. 136.

Chi (2013), p. 27; Lubambo (2016), p. 226; Gazzini (2018), p. 249; Muchlinski (2013), p. 437.

Gazzini (2018), p. 249; Behn (2015), p. 367.

Nunnenkamp (2017), p. 13; Behn (2015), p. 406; For a contrary view see, Franck (2014), p. 60 et seqq.

Behn (2015), p. 411.

Bottini (2015), p. 469; Choudhury (2008), p. 787; Muchlinski (2013), p. 432; Fiezzoni (2011), p. 135 et seqq. For a contrary view, See, Hufbauer (2016), p. 203 et seqq.

Boyrasky (2015), p. 34.

The official list of more than 50 BITs terminated by India in the last few years is available at https://dea.gov.in/bipa (Accessed 24 Mar 2020).

For the letter exchange between Australia and New Zealand withdrawing from CPTPP ISDS, See, https://www.mfat.govt.nz/assets/CPTPP/New-Zealand-Australia-ISDS-Trade-Remedies-and-Relationship-with-Other-Agreements.pdf (Accessed 24 Mar 2020). For a discussion on nature of withdrawals from and termination of BITs, see, Peinhardt and Welhausen (2016).

Chi (2013), p. 27; Trakman (2013), p. 345.

Trakman and Musayelyan (2016), p. 196.

For the letter exchange between Brunei and New Zealand withdrawing from CPTPP ISDS, See, https://www.mfat.govt.nz/assets/CPTPP/New-Zealand-Brunei-ISDS.pdf (Accessed 24 Mar 2020).

Office Memorandum, F. No. 26/07/2013-IC, Joint Interpretative Statement, Government of India, 8 February, 2016.

Throughout this book, the term International Investment Agreement(s) (IIA(s)) is used to refer to Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs), Trade and Investment Agreements (TIAs), Free Trade Agreements with chapters on investment, Cooperation and Investment Facilitation Agreements (CIFAs), Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA), Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPAs), Customs Union Agreements with chapters on Investment protection and other forms of agreements conducted by two states, or by a state and a Regional Economic Integration Organization (REIO), or by two REIOs, to protect investments made by their nationals in the territory of the other country or REIO. The term IIA does not include Multilateral Investment Agreements and Friendship, Commerce and Navigation (FCN) Treaties unless specifically mentioned. The definition used here is similar to the definition of an ‘investment treaty’ provided under Art. 1(2) of the Mauritius Convention, 2014 except for the exclusion of multilateral agreements.

Rolland (2017), p. 396 et seqq.; Vidigal and Stevens (2018), p. 487 et seqq.; Brauch (2015), p. 16.

Vidigal and Stevens (2018), p. 486.

Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Brazil. Brazil and India sign Investment Cooperation and Facilitation Agreement. http://www.itamaraty.gov.br/en/press-releases/21268-brazil-and-india-sign-investment-cooperation-and-facilitation-agreement (Accessed 24 Mar 2020).

Trakman and Musayelyan (2016), p. 200. See also, Protocol-NZ-Australia CERTA; MAFTA.

Art. 11.16, AUSFTA, 2004; Huiping (2008), p. 480; See also, Muchlinski (2013), p. 437.

European Commission (2018).

UNCITRAL Working Group III (2017a), p. 5 et seqq.; Muchlinski (2013), p. 412 et seqq.; Reiner (2013), p. 453; High Level Committee (2017), p. 113.

UNCITRAL Working Group III (2018), p. 7 et seqq.

UNCITRAL Working Group III (2017b), p. 14 et seq.

Grant and Barker (2009), p. 114.

Akande (2012); See also, Tanaka (2018), p. 144.

Bernasconi-Osterwalder (2016), p. 254; Roberts (2018), p. 412; Bronckers (2015), p. 659; Johnson and Sachs (2016), p. 13; Menon and Issac (2018).

ICJ, Elettronica Sicula S.P.A. (ELSI), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1989, p. 15.

The EU on 20 June, 2019 requested the establishment of an arbitral panel based on the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement, 2014 to deal with an interstate trade dispute between the two parties. Note Verbale, European Union, 20/06/2019. https://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2019/june/tradoc_157943.pdf (Accessed 24 Mar 2020).

Johnson and Sachs (2016), p. 13.

Editorial (2014), p. 966; Chase (2015), p. 221.

Shenkman and File (2007), p. 2.

Potesta (2013), p. 766; See also, Vandevelde (1992), p. 556.

Hindelang (2014), p. 51; Singh and Sharma (2013), p. 101; Titi (2015), p. 287; Wisner and Campbell (2018), p. 17 et seqq. For a conflicting view stating investor-state arbitration has no substitutes, see, Schreuer (2015), p. 888 et seq.

Schreuer (2008).

Posner and Walter (2015), p. 381 et seqq.

UNCTAD (2003b), p. 4; Posner and Walter (2015), p. 391.

Potesta (2015), p. 250; Gallo and Nicola (2015–2016), p. 1137.

There are three known disputes based on this clause from BITs and one known dispute on investment issues based on NAFTA Art. 2008. The disputes from BITs which have been mentioned in different parts of this book are: (a) PCA Case No. 2012-5, Republic of Ecuador v. United States of America, Award, 29 September, 2012; (b) Ad-hoc Panel, Italy v. Cuba, Preliminary Award, 15 March, 2006, Final Award, 15 January, 2008 (c) Peru v. Chile, known indirectly owing to its mention in ICSID, Case No. ARB/03/4, Empresas Lucchetti, S.A. and Lucchetti Peru, S.A. v. The Republic of Peru, Award, 7 February, 2005. The NAFTA dispute used in this book is: USA v. Mexico, Cross-Border Trucking Services, Secretariat File No. USA-MEX-98-2008-01, February 6, 2001.

Usynin and Gáspár-Szilágyi (2018), p. 288.

Gazzini (2018), p. 255; Posner and Walter (2015), p. 381 et seqq.; Lubambo (2016), p. 227; Gaukrodger (2016b), p. 6; UNCTAD (2003b), p. 3.

Chase (2015), p. 219; See also, Vandevelde (2005), p. 158 et seqq.

Jacob (2014).

Lubambo (2016), p. 225.

Bungenberg et al. (2011), p. 2.

Lester (2013), p. 2.

Vandevelde (2009b), p. 4.

Aksen (1978), p. 236; Levy (2015), p. 62 et seq.

Agarwal (2016), p. 176.

Definitions of investment have been framed inter alia in ICSID, Case No. ARB/00/4, Salini Costruttori SpA and another v. Kingdom of Morocco, Decision on Jurisdiction, 23 July 2001, 42 ILM 609 (2003) 622; ICSID, Case No. ARB/05/22, Biwater Gauff (Tanzania) Ltd v. United Republic of Tanzania, Award, 24 July 2008, para 310 et seqq.

Agarwal (2016), p. 176.

Kemmerer (1916), p. 1.

OECD (2002), p. 5; Lougani and Razin (2001).

Schacter (1984), p. 121 quoted in Allee (2010), p. 1. See also, Shan (2005), p. 177.

Dixon and Haslam (2016), p. 1080; Dumberry (2010), p. 679; See also, Bockstiegel (1986), p. 30.

Inbavijayan and Jayakumar (2013), p. 34.

Khanna and Singh (2015), p. 41.

Weiss et al. (2015), p. 4.

Dixon and Haslam (2016), p. 1080; Pfaffermayr and Egger (2004), p. 709.

Khanna and Singh (2015), p. 41 et seq.; Naon (2000), p. 64 et seq.

Lazo (2010), p. 592.

Moul (2015), p. 886.

Qureshi and Ziegler (2011), p. 490.

DiMascio and Pauwelyn (2008), p. 52; Bubb and Rose-Ackerman (2007), p. 293.

Doe (2016), p. 3; Bubb and Rose-Ackerman (2007), p. 293; Alford (2000), p. 162.

Bubb and Rose-Ackerman (2007), p. 293.

Wisner and Campbell (2018), p. 6 et seqq.

UNCTAD (2003b), p. 24; Alford (2000), p. 161; Schreuer (2007), p. 345.

Bubb and Rose-Ackerman (2007), p. 293.

Alford (2000), p. 162.

Bockstiegel (1986), p. 22.

UNCTAD (2003c), p. 7 et seqq.; Blanchard (2011), p. 423; Tabari (2017), p. 5; Juratowitch (2008), p. 25.

Juratowitch (2008), p. 24.

Hickey Jr (1997), p. 3.

Alford (2000), p. 162.

Franck (2014), p. 19; Dumberry (2010), p. 701; Ghouri (2011), p. 190 et seq.; Albornoz (2006), p. 378 et seq.; See also, Escobar (1997), p. 488.

Garnett (2011), p. 486; Happ and Wuschka (2017), p. 119.

Billiet (2016), p. 32; Jacob (2014).

Schreuer (2007), p. 346; Franck and Wylie (2015), p. 470 et seqq.; Ghouri (2011), p. 191 et seqq.

Moul (2015), p. 886; Franck and Wylie (2015), p. 470 et seqq.; Desbordes and Vicard (2009), p. 372 et seq.; Inbavijayan and Jayakumar (2013), p. 37.

Jacob (2014).

Perrou (2012), p. 131; See also, Dumberry (2010), p. 679; Escobar (1997), p. 489; Franck (2014), p. 21.

Jacob (2014); For a similar definition, See, Franck (2007), p. 341.

Escobar (1997), p. 488.

Chase (2015), p. 220; See also, Desbordes and Vicard (2009), p. 372 et seqq. The USA considers, procedures “which allow an investor to take a dispute with a Party directly to binding third-party arbitration” as one of the four BIT objectives. On this see, Letter of Submittal for the USA-Grenada BIT, dated May 20, 1986 (https://tcc.export.gov/Trade_Agreements/All_Trade_Agreements/exp_005346.asp, Accessed 24 Mar 2020) and Letter of Submittal for the USA-Republic of Congo BIT, dated March 11, 1991 (https://tcc.export.gov/Trade_Agreements/All_Trade_Agreements/exp_005885.asp, Accessed 24 Mar 2020).

Sauvant and Sachs (2009), pp. liv; Berger et al. (2011), p. 272; Franck (2007), p. 340; See also, Gazzini (2018), p. 249; Bonnitcha (2017), p. 15; Desbordes and Vicard (2009), p. 383.

For a study which links BITs with more FDI inflows for developing countries, See, Neumayer and Spess (2005), p. 1582; For other similar studies see, Salacuse and Sullivan (2005), p. 106; Bhasin and Manocha (2016), p. 285; Pfaffermayr and Egger (2004), p. 801; See also, Schreuer (2007), p. 346. For mixed results, See, Gallagher and Birch (2006), p. 969.

100

Yackee (2011), p. 434; Kollamparambil (2016), p. 13; Moul (2015), p. 889 et seqq.; Lubambo (2016), p. 225; Johnson and Sachs (2016), p. 10 et seq.; For a discussion on this issue, See also, Morosini (2016); Alvarez (2009), p. 41 et seqq.; Hallward-Driemeie (2003), p. 22.

101

Vandevelde (2009b), p. 14; Newcombe and Pardell (2009), p. 42; Ginsburg (2005), p. 117 et seqq.;

102

Odumosu (2007), p. 253 et seqq.

103

Bergstrand and Egger (2013), p. 108.

104

Jacob (2014).

105

Jacob (2014).

106

Nowrot (2016), p. 230 et seqq.

107

Figures as on 15 October 2019 as recorded by UNCTAD Investment Policy Hub. Available at https://investmentpolicy.unctad.org/international-investment-agreements (Accessed 24 Mar 2020).

108

For examples of such IIAs, see, Thailand-Taiwan BIT; Singapore-Taiwan BIT and India-Taiwan BIA, 2018. See also, Wu (2015).

109

See, CEFTA, Signed by the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo on behalf of Kosovo in accordance with United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244.

110

Lo (2013), p. 3.

111

Lo (2013), p, 3.

112

Born (2012), p. 792; Odumosu (2007), p. 253.

113

Keohane et al. (2000), p. 457.

Born (2012), p. 793.

Born (2012), p. 793.

Hober (2001), p. 20.

Caron (1990), p. 109; Finlay (1904), p. 668.

118

Art. 15, Hague I Convention; Art. 37, Hague II Convention; See also, Malintoppi (2006), p. 134.

119

Malintoppi (2006), p. 135 et seq.

120

Preamble, Model Rules on Arbitral Procedure with a general commentary 1958, International Law Commission, Yearbook of the International Law Commission, 1958, vol. II, pp. 83–88.

121

Hober (2004), p. 141.

122

Scruggs (1899), p. 239.

123

Emerson (1970), p. 156; Finlay (1904), p. 660 et seqq.; Fraser (1926), p. 185. For detailed discussion on the issue, see, Westermann (1907), pp. 197–211.

124

Biancalana (2005), p. 348.

125

Fraser (1926), p. 179.

126

Balch (1907), p. 304; Fraser (1926), p. 180.

127

Balch (1907), p. 304.

128

Jay Treaty; See also, Tallman and Tallman (1972), p. 59; Fraser (1926), p. 198 et seqq.

129

Alabama claims of the United States of America against Great Britain Award rendered on 14 September 1872 by the tribunal of arbitration established by Article I of the Treaty of Washington of 8 May 1871, RIAA, Vol. XXIX, pp. 125–134.

130

Award between the United States and the United Kingdom relating to the rights of jurisdiction of United States in the Bering’s sea and the preservation of fur seals, 15 August 1893, RIAA Vol. XXVIII, pp. 263–276.

131

Murphy et al. (2013), p. 40; Hober (2001), p. 34; Nodeh (2003–2004), p. 119; Vidmar (2002), p. 91; Lillich (1963), p. 261 et seqq.; Ralston (1926), p. 488 et seqq.

132

Nodeh (2003–2004), p. 119; Bingham (2005), p. 24 et seqq.

133

Bingham (2005), p. 1.

134

Balch (1907), p. 308.

135

For instances showing the push for arbitration see, Cook (1894); Davis (1894); Coudert (1913); Edmunds (1897); Finlay (1904), p. 667 et seqq.

136

Hague I Convention; Ralston (1926), p. 489.

137

Boardman (1894), p. 8.

138

Hale (1895), p. 173.

139

Carter (2001), p. 63 et seq.

140

Art. 1, GTIAA.

141

Fraser (1926), p. 207 et seq.; Born (2012), p. 800.

142

Spiermann (2012), p. 50 et seq.

143

Born (2012), p. 799.

144

Art. 33, UN Charter.

145

Bockstiegel (1986), p. 23.

146

Art. 287, UNCLOS.

147

Office of Legal Affairs (1992), p. 55.

148

Born (2012), p. 798.

149

United States-United Kingdom Arbitration concerning Heathrow Airport User Charges (United States-United Kingdom), RIAA, Vol. XXIV, Decision of 30 November 1992 (Revised 18 June 1993), pp. 1–359; For a detailed discussion, see, Witten (1995).

150

Decision regarding delimitation of the border between Eritrea and Ethiopia, RIAA, Vol. XXV, 13 April, 2002, pp. 83–195.

151

PCA Case N° 2013–19, In the Matter of the South China Sea Arbitration, Philippines and China, Award of 12 July 2016.

152

Aksen (1978), p. 235.

153

Aksen (1978), p. 235.

154

Havana Charter.

155

Draft Convention on Foreign Property.

156

Jacob (2014).

157

Draft Convention on Investments Abroad, 1959.

158

New York Convention.

159

ICSID Convention.

160

Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States.

161

Vandevelde (2009b), p. 14; Allee (2010), p. 2; Schill (2011), p. 1095.

162

On this see, Nam (2017), p. 1286 et seqq.

163

Allee (2010), p. 2.

164

Allee (2010), p. 2.

165

Hober (2004), p. 140.

166

Jacob (2014).

167

Alschner (2013), p. 459.

168

Alschner (2013), p. 457.

169

Art. 8(3), UK-Ethiopia BIT.

170

Annex A, Canada-Czech Republic BIT, 2009.

171

Peters (2003), p. 7; Wood (2017), p. 10.

172

Jay Treaty; See also, Newcombe and Pardell (2009), p. 7; Vandevelde (2010), p. 504.

173

USA-France FCN Treaty, 1778; Alschner (2013), p. 461.

174

Liu (2009), p. 24.

175

USA-Brazil FCN Treaty, 1828.

176

USA-Germany FCC Treaty, 1923.

177

USA-Italy FCN Treaty, 1948.

178

USA-Ireland FCN Treaty, 1950.

179

USA-Belgium FEN Treaty, 1961.

180

Alschner (2013), p. 455.

181

Draft Convention on Investments Abroad, 1959; See also, Nowrot (2017), p. 173.

182

Alschner (2013), p. 457.

183

ICJ, Elettronica Sicula S.P.A. (ELSI), USA v. Italy, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1989, p. 15; See also, Vandevelde (2009a), p. 704.

184

Alschner (2013), p. 458.

185

Paust (2015), p. 112.

186

Bonnitcha (2019), p. 638; Alschner (2013), p. 458.

187

Potesta (2015), p. 250; Lubambo (2016), p. 227; Wong (2014), p. 14; See also Vandevelde (2009b), p. 12 et seqq.

188

Salacuse (1990), p. 655.

189

Bungenberg (2016), p. 5.

190

Art. VII (1), Draft Convention on Investments Abroad, 1959.

191

Netherlands-Malta BIT, 1984.

192

Indonesia-Netherlands BIT, 1968 is considered the first BIT which expressly incorporates investor-state arbitration. On this see also, Newcombe and Pardell (2009), p. 44.

193

Lubambo (2016), p. 229; Potesta (2013), p. 754.

194

Art. 25, Dispute Settlement Understanding.

195

32% for Germany and 28% for Switzerland do not contain ISDS provisions, See, Pohl et al. (2012), p. 10.

196

Posner and Walter (2015), p. 381; Lo (2013), p, 9; Lubambo (2017), p. 83.

197

On this, See also, Preamble, Model Rules on Arbitral Procedure with a general commentary 1958, International Law Commission, Yearbook of the International Law Commission, 1958, vol. II, pp. 83–88.

198

Chase (2015), p. 219.

199

Mitchell and Munro (2013), p. 156.

200

Part III, Chapter 2, UK-CARIFORUM EPA.

201

Art. 11.4, Indonesia-EFTA CEPA.

202

Art. 21.7 EU-Japan EPA.

203

Chapter 28, CPTPP.

204

Art. 29.6, CETA.

205

Hober (2010), p. 155 et seq.

206

Walde (1996), p. 439.

207

Walde (1996), p. 439; Art. 6(7) & 19(2), ECT.

208

Art. 28, ECT; See also, Baltag (2018), p. 366.

209

Art. 27(3)(f), ECT.

210

Belyi et al. (2011), p. 391.

211

Baltag (2018), p. 366.

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Titel: Investment Dispute Settlement and the Position of State-to-State Arbitration in Investment Law
verfasst von: Angshuman Hazarika
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: State-to-state Arbitration based on International Investment Agreements
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-50034-4

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-50035-1

Copyright-Jahr: 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50035-1_1

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