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2021 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

8. Labour Markets, Demography, Migration and Skills

verfasst von : Michael Landesmann, Hermine Vidovic

Erschienen in: Does EU Membership Facilitate Convergence? The Experience of the EU's Eastern Enlargement - Volume II

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

This chapter reviews labour market developments pre- and post-EU Enlargement in the Central-Eastern and South-Eastern European (CESEE) countries. During the post-transition phase CESEE economies went through dramatic processes of structural change (deindustrialisation, tertiarisation, uneven regional development, etc.). Such industrial and regional structural change had strong implications for labour demand and the demand for skills. Furthermore, migration flows and other demographic developments affected the available labour supply. This chapter analyses these developments, their impact on labour market developments pre- and post-EU membership, and develops scenarios into the future. This chapter also includes an analysis of the impact of demographic developments on a likely ‘labour shortage’ scenario for the catching-up processes of Central and Eastern European countries into the future.

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Vorheriges Kapitel 15 Years from the Eastern Enlargement: Financial Integration and Economic Convergence in Europe

Nächstes Kapitel Corruption, Institutions and Convergence

Such ‘secondary transition recessions’ were often a function of unsustainable exchange rate regimes and misguided monetary policies which often led to exchange rate collapses with ensuing banking crises.

Some economies experienced severe balance of payments and exchange rate crises in the late 1990s, foremost Bulgaria which moved to a currency board regime in order to contain hyperinflation. The result was a sharp contraction of GDP over a number of years.

For comparative purposes Fig. 8.3 also includes the information regarding African demographic developments, the main non-European neighbouring region of the EU.

Taking the last indicator, GDP per capita, the gaps (measured as ratios) between urban regions and the country as a whole and to rural regions in particular would be for the EU-15 respectively 1.12 and 1.38, while for the EU11 this gap would amount to 1.68 and 2.35. Of course, there are various problems with comparisons of GDP per capita between urban (and particularly metropolitan) regions and other regions, due to the non-availability of region-specific price levels to construct proper PPP measures of real income levels; further the distortions that arise between GDP and GNP due to the profit reporting of companies that have headquarters in capital cities, but also due to the impact of often a significant share of commuters in the working population. There are also other factors that can lead to biases in such real income comparisons at the regional level.

‘Low’ refers - according to ISCED classification 2011 - to ISCED 0-2, ‘Medium’ to ISCED 3-5, and ‘High’ to ISCED 6-8.

Specific attention has to be paid to the special situation of the Roma population in those countries in which their share is relatively high (Hungary, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Romania). The evidence is that they have significantly and persistently lower educational attainment levels than the rest of the population and that they tend to be concentrated in left-behind regions. Some of the much worse position of the low skilled in the labour markets of the EU11 (as compared to the situation in the EU-15) is due to the unresolved issue of educational and labour market integration of this highly disadvantaged ethnic group.

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Titel: Labour Markets, Demography, Migration and Skills
verfasst von: Michael Landesmann
Hermine Vidovic
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: Does EU Membership Facilitate Convergence? The Experience of the EU's Eastern Enlargement - Volume II
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-57701-8

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-57702-5

Copyright-Jahr: 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57702-5_8

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