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2001 | Buch

Introduction to Soil Erosion and Landscape Evolution Modeling Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

Landscape Erosion and Evolution Modeling

herausgegeben von: Russell S. Harmon, William W. Doe III

Verlag: Springer US

Enthalten in: Professional Book Archive

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Über dieses Buch

Landscapes are characterized by a wide variation, both spatially and temporally, of tolerance and response to natural processes and anthropogenic stress. These tolerances and responses can be analyzed through individual landscape parameters, such as soils, vegetation, water, etc., or holistically through ecosystem or watershed studies. However, such approaches are both time consuming and costly. Soil erosion and landscape evolution modeling provide a simulation environment in which both the short- and long-term consequences of land-use activities and alternative land use strategies can be compared and evaluated. Such models provide the foundation for the development of land management decision support systems.
Landscape Erosion and Evolution Modeling is a state-of-the-art, interdisciplinary volume addressing the broad theme of soil erosion and landscape evolution modeling from different philosophical and technical approaches, ranging from those developed from considerations of first-principle soil/water physics and mechanics to those developed empirically according to sets of behavioral or empirical rules deriving from field observations and measurements. The validation and calibration of models through field studies is also included.
This volume will be essential reading for researchers in earth, environmental and ecosystem sciences, hydrology, civil engineering, forestry, soil science, agriculture and climate change studies. In addition, it will have direct relevance to the public and private land management communities.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. Introduction to Soil Erosion and Landscape Evolution Modeling
Abstract
Landscapes evolve under the influence of a complex suite of natural processes, many of which may be either directly or indirectly influenced by land use. Soil erosion is a natural landscape process of critical concern to many land management agencies. As a geomorphic process, soil erosion can be generally defined as the detachment and transport of in-situ soil particles by three natural agents — water (in liquid or ice form), wind, and gravity (down slope movement). The consequences of soil erosion are both the removal and loss of soil particles from one location and their subsequent deposition in another location, either on the land surface or in an adjoining watercourse. A single soil particle may undergo multiple cycles of removal and deposition over time spans ranging from a single-event (e.g., hours) to geologic time (e.g., decades or centuries). Naturally occurring soil erosion processes (detachment, transport, deposition) can be accelerated by anthropogenic activities.
William W. Doe III, Russell S. Harmon
Chapter 2. Erosion Problems On U.S. Army Training Lands
Abstract
Accelerated erosion of lands being used for military training is one of the largest environmental challenges encountered by U.S. Army land managers. A survey of land management professionals from ten representative U.S. Army installations, spanning the entire geography of the United States, provided current insights into the challenge of erosion management. The response to the survey forms the foundation for this chapter.
Bruce E. Miller, Jeffrey C. Linn
Chapter 3. Effects Of Freeze-Thaw Cycling On Soil Erosion
Abstract
Landscapes evolve as a result of the interactions of topography, climate, hydrology, vegetation conditions, rock-weathering processes, soil conditions, sediment transport and deposition processes, and land use. An integral part of understanding and modeling that evolution must be a knowledge of the spatial and temporal dynamics in soil erodibility and runoff erosivity and how these dynamics affect the mechanics of soil erosion.
Lawrence W. Gatto, Jonathan J. Halvorson, Donald K. McCool, Antonio J. Palazzo
Chapter 4. Determination Of Slope Displacement Mechanisms And Causes
An Approach Using New Geometric Modeling Techniques And Climate Data
Abstract
Virtually every hillside composed of soil or loose rock is susceptible to mass movements. In many areas, the displacements pose no real human threat because they are imperceptibly slow or occur in remote regions. However, many slopes are in areas where displacements of soil or rock could destroy lives and property, disrupt utilities and transportation routes, create conditions for point source pollution, and disrupt the beauty of the landscape. A task of the civil engineer or engineering geologist is to assess the prospects for these displacements before they happen and to suggest methods of circumventing potential damage if movements are in progress.
Ronald B. Chase, Alan E. Kehew, William W. Montgomery
Chapter 5. Using Cosmogenic Nuclide Measurements In Sediments To Understand Background Rates Of Erosion And Sediment Transport
Abstract
Understanding the tempo of sediment generation and transport is fundamental to understanding Earth as a system. For land managers, knowing rates of landscape change is important as they consider human impact on landscapes in a long-term context. Numerous means have been employed to estimate basin-scale erosion rates (Saunders and Young, 1983); many of these methods, such as calculations based on river sediment and solute transport rates, are influenced by human impacts or are useful only over short (10 to 100 y) time scales (Trimble, 1977). Other techniques involve reconstruction of initial topography or definition of sediment volumes and source areas; however, these techniques are feasible only in particular environments and geologic settings, many of which are uncommon (Bishop, 1985). Sediment transport rates can also be estimated using tracers (e.g., Lekach and Schick, 1995) and sediment traps. The traditional means by which basin-scale erosion and sediment transport rates are estimated remain uncertain and thus are not widely applied.
Paul Bierman, Erik Clapp, Kyle Nichols, Alan Gillespie, Marc W. Caffee
Chapter 6. Erosion Modeling
Abstract
The impetus for developing erosion models began in the 1930s and 1940s with the need to evaluate different soil conservation practices. Although the effectiveness of erosion-control measures can be tested in the field on demonstration plots, long-term records are required to collect meaningful data. The plots are also expensive to establish and maintain. Therefore, an alternative approach is needed whereby the effectiveness of different measures can be predicted from knowledge of local conditions of climate, soils, topography, and land cover.
Roy P. C. Morgan, John N. Quinton
Chapter 7. The Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) Model
Abstract
Soil erosion by water continues to be a serious problem throughout the world, and models play an increasingly critical role in conservation and assessment efforts. Improved soil erosion prediction technology is needed to provide land managers, conservationists and others with tools to examine the impact of different land management decisions on on-site soil loss and off-site sediment yield and determining optimal land use. Additionally, soil erosion prediction technology allows policymakers to assess the current status of land resources and the potential need for enhanced or new policies to protect soil and water resources.
Dennis C. Flanagan, James C. Ascough II, Mark A. Nearing, John M. Laflen
Chapter 8. A Simulation Model for Erosion and Sediment Yield at the Hillslope Scale
Abstract
As a physical feature of the landscape, hillslopes connect high points with low points. A hillslope can be defined as the zone of the landscape from the crest of a ridge along the slope in the direction of flow to a defined drainage, water body, or other feature that interrupts the overland flow profile at the toe of the slope. The evolution and visible forms of hillslopes are in large part determined by the effects of water driven erosion. In the absence of activities such as land forming, grading, cultivation, etc., hillslopes are relatively stable and their forms evolve slowly.
Leonard J. Lane, Mary H. Nichols, Lainie R. Levick, Mary R. Kidwell
Chapter 9. Waterbots
Abstract
Waterbots are elements of a landscape evolution model based on discrete units of runoff that are able to pick up and deposit sediment. The waterbot model is a cellular automaton model (Toffoli and Margolus, 1989) that captures much of the essence of more detailed hydrologic models. Waterbots are similar to the precipitons introduced by Chase (Chase, 1992) in his discrete model of runoff erosion. In the precipiton model, individual precipitons were viewed as mimicking the effects of single storms. The term waterbot is used here to avoid a suggestion that a discrete waterbot “particle” necessarily represents the result of a particular precipitation event. Instead a waterbot represents an abstract unit of runoff that can reflect the result of either many storms, or of a single storm. Waterbots represent one of potentially several species of geobots, or geologic agents, that might be deployed on a digital landscape to handle a range of geomorphic chores. To illustrate the application of the model, erosion and deposition processes are examined in the Black Mountains, Death Valley, California (Figure 1).
Peter K. Haff
Chapter 10. Two-Dimensional Watershed-Scale Erosion Modeling With CASC2D
Abstract
Erosion is as ancient as our planet itself (or even older) and its role in shaping the earth’s surface and human history and development cannot be over-emphasized. In most inhabited regions of the world, erosion due to human activities is a significant issue affecting water quality, reservoir capacity, biodiversity, and agricultural sustainability. The scientific knowledge of factors that cause erosion is incomplete. Current models for predicting of the future impact of land surface activities on erosion are inadequate. There is a pressing need to develop erosion models that preserve spatial relations between watershed characteristics, rainfall, and factors that affect erosion.
Fred Ogden, Arik Heilig
Chapter 11. Multiscale Soil Erosion Simulations For Land Use Management
Abstract
Increasing pressures on the land and an improved understanding of human impacts on the environment are leading to profound changes in land management, with emphasis on integration of local actions with watershed-scale approaches. This trend has a significant impact on the development of supporting Geographic Information System (GIS) and modeling tools. Complex, distributed, physics-based models are needed to improve understanding and prediction of landscape processes at any point in space and time. At the same time, land owners and managers working in the watersheds and fields need fast and easy to use models for which the input data are readily available.
Helena Mitasova, Lubos Mitas
Chapter 12. The Channel-Hillslope Integrated Landscape Development Model (CHILD)
Abstract
Numerical models of complex Earth systems serve two important purposes. First, they embody quantitative hypotheses about those systems and thus help researchers develop insight and generate testable predictions. Second, in a more pragmatic context, numerical models are often called upon as quantitative decision-support tools. In geomorphology, mathematical and numerical models provide a crucial link between small-scale, measurable processes and their long-term geomorphic implications. In recent years, several models have been developed that simulate the structure and evolution of three-dimensional fluvial terrain as a consequence of different process “laws” (e.g., Willgoose et al., 1991a; Beaumont et al., 1992; Chase, 1992; Anderson, 1994; Howard, 1994; Tucker and Slingerland, 1994; Moglen and Bras, 1995). By providing the much-needed connection between measurable processes and the dynamics of long-term landscape evolution that these processes drive, mathematical landscape models have posed challenging new hypotheses and have provided the guiding impetus behind new quantitative field studies and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) -based analyses of terrain (e.g., Snyder et al., 2000). The current generation of models, however, shares a number of important limitations. Most models rely on a highly simplified representation of drainage basin hydrology, treating climate through a simple “perpetual runoff” formulation.
Gregory Tucker, Stephen Lancaster, Nicole Gasparini, Rafael Bras
Chapter 13. Simulation of Streambank Erosion Processes with a Two-Dimensional Numerical Model
Abstract
Channel stabilization is critical for the success of channel restoration. A stable channel, from a geomorphic perspective, is one that has adjusted its width, depth, and slope such that there is no significant aggradation or degradation of the streambed or significant platform changes within an engineering time frame, generally less than 50 years (Biedenharn et al., 1997). Even though the bed of a stream in dynamic equilibrium is neither degrading nor aggrading, erosion may be occurring in stream banks and result in bank instability. Bank protection is often required even for a stream in dynamic equilibrium. Due to the lack of understanding of bank erosion mechanisms, the hydraulic and sediment transport models, including the series of U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Hydrologic Engineering Center models, CH3D-SED, etc., which have been widely applied to engineering projects to design stable channels, can only predict the vertical bed adjustments due to degradation and aggradation. Alluvial channels adjust themselves to reach regime conditions not only through bed elevation changes but also through platform evolution, for example, the migration of meandering channels.
Jennifer Duan
Chapter 14. Spatial Analysis of Erosion Conservation Measures with LISEM
Abstract
Runoff and erosion models are generally used to assess environmental problems such as soil erosion problems with loss of fertile soil and damage to crops, off-site damage to property and infrastructure by “mud-flows,” and pollution of surface water by sediment with agricultural chemicals and nutrients. These problems occur frequently in the loess zone in Western Europe (Boardman et al., 1994) of which Limburg, the southern province of the Netherlands, forms a small part. The Limburg Soil Erosion Model LISEM, (De Roo et al. 1996a, 1996b; LISEM, 2000) is a physically-based hydrological and soil erosion model, operating at the catchment scale, that was designed to assess these problems. The model simulates runoff and erosion with single rainstorms in agricultural catchments of a size ranging from 1 hectare up to approximately 10 km2. The upper limit size is determined by the fact that in LISEM a stream channel cannot be larger than one pixel; larger catchments with floodplains and river systems cannot be simulated.
Victor G. Jetten, Ad P. J. de Roo
Chapter 15. Numerical Simulation of Sediment Yield, Storage, and Channel Bed Adjustments
The Example of a Branching Stream Network that has been Subject to Varying Inflows of Water and Sediment
Abstract
The response of alluvial channels to perturbations in the balance of water and sediment inflow is one of the fundamental issues facing geomorphologists and hydraulic engineers. As far back as the first half of the 20th century Ruby (1933) and Makin (1948) were developing concepts and quantitative expressions for the adjustments that occurred when a stream channel at grade was subjected to an change in the steady-state balance of the water and sediment loads it received. In the 1970s fluvial geomorphologists began focusing on the importance of thresholds in determining whether a particular reach of a stream channel would have a tendency to erode, aggrade, or remain stable over the short run (e.g., Schumm, 1973; Bull, 1979). In order to facilitate inferences to be made without recourse to excessive amounts of data and/or overly involved calculations, fairly simple conceptual models invoking channel slope, water discharge, sediment discharge, and derivatives of those basic variables such as boundary layer shear stress, and stream power were used to explain many aspects of how channels adjust to variations in water flow and the character of sediments in the channel.
Greg A. Olyphant, Assaf Alhawas, Gordon S. Fraser
Chapter 16. The Limits of Erosion Modeling
Why We Should Proceed with Care
Abstract
Modeling soil erosion by water is only about sixty years old as a scientific activity, but has played a vital role both in advancing our understanding of erosional processes, and in applications to the problem of prediction and design of conservation strategies. Yet despite some ambitious claims, current soil erosion models are still inadequate in many respects (e.g., De Roo, 1993; Favis-Mortlock, 1994; 1998c; Jetten et al., 1999; Parsons and Wainwright, 2000). Very few models have been ‘validated’ in any scientifically acceptable sense. They may work reasonably well for specific circumstances, or with calibration. Outside of this domain results are disappointing and often are not easy to explain. This chapter discusses some of the weaknesses associated with present-day models for soil erosion by water, and considers the constraints (and opportunities) which these shortcomings might present for the next generation of models.
David Favis-Mortlock, John Boardman, Valerie MacMillan
Chapter 17. Envisioning a Future Framework for Managing Land and Water Resources
Abstract
Effective land and water resources management has become an increasingly difficult and challenging task. There are more and more demands and a shrinking resource base. Land and water resource managers face many new legislative requirements, demands from increasingly sophisticated and often conflicting interest groups, and pressure to accurately project and evaluate the costs, benefits, options, and potential short term, long term, and cumulative consequences of any proposed management actions. In particular, the civil works and military land management challenges facing the U.S. Army include the need to:
  • · integrate multiple uses of lands and water resources,
  • · sustain mission use of training and testing ranges,
  • · restore contaminated sites,
  • · restore aquatic and upland ecosystems,
  • · manage noise propagation,
  • · partner with stakeholders in ecosystem and watershed planning, restoration, and management,
  • · evaluate proposed activities on wetlands (permitting),
  • · manage coastal zone, watershed, and riverine resources,
  • · maintain navigable waterways and conduct dredging operations,
  • · maintain effective flood control measures,
  • · assess chemical and biological threats and risk pathways, and
  • · evaluate the use of military lands within larger urban landscapes.
William D. Goran, Jeffery P. Holland
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
Landscape Erosion and Evolution Modeling
herausgegeben von
Russell S. Harmon
William W. Doe III
Copyright-Jahr
2001
Verlag
Springer US
Electronic ISBN
978-1-4615-0575-4
Print ISBN
978-1-4613-5139-9
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0575-4