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2020 | Buch

Introduction to Laterite Study Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

Laterites of the Bengal Basin

Characterization, Geochronology and Evolution

verfasst von: Assist. Prof. Sandipan Ghosh, Dr. Sanat Kumar Guchhait

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Buchreihe : SpringerBriefs in Geography

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik"

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Über dieses Buch

This Brief analyses and discusses the laterites in the Bengal Basin. The book highlights: (1) the definition, identification and classification of ferruginous materials, (2) the mode of laterite formation and its other horizons, (3) processes and theories of lateritisation, (4) determination of laterite ages, (5) recognition of palaeogeomorphic and palaeoclimatic significance and (6) geo-chronology and reconstruction of former lateritized landscapes. The chapters cover the tectono-climatic evolution of north-south laterite profiles of the north-western Bengal Basin on the Rajmahal Basalt Traps, Archean Granite-Gneiss, Gondwana Sandstones, Palaeogene Gravels and Older Palaeo-Deltaic Alluvium. The book uses advanced field-based studies, quantitative analysis and thematic mapping to cover various areas of palaeogeography and regolith geology of the Bengal Basin in connection with laterite genesis, palaeoweathering, tectonic geomorphology, Quaternary geomorphology and pedogeomorphology. It introduces laterites as a potential stratigraphic marker in Indian geology by explaining their palaeogeomorphic and palaeoclimatic significance.

This Brief is a comprehensive resource to researchers, students and academicians of geography, geomorphology and geology working on laterites.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. Introduction to Laterite Study
Abstract
It is quite unfeasible to travel far in India without observing the remarkable ferruginous hardcrust to which Buchanan in 1807 gave the name of laterite. The reddish brown colour regolith (used as brick) with concentration of Fe–Al oxides has fascinated many researchers of earth sciences about its classification, evolution and variable occurrences on different geological formations. In Indian peninsula, laterite is a post-cretaceous stratigraphic succession with a polycyclic nature of evolution and it marks the unconformity with Late Quaternary alluvium. Before going into main discussion, it is necessary to understand the specific features and importance of laterite as a whole. The place of laterite in regolith science, definitions, ideas, profile and characterization of laterite and imperative terminology related to laterite study are discussed in this chapter.
Sandipan Ghosh, Sanat Kumar Guchhait
Chapter 2. Literature Review and Research Methodology
Abstract
The reddish brown colour regolith (used as brick) with concentration of Fe–Al oxides has fascinated many researchers of earth sciences about its classification, evolution, and variable occurrences on different geological formations. It is quite impossible to travel far in India without observing the remarkable ferruginous crust ferruginous crust, ferruginous gravels and red soils. Throughout the field examination, one significant question is raised about the nomenclature and genesis of laterites in the study area, as well as in West Bengal—how that ferruginous formation was formed in geological past. In this section, it is tried to focus on the literature review, the identification of research gaps in study of Indian laterites, and methodological outlook of the present study.
Sandipan Ghosh, Sanat Kumar Guchhait
Chapter 3. Geographical Settings of Study Area
Abstract
Laterites of Bengal Basin are linked with the historical evolution of the Basin itself and ferruginization of lateritic sediments is linked with many geomorphic phenomena since Palaeocene. The lateritic region of West Bengal is popularized as ‘Rarh Bengal’ which is the uplifted interfluves and parts of palaeo-deltas (much older than Ganga–Brahmaputra Delta), formed by east flowing peninsular rivers. This section tries to unearth the tectonic–geomorphic evolution of Bengal Basin and its geological structure which are essential and fundamental part of the study, because the platform of laterite genesis is connected with the Basin neotectonics. Alongside to understand the overall geographic features, the climate, soils, and natural vegetation are discussed here.
Sandipan Ghosh, Sanat Kumar Guchhait
Chapter 4. Characterization of Primary Laterite Profiles
Abstract
In this chapter, it is focused to understand the effect of tropical weathering on the gneiss, basic dyke, Gondwana group of rocks and Rajmahal Basalt Traps. Merely these primary laterites on different rocks have massive appearance (in situ weathering) reflecting vermicular lateritic crust, mottled zone with lithomarge clay and deeply weathered–altered rocks, called saprolite.
Sandipan Ghosh, Sanat Kumar Guchhait
Chapter 5. Characterization of Secondary Laterite Profiles
Abstract
This section minutely analysed the profiles of low-level or ex situ laterites which separate the lithological formations of Archaean, Gondwana, and Tertiary gravels from the Sijua and Chuchura Formations (Quaternary Alluvium) deposited over the shelf zone of Bengal Basin between Pliocene and Pleistocene. The secondary laterites are specifically found as the dissected interfluves in Rampurhat, Illambazar, Bolpur, Kanksa, Ausgram, Bishnupur, Garhbeta, and Kharagpur through the variations of horizons are still observed. The presence of a subsurface layer of kaolinitic clay reddened from above by ferro-colloids and of rounded pebbles of different rocks, gravelly appearance of crust and the general absence of conventional horizons of laterite signify a detrital origin (ex situ) in Rarh Plain.
Sandipan Ghosh, Sanat Kumar Guchhait
Chapter 6. Geochemical Properties and Lateritization Processes
Abstract
The laterite described by Buchanan is only one member of laterite families whose members have different properties but are similar genesis. In the Rarh Plain of GBM delta, the processes of primary and secondary laterite formation are slightly different in the basis of magnitude of involving factors (i.e. type of weathered materials, source of ferralitic materials, wet–dry type of climate, fluctuation of groundwater table, topographic positions, stability of favourable environment, etc.). In the tropical geoclimatic settings, the processes of lateritization (transfers of Fe), latosolization (residual accumulation of Fe), desilication (loss of silica from the profile), and rubification (reddening the regolith and soil horizons with iron oxides) are simultaneously operated to develop distinct horizons of laterite. In this section, various chemical properties of laterite samples, lateritization processes, and applicable theory of lateritization are discussed to get ideas about the genesis of ferruginous layers in the weathering profiles.
Sandipan Ghosh, Sanat Kumar Guchhait
Chapter 7. Geochronology of Laterites
Abstract
There are marked similarities in between laterites of India and Australia because these continents have moved from polar to tropical palaeolatitudes over the past 80 million years. On the basis of palaeolatitudes and laterite magnetizations, the favourable optimum climate of laterite formation was prevailed in India from Late Cretaceous to Late Tertiary. Consequently, the laterites in the northern peninsula should be older than those in the south as per drifting of the Indian plate. In this chapter, the age determination, span of lateritization event, and dating data analysis are included to draw significant information about the geochronology of laterites.
Sandipan Ghosh, Sanat Kumar Guchhait
Chapter 8. Palaeogeographic Significance of Laterites
Abstract
Many researchers have reliability on the laterites and weathered zones as palaeoclimatic indicators and as morpho-stratigraphic markers, because that ferruginous facies were the products or regolith of past weathering processes under suitable geo-climatic conditions which are not prevailing today. The residual laterite profiles of the Bengal Basin are the fossil type formed in past geological ages when climatic conditions were favourable for lateritization. These laterites were generally formed under an oxic atmosphere in the presence of abundant terrestrial biomass in an acidic environment, elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide, exceptional fossil wood preservation, and intense deep basal weathering of basalts, dolerite, gneiss, sandstones, and Neogene gravelly sediments of Bengal Basin. In this chapter, it is tried to unearth the palaeogenesis, palaeoclimatic implication, and tectono-geomorphic evolution of laterites in the shelf zone of Bengal Basin.
Sandipan Ghosh, Sanat Kumar Guchhait
Chapter 9. Laterite and Society
Abstract
The study area is presently characterized as low-relief plateau fringe region where the primary and secondary laterites are overlain on the Rajmahal Basalts and towards east this lateritic Rarh plain merges with the GBM Delta. Now it is necessary to examine the importance of laterites in the human society and impact of ferruginous properties in resource utilization. In this section, the economic significance of laterites, productivity of latosols, potentiality of geotourism, and soil erosion issue are discussed to get few inferences on the significance of laterite to human.
Sandipan Ghosh, Sanat Kumar Guchhait
Chapter 10. Conclusion
Abstract
Based on the field and laboratory studies of the important profile sections of western districts (viz., Birbhum, Paschim Bardhaman, Bankura, and West Medinipur) of West Bengal, the laterites are classified.
Sandipan Ghosh, Sanat Kumar Guchhait
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
Laterites of the Bengal Basin
verfasst von
Assist. Prof. Sandipan Ghosh
Dr. Sanat Kumar Guchhait
Copyright-Jahr
2020
Electronic ISBN
978-3-030-22937-5
Print ISBN
978-3-030-22936-8
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22937-5