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Erschienen in:
Introduction Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

2018 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

9. Legal and Political Futures for American Sāmoa

Se’i fono le pa’a ma ona vae

verfasst von : Line-Noue Memea Kruse

Erschienen in: The Pacific Insular Case of American Sāmoa

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

This chapter will identify the political and legal relationships with other territories, affiliated, and compact states to analyze political routes that could expand American Sāmoa’s self-autonomy and preserve communal land tenure while upholding Sāmoan culture. Kruse analyzes alternative political arrangements due to the fear of American Sāmoans that if automatic citizenship is applied in American Sāmoa the federal courts will mandate that the full Constitution be applied in the territory and would invalidate the local Constitution’s express protections of nobility and alienation of land to non-American Sāmoans.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Retention of Communal Lands
Nächstes Kapitel Conclusion
Fußnoten
1
Tama’aiga titles: Malietoa, Tupua Tamasese, Mataˊafa, and Tuimaleali’ifano.
 
2
Freehold lands are not subject to the pule of the villages. The freehold landowners and their interests are represented in Parliament through these two “individual role” seats.
 
3
There are approximately 380 village councils throughout Sāmoa.
 
4
See Chap. 3 for distinctions between organized, unorganized, incorporated, and unincorporated US territories. CNMI are US citizens and are entitled to all the privileges and immunities that all citizens of the United States enjoy with the exception of voting for the President of the United States (every four years) and to US Congressional elections (Commonwealth Covenant art. III).
 
5
The Constitution of Northern Mariana Islands took effect in 1978.
 
6
The prohibition on the alienation of permanent and long-term interests in real property to persons other than those of Northern Mariana Islands descent was constitutional; in particular the opinion explains the application of constitutional principles must be designed “to incorporate the shared beliefs of diverse cultures…Its bold purpose was to protect minority rights,” Warbol v. Villacrusis, 958 F.2d 1450 at 1392, 1462 (9th Cir. 1992).
 
7
The Medicaid program in American Sāmoa operates differently from the 50 states and District of Columbia; eligibility for Medicaid is not evaluated on an individual basis but eligibility is presumed. There are no TANF or SSI programs in American Sāmoa. Every year the percentage of the population below 200 percent of the poverty level is calculated and approved by Centers for Medicaid and Medicare Services (CMS); CMS pays expenditures for Medicaid based on the approved calculations.
 
Literatur
Warbol v. Villacrusis, 958 F.2d 1450, 1462 (9th Cir. 1992).
1947 United Nations Trusteeship art.3.
Alienation of Freehold Land Act 1972 §2.
Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas Code Tit. 7 § 3401.
Compact of Free Association (COFA), P.L. 99-658.
Constitution of Independent State of Sāmoa art. IV, C(1)(c).
Constitution of Independent State of Sāmoa arts. 101, 102.
Constitution of Mariana Islands 1978, art. VI.
Constitution of Mariana Islands 1978, art. XI.
Constitution of Mariana Islands 1978, art. XII.
Sāmoa Land Titles Registration Act 2008.
American Samoa Economic Advisory Committee. 1992. Transforming the Economy of American Samoa: A Report to the President of the United States through the Secretary of the Department of Interior, vol. 2.
Cortes, Antonio. 1987. “Land in Trust: The Invasion of Palau’s Land-Tenure Customs by American Law.” Asian-Pacific Law & Policy Journal 14 (3): 167–240.
Meller, Norman. 2000. Indigenous Self Determination and Its Implementation. Pacific Studies 23 (1/2): 1.
Sāmoa Bureau of Statistics. 2011. Report. Population and Housing Census.
US Citizenship and Immigration Services. US Immigration Law in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI). Website Accessed 1 January 2016.
U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. Federated States of Micronesia, Republic of the Marshall Islands, and Palau. Website Accessed 1 January 2016.
US Government Accountability Office GAO-12-798T. 2012. Report. Compact of Free Association: Proposed U.S. Assistance to Palau through Fiscal Year 2024.
United Nations Charter chapt. XII, art. 77.
Metadaten
Titel
Legal and Political Futures for American Sāmoa
verfasst von
Line-Noue Memea Kruse
Copyright-Jahr
2018
Buch
The Pacific Insular Case of American Sāmoa

Print ISBN: 978-3-319-69970-7

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-69971-4

Copyright-Jahr: 2018

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69971-4_9

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