Introduction
Spatial domain watermarking | Transform domain watermarking |
---|---|
The pixel values of host image are modified in accordance to the watermark image as per watermarking criteria | Transform coefficients of the host image are modified in accordance to the watermark image coefficients as per the watermarking criteria [12] |
Less robustness and imperceptibility against various attacks [16] | |
Complexity based on the type of the transform | |
Even distribution of watermark values in the host image | Watermark values are distributed all over the host image because of the inverse transform [20] |
DWT–SVD watermarking and PCA fusion
DWT–SVD watermark embedding
DWT–SVD watermark and host extraction
PCA fusion
Linear weighted watermarking using NPC
Boat | Barbara | Baboon | Airplane | Zelda | Gold hill | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
\(P_{1}\)
| 0.758934 | 0.860309 | 0.878597 | 0.661746 | 0.602968 | 0.725408 |
\(P_{2}\)
| 0.241066 | 0.139691 | 0.121403 | 0.338254 | 0.397032 | 0.274592 |
Linear weighted watermark embedding using NPC
Watermark and host extraction
Experiments and analysis
Wavelets | PSNR in dB | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boat | Barbara | Baboon | Pool | Zelda | Gold hill | |
Haar | 54.7469 | 51.95889 | 51.39822 | 58.71134 | 61.72735 | 55.87358 |
Mexian hat | 57.5451 | 55.50501 | 55.03464 | 61.70783 | 60.89389 | 58.29581 |
db2 | 56.50751 | 54.17234 | 53.69035 | 60.88098 | 60.99883 | 57.34666 |
bior1.1 | 54.7469 | 51.95889 | 51.39822 | 58.71134 | 61.72735 | 55.87358 |
sym1 | 56.50751 | 54.17234 | 53.69035 | 60.88098 | 60.99883 | 57.34666 |
bior2.2 | 57.86309 | 55.05852 | 55.11162 | 61.3802 | 61.09999 | 58.23598 |
Host extraction | ||||||
Haar | 315.3405 | 315.4165 | 314.5552 | 312.5326 | 318.1948 | 316.1987 |
Mexian hat | 102.9277 | 102.527 | 89.62921 | 103.5492 | 105.5778 | 103.09 |
db2 | 92.99962 | 91.29276 | 77.03794 | 88.58636 | 99.33936 | 88.75591 |
bior1.1 | 318.3756 | 314.9913 | 315.028 | 318.5849 | 318.6773 | 318.4863 |
sym1 | 92.99962 | 91.29276 | 77.03794 | 88.58636 | 99.33936 | 88.75591 |
bior2.2 | 88.53934 | 88.71099 | 74.07558 | 86.21806 | 94.04718 | 86.02174 |
Watermark extraction | ||||||
Haar | 318.3756 | 314.9913 | 315.028 | 318.5849 | 318.6773 | 318.4863 |
Mexian hat | 116.0113 | 119.5873 | 109.8813 | 110.3675 | 113.0801 | 114.4143 |
db2 | 104.7897 | 108.4076 | 96.21933 | 95.01921 | 105.2092 | 98.96804 |
bior1.1 | 315.3405 | 315.4165 | 314.5552 | 312.5326 | 318.1948 | 316.1987 |
sym1 | 104.7897 | 108.4076 | 96.21933 | 95.01921 | 105.2092 | 98.96804 |
bior2.2 | 103.1319 | 106.1544 | 95.31355 | 93.98313 | 102.6953 | 98.73337 |
Methods | Boat | Barbara | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PSNR in dB | SSIM | CC | PSNR in dB | SSIM | CC | |
DWT–SVD | 28.67672 | 0.995223 | 0.999555 | 28.67672 | 0.996082 | 0.999717 |
RDWT–SVD | 28.67497 | 0.995369 | 0.999614 | 28.67557 | 0.996225 | 0.999743 |
Proposed | 54.7469 | 1 | 0.99995 | 51.95889 | 1 | 0.999931 |
Baboon | Airplane | |||||
DWT–SVD | 28.67672 | 0.995434 | 0.998981 | 28.67672 | 0.997086 | 0.999665 |
RDWT–SVD | 28.67831 | 0.995697 | 0.999078 | 28.67354 | 0.997149 | 0.99972 |
Proposed | 51.39822 | 1 | 0.999871 | 58.71134 | 1 | 0.99998 |
Zelda | Goldhill | |||||
DWT–SVD | 28.67672 | 0.993116 | 0.999908 | 28.67672 | 0.993879 | 0.999551 |
RDWT–SVD | 28.67311 | 0.993223 | 0.999934 | 28.67523 | 0.994083 | 0.999591 |
Proposed | 61.72735 | 1 | 0.999987 | 55.87358 | 1 | 0.999965 |
Methods | Boat | Barbara | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PSNR in dB | SSIM | CC | PSNR in dB | SSIM | CC | |
DWT–SVD | 297.2019 | 1 | 1 | 302.1114 | 1 | 1 |
RDWT–SVD | 74.64329 | 0.999997 | 1 | 68.45947 | 0.999989 | 0.999999 |
Proposed | 315.3405 | 1 | 1 | 315.4165 | 1 | 1 |
Baboon | Airplane | |||||
DWT–SVD | 293.3464 | 1 | 1 | 299.5996 | 1 | 1 |
RDWT–SVD | 70.24676 | 0.999995 | 0.999999 | 76.39387 | 0.999997 | 1 |
Proposed | 314.5552 | 1 | 1 | 312.5326 | 1 | 1 |
Zelda | Goldhill | |||||
DWT–SVD | 294.6514 | 1 | 1 | 293.1579 | 1 | 1 |
RDWT–SVD | 75.54812 | 0.999995 | 0.999999 | 74.22174 | 0.999995 | 1 |
Proposed | 318.1948 | 1 | 1 | 316.1987 | 1 | 1 |
Methods | Boat | Barbara | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PSNR in dB | SSIM | CC | PSNR in dB | SSIM | CC | |
DWT–SVD | 285.4239 | 1 | 1 | 289.7184 | 1 | 1 |
RDWT–SVD | 54.57439 | 0.999436 | 0.999953 | 47.70025 | 0.997011 | 0.999751 |
Proposed | 318.3756 | 1 | 1 | 314.9913 | 1 | 1 |
Baboon | Airplane | |||||
DWT–SVD | 279.5829 | 1 | 1 | 286.0401 | 1 | 1 |
RDWT–SVD | 50.01403 | 0.998763 | 0.999867 | 56.35298 | 0.999521 | 0.999967 |
Proposed | 315.028 | 1 | 1 | 318.5849 | 1 | 1 |
Zelda | Goldhill | |||||
DWT–SVD | 289.321 | 1 | 1 | 286.1962 | 1 | 1 |
RDWT–SVD | 55.41243 | 0.999397 | 0.999958 | 54.04597 | 0.999279 | 0.999946 |
Proposed | 318.6773 | 1 | 1 | 318.4863 | 1 | 1 |
Metrics for performance analysis
Method | PSNR in dB | SSIM | CC |
---|---|---|---|
Watermark embedding | |||
DWT–SVD | 28.69421 | 0.995006 | 0.999604 |
RDWT–SVD | 28.68888 | 0.995137 | 0.999659 |
Proposed | 60.53653 | 0.999557 | 0.999966 |
Watermark extraction | |||
DWT–SVD | 287.8672 | 1 | 1 |
RDWT–SVD | 50.4641 | 0.998108 | 0.99985 |
Proposed | 318.5108 | 1 | 1 |
Host extraction | |||
DWT–SVD | 295.2617 | 1 | 1 |
RDWT–SVD | 70.55934 | 0.99998 | 0.999999 |
Proposed | 315.0988 | 1 | 1 |
Watermark embedding analysis
Method | Subband | PSNR in dB | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boat | Barbara | Baboon | Airplane | Zelda | Gold hill | ||
Embedding | LL | 22.40662 | 24.34049 | 22.57053 | 18.14572 | 36.17646 | 24.72025 |
HH | 54.7469 | 51.95889 | 51.39822 | 58.71134 | 61.72735 | 55.87358 | |
Host extraction | LL | 291.229 | 291.1888 | 289.9447 | 289.5098 | 291.0575 | 291.2265 |
HH | 318.3756 | 314.9913 | 315.028 | 318.5849 | 318.6773 | 318.4863 | |
WM extraction | LL | 297.6624 | 301.558 | 292.1991 | 294.3182 | 294.3982 | 293.3587 |
HH | 315.3405 | 315.4165 | 314.5552 | 312.5326 | 318.1948 | 316.1987 |
Host and watermark extraction analysis
Subband selection for WM embedding
Robustness analysis
Cost of computation
Conclusion
Methods | Embedding | Extraction |
---|---|---|
Time in sec | Time in sec | |
DWT–SVD | 0.269155 | 0.60672 |
RDWT–SVD | 1.192001 | 2.045824 |
Proposed method | 0.99354 | 0.738366 |