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1993 | Buch

Principles of concurrent engineering Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

Concurrent Engineering

Contemporary issues and modern design tools

herausgegeben von: Hamid R. Parsaei, William G. Sullivan

Verlag: Springer US

Enthalten in: Professional Book Archive

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Über dieses Buch

In the area of computer-integrated manufacturing, concurrent engineering is recognized as the manufacturing philosophy for the next decade.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

Organization Issues in Concurrent Engineering

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. Principles of concurrent engineering
Abstract
The world-wide competitive economy is forcing us to utilize fully the best equipment and techniques available with efficient control of organizational structure to produce high quality, well-designed products at lower prices and in less time. Increasing awareness is being directed to the product design phase, because the more advanced CIM technologies are of little consequence unless the product design lends itself to the overall system utilizing all available and relevant technologies. For instance, the following statements represent the significance of product design.
Hyeon H. Jo, Hamid R. Parsaei, William G. Sullivan
Chapter 2. Concurrent engineering’s roots in the World War II era
Abstract
A review of the literature reveals that little or nothing was written about ‘concurrent engineering’ or ‘simultaneous engineering’ before 1980. It would appear that concurrent engineering, as well as its subsets, design for manufacture (DFM) and design for assembly (DFA), are recent concepts in both management and engineering. Yet, few would doubt that these ideas have been a part of US engineering design philosophy for many decades. In the present rush to emphasize concurrent engineering, DFM, and DFA, there has been a strong tendency to reinvent practices that were common during World War II and earlier. Neglecting the lessons of history has two major disadvantages: time is wasted in developing procedures and methods that are a matter of record and effort is wasted in selling these concepts on the basis of their anticipated benefits when overwhelming historic evidence of their worth exists.
M. Carl Ziemke, Mary S. Spann
Chapter 3. Implementation: common failure modes and success factors
Abstract
In implementing concurrent engineering (CE) there are many things you have to get right. Most companies have a track record of successful change and can be expected adequately to deal with certain elements of concurrent engineering implementations (such as process analysis, budgeting, systems analysis and design). CE offers a specific challenge to management by demanding radical change in the way we develop products; a challenge that managements’ previous experience is unlikely to have prepared them for. Here we will concentrate on things that have commonly gone wrong and learn how to identify them and how to avoid them. Putting together the techniques needed to avoid common failings allows us to form a scheme for increasing the success of any CE implementation. The scheme is not a comprehensive plan for implementing CE — indeed it ignores those implementation activities that are either of little overall impact, or of interest only to a small part of the total population, or those that are commonly conducted successfully — but it does identify the most likely weaknesses of a CE implementation plan and should be used to support internal experience and to increase the success of CE.
Stephen Evans
Chapter 4. Overcoming barriers to the implementation of concurrent engineering
Abstract
As organizations struggle to become more competitive in a global market-place, concurrent engineering has surfaced as one of many concepts that promises major benefits for its practitioners. Along with total quality management (TQM), quality function deployment (QFD), Hoshin kanri, kaizen, kanban, and a growing list of similar terminologies, concurrent engineering has both captivated and bewildered the world with its simplistic yet radical philosophy (Ouchi, 1981; Akoa, 1991). Its adoption and adaptation by an organization can have a profound effect. Users of concurrent engineering boast of better designs, fewer engineering changes, improved quality, improved marketability of products and increased profits (Hauser and Clausing, 1988; Winner, 1988; Maskell, 1991; US Army Material Command, 1991; Hartley, 1992). Why hasn’t everyone jumped on the concurrent engineering bandwagon?
Gary A. Maddux, William E. Souder
Chapter 5. Improving interpersonal communications on multifunctional teams
Abstract
In order to deal with the complexity inherent in modern product development there has been an increasing degree of specialization. Some engineers specialize in the design function, others in the manufacturing function, still others in reliability, etc. These specialists are then put together as a multifunctional team to develop a product. While there is an obvious advantage to having teams composed of well-trained, experienced specialists there can be interpersonal communication problems within such teams. This is due to the fact that the previous training and individual experience which each specialist brings to the team leads to terminology and the use of that terminology particular to the individual’s speciality. In other words each specialist has their own viewpoint of product development.
Michael E. Fotta, Ray A. Daley
Chapter 6. Scheduling of concurrent manufacturing projects
Abstract
Manufacturing project management is the process of managing, allocating, and timing resources to achieve a production goal in an efficient and expedient manner. The objectives that constitute the specified goal may be in terms of time, costs, or performance. A project can be simple, such as cooking dinner, or very complex, such as launching a space shuttle. Project management techniques are used widely in many enterprises including construction, banking, manufacturing, marketing, health care services, and public services (Badiru, 1988a; Gill and Whitman, 1991). Project management uses a combination of analytical, managerial, and computer tools to address the following:
  • Performance specifications;
  • Schedule requirements; and
  • Cost limitations.
Adedeji B. Badiru

Tools and Techniques of Concurrent Engineering

Frontmatter
Chapter 7. Models of design processes
Abstract
How does a design come to be? How does a designer get in touch with his ideas and translate them from fuzzy mental images and abstract concepts to the crisp design?
Ali Bahrami, Cihan H. Dagli
Chapter 8. A decision-based approach to concurrent design
Abstract
Modern, computer-based concurrent design requires a holistic approach that integrates the representation, management and processing of information. Integration is possible through the ‘standardization’ of information management within a design process. We approach standardization from the perspective of decision-based design (DBD), namely, that ‘the principal role of an engineer, in the design of an artifact, is to take decisions’. Given that decisions are foundational, we enable concurrent design processes through the simultaneous analysis, synthesis and resolution of multiple decisions.
Farrokh Mistree, Warren Smith, Bert Bras
Chapter 9. Concurrent optimization of product design and manufacture
Abstract
Recently, the circumstances in product design and manufacturing of machine products have greatly changed. The times in which computer-aided systems such as computer-aided design (CAD), computer-aided manufacturing (CAM), computer-aided engineering (CAE) and computer-aided process planning (CAPP) were independently developed are changing to one in which these fields are integrated and product design and manufacturing are rationally and efficiently conducted using computer systems. So, CIM (computer-integrated manufacturing), concurrent engineering (Brazier and Leonard, 1990; Haug, 1990) and simultaneous engineering (Foreman, 1989) have attracted special interest recently. The major goals of these technologies are to realize higher product performance, lower manufacturing cost, shorter lead time and automation of a variety of low-volume production systems, etc. (Hitomi, 1979).
Masataka Yoshimura
Chapter 10. Computer-based concurrent engineering systems
Abstract
Realisation of the concurrent engineering concept requires intimate cooperation and integration across the upstream product development and downstream functional groups. Such integration can present numerous difficulties since organizations have evolved into very specialized disciplines often geographically distributed. Exchange of design information in a diversity of formats without appropriate mechanisms of communication, cooperation and coordination can lead to immense bottlenecks, suboptimal designs and avoidable flaws. Such complex integration and cooperation, in today’s engineering design environment, can only be achieved by means of computer-based systems. They provide a means for the efficient accumulation and distribution of information across geographic boundaries. By means of specialized computer applications and intelligence-based tools, these data can be structured, analyzed and molded into the design, enabling the designer to achieve the optimal configuration. Computer-based tools help simplify the effort and shorten the time required to implement concurrent engineering (CE) and design for manufacture (DFM). However, there is a lack of extensive development in this field today (Lu et al., 1988).
Michael J. O’Flynn, M. Munir Ahmad
Chapter 11. Multiattribute design optimization and concurrent engineering
Abstract
The approach to concurrent design described in this chapter is motivated by the observation that, despite the progress made by ‘design for X’ approaches, engineering designs are ultimately evaluated with respect to many criteria. We assert that the design process should be driven by simultaneous consideration of multiple criteria, rather than evaluation of a single criterion at each stage of the design process with modification along the way. Recognizing the need to satisfy the ultimate evaluator of designs, the customer, Cook defines quality as ‘net value of product to society’ (1991a). Cook (1991b) and Cook and DeVor (1991) construct a model for evaluating the quality of a product based on the value to the customer as well as cost. By listening to the ‘voice of the customer’, the ‘house of quality’ approach attempts to integrate customer desires into the design process (Hauser and Clausing, 1988). The voice of the customer defines certain design criteria, or attributes, to be considered. These attributes are related to the engineering domain as performance criteria through quality function deployment (Sullivan, 1986; Clausing and Pugh, 1991). Further analysis of these desired performance criteria leads to identification of relevant decision parameters over which designers have direct control. For example, the customer attribute of ‘quieter car’ may be translated into the performance goal of low engine noise.
Deborah L. Thurston, Angela Locascio
Chapter 12. Concurrent cell design and cell control system configuration
Abstract
The design and implementation of manufacturing systems have long been recognized as the essential efforts supporting the execution of business plans by providing a company with adequate production capability and capacity. The older generations of industrial/manufacturing engineers have been trained and challenged to design manufacturing systems which are both technically capable of executing desired manufacturing processes and economically justifiable. Past manufacturing system design practices have worked well for manufacturers in the era where mass production is the only way to cut cost and stay ahead of most competitors. Yet, the principles of just-in-time (JIT) production and group technology (GT) which gained popularity in the 1980s have imposed a totally new perspective on manufacturing system design. Production flexibility and rapid response to customers’ needs became critical surviving factors. Moreover, with the advent of computer integrated manufacturing (CIM) technology, automation projects on the shopfloor require state-of-the-art control and management mechanisms to support factory integration efforts. Not only has the information technology been applied to facilitate islands of automation management, but also it serves to maintain the data integrity across both vertical and horizontal factory integration units.
F. Frank Chen
Chapter 13. A generalized methodology for evaluating manufacturability
Abstract
Research in the design for manufacturing (DFM) area has evolved primarily as independent studies in different manufacturing domains. These studies have yielded many different techniques for evaluating how easy it is to manufacture a part. In most cases the techniques are valid for a specific manufacturing process. Since almost all products require several manufacturing operations, a designer needs to be familiar with several different DFM techniques in order to assess the manufacturability of a design. Manufacturability is defined here as the ability to manufacture a product to obtain the desired quality and rate of production while optimizing cost. The ease of manufacturing is an inherent part of this definition due to its influence on all of these factors. The methodology presented in this chapter provides designers with a structured approach to DFM and acts as an aid in identifying the critical parameters which affect manufacturability in any design. Further, the methodology yields quantitative metrics which can be used to evaluate and compare designs.
Srinivasa R. Shankar, David G. Jansson
Chapter 14. Evaluating product machinability for concurrent engineering
Abstract
Decisions made during the design of a product can have significant effects on product cost, quality, and lead time. Such considerations have led to the idea of identifying design elements that pose problems for manufacturing and quality control, and providing feedback to the designer so that the designer can change the design to improve its manufacturability (Vann and Cutkosky; 1990, Cutkosky and Tenenbaum, 1991).
Dana S. Nau, Guangming Zhang, Satyandra K. Gupta, Raghu R. Karinthi
Chapter 15. Concurrent optimization of design and manufacturing tolerances
Abstract
Mechanical engineering design is a complex process which involves creative thinking, experience, intuition, and quantitative analysis. The requirements for designing a complicated mechanical system are diverse and often contain conflicting goals. Stated in more detail, a design process can be divided into levels of activities that include functional design (product design), manufacturing (process design), and life-cycle considerations. Designers must consider not only the functional requirements of a product but also life-cycle issues, such as manufacturing, testing, assembly and maintenance.
Chun Zhang, Hsu-Pin Wang
Chapter 16. Design for human factors
Abstract
Nevins and Whitney (1991) define concurrent engineering (CE) as ‘Design of the entire life cycle of the product simultaneously using a product design team and automated engineering and production tools’. Its objective is to ‘design it right in the first place’. A product is manufactured, handled, installed and used by humans. Since the human is an inherent part of any engineering project and affected by the project design, the human factors must be considered in the design of the project, right at the beginning. Therefore, it is crucial for designers to understand and consider the capabilities and limitations of the targeted users population for whom a product or process is designed.
Fariborz Tayyari

Cost Considerations in Concurrent Engineering

Frontmatter
Chapter 17. Designing to cost
Abstract
Product costs need to be recognized early, i.e. during designing, where they can be controlled the most. However, as a rule, for a new product the cost information is not available at this point. In fact, costs are influenced to the largest extent in the early stages of design, namely, the conceptual and embodiment stages. It has been estimated (Smith, 1988) that 70–80% of the product costs have been committed after only a small portion of the development resources have been expended in preliminary design. Figure 17.1 shows the data on costs incurred in individual activities and the potential for lowering product costs in each (Ehrlenspiel, 1985). For example, design and development account for only 7% of the product cost, but this phase can be responsible for 65% of the potential decrease in costs e.g., through value analysis.
Mahendra S. Hundal
Chapter 18. Economic design in concurrent engineering
Abstract
The integrated economic design of products and associated manufacturing processes requires a thorough understanding of the breadth and relevance of the problem domain. This section discusses the scope of the concurrent engineering problem as it relates to design and economic issues.
James S. Noble

Artificial Intelligence in Concurrent Engineering

Frontmatter
Chapter 19. Application of expert systems to engineering design
Abstract
There exists a spectrum of applications software that ranges from the traditional data processing systems to advanced artificial intelligence applications (see Fig. 19.1). The sophistication and complexity of these applications softwares is steadily increasing. While conventional systems, such as data processing and management information systems, still exist and are quite appropriate for some manufacturing applications, there is expanding interest in artificial intelligence (Savino, 1990).
Gary P. Moynihan
Chapter 20. A knowledge-based approach to design for manufacture using features
Abstract
To start with a quotation from Canty (1987)
CE (Concurrent Engineering) is both a philosophy and an environment. As a philosophy, CE is based on each individual’s recognition of his/her own responsibility for quality of the product. As an environment it is based on the parallel design of the product and the processes that affect it throughout its life-cycle.
It is the provision to the individual of tools to aid their contribution to product quality, as well as the facilitation of the parallel development of product and process design through new methodologies as well as tools which must be primary goals of current research work in CE and design for manufacture (DFM).
Eoin Molloy, J. Browne
Chapter 21. Concurrent accumulation of knowledge: a view of concurrent engineering
Abstract
Concurrent engineering (CE) has been identified as a vital ingredient in America’s attempts to modernize its design and manufacturing practices. In this paper we present a discussion of the ingredients of a CE system, an overview of some of the current CE research, and an alternative view of CE.
Robert E. Douglas Jr., David C. Brown
Chapter 22. Integrated knowledge systems for adaptive, concurrent design
Abstract
Every organization faces a world in flux. The dynamism arises primarily from internal developments such as retiring experts, or exogenous factors such as advancing technologies, shifting demographics, and rising consumer expectations.
Steven H. Kim
Chapter 23. Automating design for manufacturability through expert systems approaches
Abstract
In the light of growing global competition, organizations around the world today are constantly under pressure to produce high-quality products at an economical price. The need to manufacture products that perform efficiently in a cost effective manner is essential for the profitability and survival of organizations. Consequently, organizations have become increasingly aware of the importance of product design and are striving to improve manufacturing processes in order to introduce products to the market with the least development time.
A. R. Venkatachalam, Joseph M. Mellichamp, David M. Miller
Chapter 24. Modeling the design process with Petri nets
Abstract
Design of an object generally involves creating a formal model of the object. A design process can be seen as the process of creating a representation of the underlying object. This representation can then be analyzed to derive important characteristics of the design process.
Andrew Kusiak, Hsu-Hao Yang
Chapter 25. Neuro-computing and concurrent engineering
Abstract
The quest for building systems that can function automatically has attracted a lot of attention over the centuries and created continuous research activities. As users of these systems we have never been satisfied, and demand more from the artifacts that are designed and manufactured. The current trend is to build autonomous systems that can adapt to changes in their environment. While there is much to be done before we reach this point it is not possible to separate manufacturing systems from this trend. The desire to achieve fully automated manufacturing systems is here to stay.
Cihan H. Dagli, Pipatpong Poshyanonda, Ali Bahrami
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
Concurrent Engineering
herausgegeben von
Hamid R. Parsaei
William G. Sullivan
Copyright-Jahr
1993
Verlag
Springer US
Electronic ISBN
978-1-4615-3062-6
Print ISBN
978-1-4613-6336-1
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3062-6