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2017 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

2. Imposing Constitutionality: The 2009 Bundestag Election

verfasst von : Friedrich Pukelsheim

Erschienen in: Proportional Representation

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

Electoral systems cater to constitutional demands and political goals, and to procedural rules and practical manageability. The diverse requirements are exemplified by the 2009 election of the German Bundestag. The Federal Election Law provides citizens with two votes: a first vote to elect a constituency representative by plurality, and a second vote to mirror the electorate’s division along party lines by proportionality. As Germany is a federation of sixteen states, the federal subdivision is also incorporated. The Bundestag electoral system illustrates the five electoral principles that underlie Europe’s electoral heritage: to elect the members of parliament by direct and universal suffrage in a free, equal, and secret ballot.

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Fußnoten
1
Every reference concludes with a list [A. b, C. d, ] of Sects. A. b, C. d, etc. where the reference is quoted. The chapter “Notes and Comments” is indicated by “N”. The reference sources in the individual sections of Chap. 16 are not repeated here.
 
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Zurück zum Zitat Heinrich, L./Pukelsheim, F./Schwingenschlögl, U. (2005): On stationary multiplier methods for the rounding of probabilities and the limiting law of the Sainte-Laguë divergence. Statistics & Decisions 23, 117–129. [N.6, N.7] Heinrich, L./Pukelsheim, F./Schwingenschlögl, U. (2005): On stationary multiplier methods for the rounding of probabilities and the limiting law of the Sainte-Laguë divergence. Statistics & Decisions 23, 117–129. [N.6, N.7]
Zurück zum Zitat Heinrich, L./Pukelsheim, F./Wachtel, V. (2017): The variance of the discrepancy distribution of rounding procedures, and sums of uniform random variables. Metrika 80, 363–375. [N.6] Heinrich, L./Pukelsheim, F./Wachtel, V. (2017): The variance of the discrepancy distribution of rounding procedures, and sums of uniform random variables. Metrika 80, 363–375. [N.6]
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Zurück zum Zitat Hylland, A. (1978): Allotment Methods: Procedures for Proportional Distribution of Indivisible Entities. Mimeographed Report, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University. Published as: Working Paper 1990/11. Research Centre of the Norwegian School of Management, Sandvika. [N.4, N.5, N.9] Hylland, A. (1978): Allotment Methods: Procedures for Proportional Distribution of Indivisible Entities. Mimeographed Report, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University. Published as: Working Paper 1990/11. Research Centre of the Norwegian School of Management, Sandvika. [N.4, N.5, N.9]
Zurück zum Zitat Ichimori, T. (2012): A note on relaxed divisor methods. Operations Research Society of Japan 55, 225–234. [N.3] Ichimori, T. (2012): A note on relaxed divisor methods. Operations Research Society of Japan 55, 225–234. [N.3]
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Zurück zum Zitat Janson, S. (2011): Another note on the Droop quota and rounding. Voting matters 29, 32–34. [N.9] Janson, S. (2011): Another note on the Droop quota and rounding. Voting matters 29, 32–34. [N.9]
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Zurück zum Zitat Janson, S. (2014): Asymptotic bias of some election methods. Annals of Operations Research 215, 89–136. [N.6, N.7] Janson, S. (2014): Asymptotic bias of some election methods. Annals of Operations Research 215, 89–136. [N.6, N.7]
Zurück zum Zitat Janson, S./Linusson, S. (2012): The probability of the Alabama paradox. Journal of Applied Probability 49, 773–794. [N.9] Janson, S./Linusson, S. (2012): The probability of the Alabama paradox. Journal of Applied Probability 49, 773–794. [N.9]
Zurück zum Zitat Jellinek, W. (1926): Verhältniswahl und Führerauslese. Archiv des öffentlichen Rechts 50, 71–99. [N.2] Jellinek, W. (1926): Verhältniswahl und Führerauslese. Archiv des öffentlichen Rechts 50, 71–99. [N.2]
Zurück zum Zitat Joas, B. (2005): A graph theoretic solvability check for biproportional multiplier methods. Thesis. Institut für Mathematik, University of Augsburg. [N.15] Joas, B. (2005): A graph theoretic solvability check for biproportional multiplier methods. Thesis. Institut für Mathematik, University of Augsburg. [N.15]
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Zurück zum Zitat Lachapelle, G. (1911): La représentation proportionnelle en France et en Belgique. Préface de Henri Poincaré. Maisons Félix Alcan et Guillaumin Réunies, Paris. [N.7] Lachapelle, G. (1911): La représentation proportionnelle en France et en Belgique. Préface de Henri Poincaré. Maisons Félix Alcan et Guillaumin Réunies, Paris. [N.7]
Zurück zum Zitat Lauwers, L.L./Van Puyenbroeck, T. (2006a): The Hamilton apportionment method is between the Adams method and the Jefferson method. Mathematics of Operations Research 31, 390–397. [N.8] Lauwers, L.L./Van Puyenbroeck, T. (2006a): The Hamilton apportionment method is between the Adams method and the Jefferson method. Mathematics of Operations Research 31, 390–397. [N.8]
Zurück zum Zitat Lauwers, L.L./Van Puyenbroeck, T. (2006b): The Balinski-Young comparison of divisor methods is transitive. Social Choice and Welfare 26, 603–606. [N.8] Lauwers, L.L./Van Puyenbroeck, T. (2006b): The Balinski-Young comparison of divisor methods is transitive. Social Choice and Welfare 26, 603–606. [N.8]
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Zurück zum Zitat Marshall, A.W./Olkin, I. (1979): Inequalities: Theory of Majorization and Its Applications. Academic Press, New York. [8.6, N.8] Marshall, A.W./Olkin, I. (1979): Inequalities: Theory of Majorization and Its Applications. Academic Press, New York. [8.6, N.8]
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Zurück zum Zitat Marshall, A.W./Olkin, I./Pukelsheim, F. (2002): A majorization comparison of apportionment methods in proportional representation. Social Choice and Welfare 19, 885–900. [N.3, N.8] Marshall, A.W./Olkin, I./Pukelsheim, F. (2002): A majorization comparison of apportionment methods in proportional representation. Social Choice and Welfare 19, 885–900. [N.3, N.8]
Zurück zum Zitat Martínez-Aroza, J./Ramírez-González, V. (2008): Several methods for degressively proportional allotments. A case study. Mathematical and Computer Modelling 48, 1439–1445. [N.12] Martínez-Aroza, J./Ramírez-González, V. (2008): Several methods for degressively proportional allotments. A case study. Mathematical and Computer Modelling 48, 1439–1445. [N.12]
Zurück zum Zitat McLean, I. (2008): Don’t let the lawyers do the math: Some problems of legislative districting in the UK and the USA. Mathematical and Computer Modelling 48, 1446–1454. [N.9] McLean, I. (2008): Don’t let the lawyers do the math: Some problems of legislative districting in the UK and the USA. Mathematical and Computer Modelling 48, 1446–1454. [N.9]
Zurück zum Zitat McLean, I. (2014): Three apportionment problems, with applications to the United Kingdom. Pages 363–380 in: Voting Power and Procedures – Essays in Honour of Dan Felsenthal and Moshé Machover. Springer, Cham. [N.9] McLean, I. (2014): Three apportionment problems, with applications to the United Kingdom. Pages 363–380 in: Voting Power and Procedures – Essays in Honour of Dan Felsenthal and Moshé Machover. Springer, Cham. [N.9]
Zurück zum Zitat McLean, I./Urken, A.B. (1995): Classics of Social Choice. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor. [N.2] McLean, I./Urken, A.B. (1995): Classics of Social Choice. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor. [N.2]
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Zurück zum Zitat Oelbermann, K.-F./Pukelsheim, F. (2011): Future European Parliament elections: Ten steps towards uniform procedures. Zeitschrift für Staats- und Europawissenschaften—Journal for Comparative Government and European Policy 9, 9–28. [N.14] Oelbermann, K.-F./Pukelsheim, F. (2011): Future European Parliament elections: Ten steps towards uniform procedures. Zeitschrift für Staats- und Europawissenschaften—Journal for Comparative Government and European Policy 9, 9–28. [N.14]
Zurück zum Zitat Oelbermann, K.-F./Pukelsheim, F. (2015): European elections 2014: From voters to representatives, in twenty-eight ways. Evropská volební studia—European Electoral Studies 10, 91–124. [N.1] Oelbermann, K.-F./Pukelsheim, F. (2015): European elections 2014: From voters to representatives, in twenty-eight ways. Evropská volební studia—European Electoral Studies 10, 91–124. [N.1]
Zurück zum Zitat Oelbermann, K.-F./Palomares, A./Pukelsheim, F. (2010): The 2009 European Parliament elections: From votes to seats in 27 ways. Evropská volební studia—European Electoral Studies 5, 148–182 (Erratum, ibidem 6, 2011, 85). [N.1] Oelbermann, K.-F./Palomares, A./Pukelsheim, F. (2010): The 2009 European Parliament elections: From votes to seats in 27 ways. Evropská volební studia—European Electoral Studies 5, 148–182 (Erratum, ibidem 6, 2011, 85). [N.1]
Zurück zum Zitat Oyama, T. (1991): On a parametric divisor method for the apportionment problem. Journal of the Operations Research Society of Japan 34, 187–221. [N.3] Oyama, T. (1991): On a parametric divisor method for the apportionment problem. Journal of the Operations Research Society of Japan 34, 187–221. [N.3]
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Zurück zum Zitat Palomares, A./Ramírez, V. (2003): Thresholds of the divisor methods. Numerical Algorithms 34, 405–415. [N.3, N.11] Palomares, A./Ramírez, V. (2003): Thresholds of the divisor methods. Numerical Algorithms 34, 405–415. [N.3, N.11]
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Zurück zum Zitat Pennisi, A./Ricca, F./Simeone B. (2006): Bachi e buchi della legge elettorale italiana nell’allocazione biproporzionale di seggi. Sociologia e ricerca sociale 79, 55–76. [N.14] Pennisi, A./Ricca, F./Simeone B. (2006): Bachi e buchi della legge elettorale italiana nell’allocazione biproporzionale di seggi. Sociologia e ricerca sociale 79, 55–76. [N.14]
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Zurück zum Zitat Pukelsheim, F./Grimmett, G. (2017): Linking the permanent system of the distribution of seats in the European Parliament with the double-majority voting in the Council of Ministers. Pages 5–22 in: The Composition of the European Parliament. Workshop 30 January 2017. European Parliament, Directorate-General for Internal Policies, Policy Department C: Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs, PE 583.117. [N.12] Pukelsheim, F./Grimmett, G. (2017): Linking the permanent system of the distribution of seats in the European Parliament with the double-majority voting in the Council of Ministers. Pages 5–22 in: The Composition of the European Parliament. Workshop 30 January 2017. European Parliament, Directorate-General for Internal Policies, Policy Department C: Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs, PE 583.117. [N.12]
Zurück zum Zitat Pukelsheim, F./Leutgäb, P. (2009): List apparentements in local elections: A lottery. Homo Oeconomicus 26, 489–500). [N.7] Pukelsheim, F./Leutgäb, P. (2009): List apparentements in local elections: A lottery. Homo Oeconomicus 26, 489–500). [N.7]
Zurück zum Zitat Pukelsheim, F./Maier, S. (2006): A gentle majority clause for the apportionment of committee seats. Pages 177–188 in: Mathematics and Democracy. Recent Advances in Voting Systems and Collective Choice. Springer, Berlin. [N.11] Pukelsheim, F./Maier, S. (2006): A gentle majority clause for the apportionment of committee seats. Pages 177–188 in: Mathematics and Democracy. Recent Advances in Voting Systems and Collective Choice. Springer, Berlin. [N.11]
Zurück zum Zitat Pukelsheim, F./Maier, S. (2008): Parlamentsvergrößerung als Problemlösung für Überhangmandate, Pattsituationen und Mehrheitsklauseln. Zeitschrift für Parlamentsfragen 39, 312–322. [N.11] Pukelsheim, F./Maier, S. (2008): Parlamentsvergrößerung als Problemlösung für Überhangmandate, Pattsituationen und Mehrheitsklauseln. Zeitschrift für Parlamentsfragen 39, 312–322. [N.11]
Zurück zum Zitat Pukelsheim, F./Maier, S./Leutgäb, P. (2009): Zur Vollmandat-Sperrklausel im Kommunalwahlgesetz. Nordrhein-Westfälische Verwaltungsblätter 22, 85–90. [N.11] Pukelsheim, F./Maier, S./Leutgäb, P. (2009): Zur Vollmandat-Sperrklausel im Kommunalwahlgesetz. Nordrhein-Westfälische Verwaltungsblätter 22, 85–90. [N.11]
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Zurück zum Zitat Pukelsheim, F./Schuhmacher, C. (2004): Das neue Zürcher Zuteilungsverfahren für Parlamentswahlen. Aktuelle Juristische Praxis—Pratique Juridique Actuelle 13, 505–522. [N.14] Pukelsheim, F./Schuhmacher, C. (2004): Das neue Zürcher Zuteilungsverfahren für Parlamentswahlen. Aktuelle Juristische Praxis—Pratique Juridique Actuelle 13, 505–522. [N.14]
Zurück zum Zitat Pukelsheim, F./Schuhmacher, C. (2011): Doppelproporz bei Parlamentswahlen: Ein Rück- und Ausblick. Aktuelle Juristische Praxis—Pratique Juridique Actuelle 20, 1581–1599. [N.14] Pukelsheim, F./Schuhmacher, C. (2011): Doppelproporz bei Parlamentswahlen: Ein Rück- und Ausblick. Aktuelle Juristische Praxis—Pratique Juridique Actuelle 20, 1581–1599. [N.14]
Zurück zum Zitat Ramírez González, V. (2013): Sistema electoral para el Congreso de los Diputados. Editorial Universidad de Granada, Granada. [N.14] Ramírez González, V. (2013): Sistema electoral para el Congreso de los Diputados. Editorial Universidad de Granada, Granada. [N.14]
Zurück zum Zitat Ramírez González, V. (2017): The r-DP methods to allocate the EP seats to Member States. Pages 23–36 in: The Composition of the European Parliament. Workshop 30 January 2017. European Parliament, Directorate-General for Internal Policies, Policy Department C: Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs, PE 583.117. [N.12] Ramírez González, V. (2017): The r-DP methods to allocate the EP seats to Member States. Pages 23–36 in: The Composition of the European Parliament. Workshop 30 January 2017. European Parliament, Directorate-General for Internal Policies, Policy Department C: Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs, PE 583.117. [N.12]
Zurück zum Zitat Ramírez, V./Pukelsheim, F./Palomares, A./Martínez, M.L. (2008): A bi-proportional method applied to the Spanish Congress. Mathematical and Computer Modelling 48, 1461–1467. [N.14] Ramírez, V./Pukelsheim, F./Palomares, A./Martínez, M.L. (2008): A bi-proportional method applied to the Spanish Congress. Mathematical and Computer Modelling 48, 1461–1467. [N.14]
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Metadaten
Titel
Imposing Constitutionality: The 2009 Bundestag Election
verfasst von
Friedrich Pukelsheim
Copyright-Jahr
2017
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64707-4_2