Background
Methods
A brief review of local binary patterns
Opponent color local binary pattern
Opponent color local salient pattern
Opposite color local variance pattern
Feature extraction
Gradient boosting machine for regression
Results and discussion
Experimental setup
-
Laboratory for Image and Video Engineering (LIVE) Image Database version 2 [60]: The database presents 982 test images, including 29 originals and 5 categories of distortions. These images are in uncompressed BMP format at several dimensions, including 480 × 720, 610 × 488, 618 × 453, 627 × 482, 632 × 505, 634 × 438, 634 × 505, 640 × 512, and 768 × 512. The distortions include JPEG, JPEG 2000 (JPEG2k), white noise (WN), Gaussian blur (GB), and fast fading (FF).
-
Computational and Subjective Image Quality (CSIQ) Database [28]: The database contains 30 reference images, obtained from public-domain sources, and 6 categories of distortions. These images are in 512 × 512× 24 compressed bitmap (BMP) format (PNG image data). The distortions include JPEG, JPEG 2000 (JPEG2k), white noise (WN), Gaussian blur (GB), global contrast decrements (CD), and additive Gaussian pink noise (PN). In total, there are 866 distorted images.
-
Tampere Image Database 2013 (TID2013) [61]: The database has 25 reference images and 3,000 distorted images (25 reference images × 24 types of distortions × 5 levels of distortions). These images are in 512 × 384× 24 uncompressed BMP format. The distortions include additive Gaussian noise (AGN), additive noise in color components (ANCC), spatially correlated noise (SCN), masked noise (MN), high frequency noise (HFN), impulse noise (IN), quantization noise (QN), Gaussian blur (GB), image denoising (ID), JPEG, JPEG2k, JPEG transmission errors (JPEG+TE), JPEG2k transmission errors (JPEG2k+TE), non eccentricity pattern noise (NEPN), local block-wise distortions (LBD), intensity shift (IS), contrast change (CC), change of color saturation (CCS), multiplicative Gaussian noise (MGN), comfort noise (CN), lossy compression (LC), image color quantization with dither (ICQ), chromatic aberration (CA), and sparse sampling and reconstruction (SSR).
Impact of color space on prediction performance
HSV | LAB | RGB | YCbCr | ALL | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Distortion | SROCC | LCC | KRCC | SROCC | LCC | KRCC | SROCC | LCC | KRCC | SROCC | LCC | KRCC | SROCC | LCC | KRCC | |
LIVE | JPEG | 0.9294 | 0.9564 | 0.7861 | 0.9069 | 0.9207 | 0.7507 | 0.9131 | 0.9291 | 0.7531 |
0.9335
|
0.9659
| 0.7943 | 0.9325 | 0.9532 |
0.7967
|
JPEG2k | 0.9324 | 0.9459 | 0.7841 | 0.9187 | 0.9166 | 0.7668 | 0.9126 | 0.9151 | 0.7551 | 0.9457 |
0.9555
| 0.8071 |
0.9497
| 0.9531 |
0.8176
| |
WN | 0.9671 | 0.9717 | 0.8562 | 0.9448 | 0.9414 | 0.8145 | 0.9631 | 0.9565 | 0.8498 | 0.9706 | 0.9812 | 0.8691 |
0.9845
| 0.9817 |
0.9012
| |
GB | 0.9418 | 0.9441 | 0.8081 | 0.9418 | 0.9217 | 0.8081 | 0.9484 | 0.9406 | 0.8209 | 0.9421 | 0.9494 | 0.8113 |
0.9641
|
0.9672
|
0.8498
| |
FF | 0.8727 |
0.9067
| 0.7052 | 0.8431 | 0.8464 | 0.6827 | 0.8581 | 0.8641 | 0.6763 | 0.8868 | 0.9011 | 0.7181 | 0.8977 |
0.8979
|
0.7309
| |
ALL | 0.9385 | 0.9444 | 0.7908 | 0.9152 | 0.9077 | 0.7586 | 0.9252 | 0.9175 | 0.7701 | 0.9435 |
0.9524
| 0.8019 |
0.9492
| 0.9479 |
0.8128
| |
CSIQ | JPEG | 0.9217 | 0.9492 |
0.7718
| 0.9172 | 0.9526 | 0.7594 | 0.8944 | 0.9466 | 0.7165 | 0.9203 | 0.9481 |
0.7718
|
0.9331
|
0.9565
| 0.7655 |
JPEG2k | 0.8661 | 0.8816 | 0.7057 | 0.8662 | 0.8775 | 0.7057 | 0.8843 | 0.9099 | 0.7195 | 0.8783 | 0.8848 | 0.7243 |
0.8871
|
0.9186
|
0.7272
| |
WN | 0.8945 | 0.8633 | 0.7212 | 0.8821 | 0.8856 | 0.7011 | 0.8433 | 0.8523 | 0.6689 |
0.9541
|
0.9596
|
0.8344
| 0.9346 | 0.9279 | 0.7924 | |
GB | 0.8987 | 0.9153 | 0.7318 | 0.9083 | 0.9253 | 0.7442 | 0.9151 |
0.9361
| 0.7641 | 0.9119 | 0.9198 | 0.7609 |
0.9197
| 0.9258 |
0.7655
| |
PN | 0.8678 | 0.8626 | 0.6951 | 0.8824 | 0.8862 | 0.7195 | 0.8391 | 0.8341 | 0.6551 |
0.9551
|
0.9521
|
0.8331
| 0.9461 | 0.9399 | 0.8068 | |
CD | 0.8008 | 0.7782 |
0.6344
| 0.7431 | 0.7457 | 0.5553 | 0.4928 | 0.4409 | 0.3722 | 0.6398 | 0.6774 | 0.4782 |
0.8097
|
0.8235
| 0.6257 | |
ALL | 0.8799 | 0.8909 | 0.7103 | 0.8879 | 0.8993 | 0.7166 | 0.8421 | 0.8693 | 0.6587 | 0.8938 | 0.9057 |
0.7365
|
0.8949
|
0.9152
| 0.7269 | |
TID2013 | AGN | 0.8088 | 0.8063 | 0.6333 | 0.7869 | 0.7827 | 0.5933 | 0.7281 | 0.6942 | 0.5267 | 0.8044 | 0.7911 | 0.6067 |
0.9217
|
0.9221
|
0.7733
|
ANCC | 0.7681 | 0.7656 | 0.5800 | 0.7645 | 0.7421 | 0.5733 | 0.5446 | 0.5453 | 0.3933 | 0.6831 | 0.6537 | 0.4950 |
0.8662
|
0.8565
|
0.6867
| |
CCS | 0.5456 | 0.5157 | 0.4067 | 0.4969 | 0.4444 | 0.3686 | 0.5723 | 0.5523 | 0.4333 | 0.4635 | 0.4436 | 0.3600 |
0.5991
|
0.5990
|
0.4533
| |
CA | 0.6621 | 0.9102 | 0.5133 | 0.7294 | 0.9404 | 0.5698 | 0.4194 | 0.8087 | 0.3024 | 0.5090 | 0.8492 | 0.3867 |
0.7583
|
0.9537
|
0.6000
| |
CN | 0.5052 | 0.4054 | 0.3600 | 0.3410 | 0.3034 | 0.2467 | 0.5815 | 0.5307 | 0.4140 |
0.6172
|
0.5788
|
0.4574
| 0.5765 | 0.5319 | 0.4267 | |
CC | 0.5308 | 0.5904 | 0.3867 |
0.7200
|
0.7302
|
0.5200
| 0.0812 | 0.0548 | 0.0568 | 0.3685 | 0.3628 | 0.2705 | 0.5100 | 0.4888 | 0.3706 | |
GB |
0.8784
| 0.8695 |
0.7067
| 0.8492 | 0.8665 | 0.6667 | 0.8601 | 0.8816 | 0.6667 | 0.8596 |
0.8858
| 0.6756 | 0.8655 | 0.8685 | 0.6800 | |
HFN | 0.9056 | 0.9217 | 0.7492 | 0.8657 | 0.8891 | 0.6800 | 0.8144 | 0.8453 | 0.6133 | 0.9083 | 0.9244 | 0.7333 |
0.9319
|
0.9424
|
0.7780
| |
ICQ |
0.8592
|
0.8502
|
0.6867
| 0.7902 | 0.8059 | 0.6067 | 0.7835 | 0.7907 | 0.5933 | 0.7819 | 0.7911 | 0.5843 | 0.7877 | 0.8021 | 0.5933 | |
ID |
0.8958
| 0.8925 |
0.7400
| 0.8892 |
0.8975
| 0.7333 | 0.7746 | 0.8610 | 0.5800 | 0.8462 | 0.8756 | 0.6667 | 0.8388 | 0.8927 | 0.6733 | |
IN | 0.7317 | 0.7334 | 0.5667 |
0.7700
|
0.7535
|
0.5733
| 0.5041 | 0.4511 | 0.3667 | 0.6015 | 0.5865 | 0.4400 | 0.6699 | 0.6616 | 0.5267 | |
JPEG2k | 0.8835 | 0.9261 | 0.7200 | 0.8808 | 0.9346 | 0.7133 | 0.8796 | 0.9257 | 0.7067 |
0.8923
|
0.9390
|
0.7267
| 0.8792 | 0.9295 | 0.7133 | |
JPEG2k+TE | 0.5031 | 0.4763 | 0.3667 | 0.3088 | 0.2953 | 0.2267 | 0.5962 | 0.6047 | 0.4267 |
0.6165
|
0.6160
| 0.4400 | 0.6160 | 0.6069 |
0.4600
| |
JPEG | 0.8305 | 0.8897 | 0.6244 | 0.8283 | 0.8934 | 0.6200 | 0.8173 | 0.8802 | 0.6133 | 0.7519 | 0.8701 | 0.5533 |
0.8531
|
0.9232
|
0.6600
| |
JPEG+TE | 0.4650 | 0.5090 | 0.3400 | 0.3362 | 0.3417 | 0.2467 | 0.5109 | 0.5898 | 0.3867 |
0.6024
|
0.7145
|
0.4641
| 0.3819 | 0.3884 | 0.2733 | |
LBD | 0.1952 | 0.1338 | 0.1533 |
0.3468
|
0.2292
|
0.2771
| 0.1319 | 0.1135 | 0.0933 | 0.1344 | 0.1118 | 0.1000 | 0.1754 | 0.1255 | 0.1302 | |
LC | 0.7277 | 0.7359 | 0.5533 | 0.8027 | 0.8106 | 0.6200 | 0.5723 | 0.6058 | 0.4200 | 0.6623 | 0.6602 | 0.4967 |
0.9000
|
0.9066
|
0.7400
| |
MN | 0.7582 | 0.7388 | 0.5576 | 0.6577 | 0.6889 | 0.4800 | 0.5114 | 0.5618 | 0.3533 | 0.5920 | 0.6151 | 0.4274 |
0.7738
|
0.7917
|
0.5776
| |
MS | 0.0869 | 0.0915 | 0.0600 |
0.2115
|
0.1868
|
0.1467
| 0.1260 | 0.1092 | 0.0902 | 0.1138 | 0.0865 | 0.0835 | 0.1254 | 0.0775 | 0.0867 | |
MGN | 0.7844 | 0.7715 | 0.6165 | 0.7426 | 0.7453 | 0.5442 | 0.6792 | 0.6853 | 0.4908 | 0.7662 | 0.7617 | 0.5667 |
0.8769
|
0.8836
|
0.7045
| |
NEPN | 0.1929 | 0.1835 | 0.1353 | 0.1408 | 0.1683 | 0.0968 |
0.2058
| 0.2008 |
0.1436
| 0.1960 | 0.1764 | 0.1369 | 0.1985 |
0.2100
| 0.1369 | |
QN |
0.8941
|
0.8958
|
0.7267
| 0.8562 | 0.8530 | 0.6800 | 0.8215 | 0.8093 | 0.6400 | 0.8750 | 0.8460 | 0.7045 | 0.8662 | 0.8700 | 0.6912 | |
SSR | 0.8992 | 0.9237 | 0.7400 | 0.8946 | 0.9155 | 0.7267 | 0.8900 | 0.9266 | 0.7200 | 0.8858 | 0.9229 | 0.7200 |
0.9146
|
0.9415
|
0.7600
| |
SCN | 0.7262 | 0.7269 | 0.5533 | 0.8708 | 0.8804 | 0.7000 | 0.7169 | 0.7323 | 0.5467 | 0.8323 | 0.8424 | 0.6400 |
0.9023
|
0.9098
|
0.7133
| |
ALL | 0.7008 | 0.7553 | 0.5230 | 0.7097 | 0.7560 | 0.5214 | 0.6418 | 0.7222 | 0.4656 | 0.6888 | 0.7537 | 0.5058 |
0.7231
|
0.7746
|
0.5444
| |
Average | 0.7486 | 0.7586 | 0.5973 | 0.7407 | 0.7495 | 0.5845 | 0.6841 | 0.7051 | 0.5322 | 0.7323 | 0.7529 | 0.5837 |
0.7767
|
0.7885
|
0.6282
|
Prediction performance using a single database
Database | Distortion | PSNR | SSIM | RIQMC | BRISQUE | CORNIA | CQA | SSEQ | LTP | NFERM | PROPOSED |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LIVE | JPEG | 0.8515 | 0.9481 | 0.7794 | 0.8641 | 0.9002 | 0.8257 | 0.9122 | 0.9395 |
0.9645
| 0.9325 |
JPEG2k | 0.8822 | 0.9438 | 0.5383 | 0.8838 | 0.9246 | 0.8366 | 0.9388 | 0.9372 | 0.9411 |
0.9497
| |
WN |
0.9851
| 0.9793 | 0.6628 | 0.9750 | 0.9500 | 0.9764 | 0.9544 | 0.9646 | 0.9838 |
0.9845
| |
GB | 0.7818 | 0.8889 | 0.8711 | 0.9304 | 0.9465 | 0.8377 | 0.9157 | 0.9530 | 0.9219 |
0.9641
| |
FF | 0.8869 |
0.9335
| 0.6802 | 0.8469 |
0.9132
| 0.8262 | 0.9038 | 0.8758 | 0.8627 | 0.8977 | |
ALL | 0.8013 | 0.8902 | 0.6785 | 0.9098 | 0.9386 | 0.8606 | 0.9356 | 0.9316 | 0.9405 |
0.9492
| |
CSIQ | JPEG | 0.9009 | 0.9309 | 0.7242 | 0.8525 | 0.8319 | 0.6506 | 0.8066 | 0.9292 | 0.9036 |
0.9331
|
JPEG2k |
0.9309
| 0.9251 | 0.5795 | 0.8458 | 0.8405 | 0.8214 | 0.7302 | 0.8877 |
0.9223
| 0.8871 | |
WN | 0.9345 | 0.8761 | 0.4678 | 0.6931 | 0.6187 | 0.7276 | 0.7876 | 0.6454 | 0.9214 |
0.9346
| |
GB |
0.9358
| 0.9089 | 0.8007 | 0.8337 | 0.8526 | 0.7486 | 0.7766 |
0.9244
| 0.8962 | 0.9197 | |
PN | 0.9315 | 0.8871 | 0.3653 | 0.7740 | 0.5340 | 0.5463 | 0.6661 | 0.7828 | 0.6334 |
0.9461
| |
CD | 0.8862 | 0.8128 |
0.9565
| 0.4255 | 0.4458 | 0.5383 | 0.4172 | 0.2082 | 0.3774 |
0.8097
| |
ALL | 0.8088 | 0.8116 | 0.5066 | 0.7597 | 0.6969 | 0.6369 | 0.7007 | 0.8280 |
0.9142
| 0.8949 | |
TID2013 | AGC | 0.8568 | 0.7912 | 0.3555 | 0.4166 | 0.2605 | 0.3964 | 0.3949 | 0.5963 | 0.7077 |
0.9217
|
AGN |
0.9337
| 0.6421 | 0.6055 | 0.6416 | 0.5689 | 0.6051 | 0.6040 | 0.6631 | 0.8567 |
0.8662
| |
CA |
0.7759
| 0.7158 | 0.5726 |
0.7310
| 0.6844 | 0.4380 | 0.4366 | 0.6749 | 0.6357 | 0.5991 | |
CC | 0.4608 | 0.3477 |
0.8044
| 0.1849 | 0.1400 | 0.2043 | 0.2006 | 0.1886 | 0.2148 |
0.7583
| |
CCS | 0.6892 |
0.7641
| 0.0581 | 0.2715 | 0.2642 | 0.2461 | 0.2547 | 0.2384 | 0.3106 |
0.5765
| |
CN |
0.8838
| 0.6465 | 0.6262 | 0.2176 | 0.3553 | 0.1623 | 0.1642 | 0.3880 | 0.1385 |
0.5100
| |
GB |
0.8905
| 0.8196 | 0.7687 | 0.8063 | 0.8341 | 0.7019 | 0.7058 | 0.7465 | 0.8502 |
0.8655
| |
HFN | 0.9165 | 0.7962 | 0.4267 | 0.7103 | 0.7707 | 0.7104 | 0.7061 | 0.7626 | 0.8797 |
0.9319
| |
ICQ |
0.9087
| 0.7271 | 0.8691 | 0.7663 | 0.7044 | 0.6829 | 0.6834 | 0.7603 | 0.4804 |
0.7877
| |
ID |
0.9457
| 0.8327 | 0.8661 | 0.5243 | 0.7227 | 0.6711 | 0.6716 | 0.7063 | 0.6405 |
0.8388
| |
IN |
0.9263
| 0.8055 | 0.1222 |
0.6848
| 0.5874 | 0.4231 | 0.4272 | 0.6484 | 0.1735 | 0.6699 | |
IS | 0.7647 | 0.7411 | 0.5979 | 0.2224 | 0.2403 | 0.2011 | 0.2013 | 0.3291 | 0.0407 |
0.8792
| |
JPEG |
0.9252
| 0.8275 | 0.7293 | 0.7252 | 0.7815 | 0.6317 | 0.6284 | 0.6631 |
0.8711
| 0.6160 | |
JPEGTE | 0.7874 | 0.6144 | 0.6009 | 0.3581 | 0.5679 | 0.2221 | 0.2195 | 0.2314 | 0.1281 |
0.8531
| |
JPEG2k |
0.8934
| 0.7531 | 0.5967 | 0.7337 |
0.8089
| 0.7219 | 0.7205 | 0.7780 | 0.8068 | 0.3819 | |
JPEG2kTE |
0.8581
| 0.7067 | 0.7189 |
0.7277
| 0.6113 | 0.6529 | 0.6529 | 0.6594 | 0.1686 | 0.1754 | |
LBD | 0.1301 | 0.6213 | 0.2471 | 0.2833 | 0.2157 | 0.2382 | 0.2290 | 0.3813 | 0.1995 |
0.9000
| |
LC |
0.9386
| 0.8311 | 0.5346 | 0.5726 | 0.6682 | 0.4561 | 0.4460 | 0.6533 | 0.6516 |
0.7738
| |
MGN |
0.9085
| 0.7863 | 0.3751 | 0.5548 | 0.4393 | 0.4969 | 0.4897 | 0.6209 |
0.7159
| 0.1254 | |
MN | 0.8385 | 0.7388 | 0.0438 | 0.2650 | 0.2342 | 0.2506 | 0.2575 | 0.4243 | 0.2238 |
0.8769
| |
NEPN |
0.6931
| 0.5326 | 0.1496 | 0.1821 |
0.2855
| 0.1308 | 0.1275 | 0.1256 | 0.0667 | 0.1985 | |
QN | 0.8636 | 0.7428 |
0.8697
| 0.5383 | 0.4922 | 0.7242 | 0.7214 | 0.7361 | 0.7716 |
0.8662
| |
SCN |
0.9152
| 0.7934 | 0.7811 | 0.7238 | 0.7043 | 0.7121 | 0.7064 | 0.7015 | 0.2181 |
0.9146
| |
SSR |
0.9241
| 0.7774 | 0.6967 | 0.7101 | 0.8594 | 0.8115 | 0.8084 | 0.8457 | 0.7865 |
0.9023
| |
ALL | 0.6869 | 0.5758 | 0.4439 | 0.5416 | 0.6006 | 0.4925 | 0.4900 | 0.6078 | 0.3971 |
0.7231
| |
Average |
0.8377
| 0.7807 | 0.5808 | 0.6234 | 0.6262 | 0.5741 | 0.5893 | 0.6563 | 0.6084 |
0.7767
|
Statistical difference significance test
BRISQUE | CORNIA | CQA | SSEQ | LTP | PROPOSED | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BRISQUE | – |
\(\circlearrowright \)
|
↑
|
↑
|
\(\circlearrowright \)
|
↓
|
CORNIA | – |
↑
|
↑
|
↓
|
↓
| |
CQA | – |
\(\circlearrowright \)
|
↓
|
↓
| ||
SSEQ | – |
↓
|
↓
| |||
LTP | – |
↓
| ||||
Proposed | – |
Performance for a cross-database validation
DIST | BRISQUE | CORNIA | CQA | SSEQ | LTP | Proposed | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CSIQ | JPEG | 0.8209 | 0.7062 | 0.7129 | 0.8141 | 0.8784 |
0.9876
|
JPEG2k | 0.8279 | 0.8459 | 0.6957 | 0.7862 | 0.8914 |
0.9881
| |
WN | 0.6951 | 0.8627 | 0.6596 | 0.4613 | 0.7739 |
0.9962
| |
GB | 0.8311 | 0.8815 | 0.7648 | 0.7758 | 0.8712 |
0.9934
| |
ALL | 0.8022 | 0.7542 | 0.7114 | 0.7403 | 0.8628 |
0.9914
| |
TID 2013 | JPEG | 0.8058 | 0.7423 | 0.8071 | 0.7823 | 0.8472 |
0.8853
|
JPEG2k | 0.8224 | 0.8837 | 0.7724 | 0.8258 | 0.9046 |
0.9481
| |
WN | 0.8621 | 0.7403 | 0.8692 | 0.6959 | 0.6881 |
0.9077
| |
GB | 0.8245 | 0.8133 | 0.8214 | 0.8624 |
0.8693
| 0.8693 | |
ALL | 0.7965 | 0.7599 | 0.8214 | 0.7955 | 0.8137 |
0.8923
|