nach oben

Erschienen in:

2013 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

Metallopolymers as an Emerging Class of Self-Healing Materials

verfasst von : Benedict Sandmann, Stefan Bode, Martin D. Hager, Ulrich S. Schubert

Erschienen in: Hierarchical Macromolecular Structures: 60 Years after the Staudinger Nobel Prize II

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

Metallopolymers are highly interesting materials with properties combining typical polymeric features with the properties of metal–ligand complexes. Thereby, the incorporation of different metal complexes into the polymeric material enables the tuning of the resulting material’s properties. In particular, ionic interactions between charged metal complexes and the corresponding counterions as well as reversible (switchable) metal–ligand interactions make these materials potentially interesting as self-healing materials. Compared to other self-healing polymers, the research on these materials is still in its infancy. This review summarizes the latest trends in the research regarding this class of materials.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Vorheriges Kapitel Chain-Growth Condensation Polymerization for Controlled Synthesis of Polymers

Nächstes Kapitel Design and Applications of Multiscale Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Materials Derived from Block Copolymer Self-Assembly

Brunsveld L, Folmer BJB, Meijer EW, Sijbesma RP (2001) Supramolecular polymers. Chem Rev 101:4071–4097

Lehn JM (1994) Supramolecular chemistry. Proc Natl Sci Acad USA 106:915–922

ten Cate AT, Sijbesma RP (2003) Coils, rods and rings in hydrogen-bonded supramolecular polymers. Macromol Rapid Commun 23:1094–1112

Kastner U (2001) The impact of rheological modifiers on water-borne coatings. Coll Surf 183:805–821

Lehn JM, Meric R, Vigneron JP, Cesario M, Guilhem J, Pascard C, Asfari Z, Vicens J (1995) Binding of acetylcholine and other quaternary ammonium cations by sulfonated calixarenes. Crystal structure of a [choline-tetrasulfonated calix[4]arene] complex. Supramol Chem 5:97–103

Hinderberger D, Schmelz O, Rehahn M, Jeschke G (2004) Electrostatic site attachment of divalent counterions to rodlike ruthenium(II) coordination polymers characterized by EPR spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed 43:4616–4621

Schmatloch S, van den Berg AMJ, Alexeev AS, Hofmeier H, Schubert US (2003) Soluble high-molecular-mass poly(ethylene oxide)s via self-organization. Macromolecules 36:9943–9949

South CR, Burd C, Weck M (2007) Modular and dynamic functionalization of polymeric scaffolds. Acc Chem Res 40:63–74

Whittell GR, Hager MD, Schubert US (2011) Functional soft materials from metallopolymers and metallosupramolecular polymers. Manners I. Nat Mater 10:176–188

10.

Weng WG, Beck JB, Jamieson AM, Rowan SJ (2006) Understanding the mechanism of gelation and stimuli-responsive nature of a class of metallo-supramolecular gels. J Am Chem Soc 128:11663–11672

11.

Cordier P, Tournilhac F, Soulié-Ziakovic C, Leibler L (2008) Self-healing and thermoreversible rubber from supramolecular assembly. Nature 451:977–980

12.

Kitagawa S, Uemura K (2005) Dynamic porous properties of coordination polymers inspired by hydrogen bonds. Chem Soc Rev 34:109–119

13.

Montarnal D, Cordier P, Soulié-Ziakovic C, Tournilhac F, Leibler L (2008) Synthesis of self-healing supramolecular rubbers from fatty acid derivates, diethylene triamine, and urea. J Polym Sci A Polym Chem 46:7925–7936

14.

Montarnal D, Tournilhac F, Hidalgo M, Couturier J-L, Leibler L (2009) Versatile one-pot synthesis of supramolecular plastics and self-healing rubbers. J Am Chem Soc 131:7966–7967

15.

Yuan YC, Yin T, Rong MZ, Zhang MQ (2008) Self healing in polymers and polymer composites. Concepts, realization and outlook: a review. Express Polym Lett 2:238–250

16.

Zhang Y, Broekhuis AA, Picchioni F (2009) Thermally self-healing polymeric materials: the next step to recycling thermoset polymers? Macromolecules 42:1906–1912

17.

Chen X, Dam MA, Ono K, Mal A, Shen H, Nutt SR, Sheran K, Wudl F (2002) A thermally re-mendable cross-linked polymeric material. Science 295:1698–1702

18.

Chen X, Wudl F, Mal AK, Shen H, Nutt SR (2003) New thermally remendable highly cross-linked polymeric materials. Macromolecules 36:1802–1807

19.

Kötterizsch J, Stumpf S, Hoeppener S, Vitz J, Hager MD, Schubert US (2013) One-component intrinsic self-healing coatings based on reversible crosslinking by Diels–Alder cycloadditions. Macromol Chem Phys 214:1636–1649

20.

Ciardelli F, Tsuchida E, Wöhrle DE (eds) (1996) Macromolecule-metal complexes. Springer, Heidelberg

21.

Wong WY, Ho CL (2006) Di-, oligo- and polymetallaynes: syntheses, photophysics, structures and applications. Coord Chem Rev 250:2627–2690

22.

Wong WY, Ho CL (2010) Organometallic photovoltaics: a new and versatile approach for harvesting solar energy using conjugated polymetallaynes. Acc Chem Res 43:1246–1256

23.

Wong WY, Harvey PD (2010) Recent progress on the photonic properties of conjugated organometallic polymers built upon the trans-bis(para-ethynylbenzene)bis(phosphine)platinum(II) chromophore and related derivatives. Macromol Rapid Commun 31:671–713

24.

Ho CL, Wong WY (2011) Metal-containing polymers: facile tuning of photophysical traits and emerging applications in organic electronics and photonics. Coord Chem Rev 255:2469–2502

25.

Chan WK (2007) Metal containing polymers with heterocyclic rigid main chains. Coord Chem Rev 251:2104–2118

26.

McQuade DT, Pullen AE, Swager TM (2000) Conjugated polymer-based chemical sensors. Chem Rev 100:2537–2574

27.

Wild A, Winter A, Hager MD, Schubert US (2012) Fluorometric, water-based sensors for the detection of nerve gas G mimics DMMP, DCP and DCNP. Chem Commun 48:964–966

28.

Wild A, Winter A, Hager MD, Schubert US (2012) Fluorometric sensor based on bisterpyridine metallopolymer: detection of cyanide and phosphates in water. Analyst 137:2333–2337

29.

Chow C-F (2012) Supramolecular polymeric chemosensor for biomedical applications: design and synthesis of a luminescent zinc metallopolymer as a chemosensor for adenine detection. J Fluorsec 22:1539–1546

30.

Holliday BJ, Swager TM (2005) Conducting metallopolymers: the roles of molecular architecture and redox matching. Chem Commun (1):23–36

31.

Chen X-Y, Yang X, Holiday BJ (2008) Photoluminescent europium-containing inner-sphere conducting metallopolymer. J Am Chem Soc 130:1546–1547

32.

Dennany L, Hogan CF, Keyes TE, Forster RJ (2006) Effect of surface immobilization on the electrochemiluminescence of ruthenium-containing metallopolymer. Anal Chem 78:1412–1417

33.

Forster RJ, Hogan CF (2000) Electrochemiluminescent metallopolymer coatings: combined light and current detection in flow injection analysis. Anal Chem 72:5576–5582

34.

Batten SR, Neville SM, Turner DR (eds) (2009) Coordination polymers design, analysis and application. Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge

35.

Manners I (2002) Synthetic metal-containing polymers. 1st edn. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim

36.

Werner R, Falk K, Ostrovsky S, Haase W (2001) Metallopolymer with schiff base side chains. Synthesis and characterization of some nickel(II) containing polymers with unexpected cooperative magnetic properties. Macromol Chem Phys 202:2813–2823

37.

Djukic B, Dube PA, Razavi F, Seda T, Jenkins HA, Britten JF, Lemaire MT (2009) Preparation and magnetic properties of iron(3+) spin-crossover complexes bearing a thiophene substiuent: toward multifunctional metallopolymers. Inorg Chem 48:699–707

38.

Wong WY, Wang XZ, He Z, Chan KK, Djurisic AB, Cheung KY, Yip CT, Ng AMC, Xi YY, Mak CSK, Chan WK (2007) Tuning the absorption, charge transport properties, and solar cell efficiency with the number of thienyl rings in platinum-containing poly(aryleneethynylene)s. J Am Chem Soc 129:14372–14380

39.

Wong WY, Wang XZ, He Z, Djurisic AB, Yip CT, Cheung KY, Wang H, Mak CSK, Chan WK (2007) Metallated conjugated polymers as a new avenue towards high-efficiency polymer solar cells. Nat Mater 6:521–527

40.

Zhou GJ, Wong WY (2011) Organometallic acetylides of PtII, AuI and HgII as new generation optical power limiting materials. Chem Soc Rev 40:2541–2566

41.

Zhou GJ, Wong WY, Lin ZY, Ye C (2006) White metallopolyynes for optical limiting/transparency trade-off optimization. Angew Chem Int Ed 45:6189–6193

42.

Wong W-Y, Wang X, Zhang H-L, Cheung K-Y, Fung M-K, Djurisic AB, Chan W-K (2008) Synthesis, characterization and photovoltaic properties of a low-bandgab platinum(II) polyyne functionalized with a 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene-benzothiadiazole hybrid spacer. J Organmet Chem 693:3603–3612

43.

Happ B, Winter A, Hager MD, Schubert US (2012) Photogenerated avenues in macromolecules containing Re(I), Ru(II), Os(II), and Ir(III) metal complexes of pyridine-based ligands. Chem Soc Rev 41:2222–2255

44.

Burnworth M, Tang L, Kumpfer JR, Duncan AJ, Beyer FL, Fiore GL, Rowan SJ, Weder C (2011) Optically healable supramolecular polymers. Nature 472:334–337

45.

Kurth DG, Higuchi M (2006) Transition metal ions: weak links for strong polymers. Soft Matter 2:915–927

46.

Fustin CA, Guillet P, Schubert US, Gohy JF (2007) Metallo-supramolecular block copolymers. Adv Mater 19:1665–1673

47.

Al-Hussein M, Lohmeijer BGG, Schubert US, de Jeu WH (2003) Melt morphology of polystyrene-poly(ethylene oxide) metallo-supramolecular diblock copolymer. Macromolecules 36:9281–9284

48.

Al-Hussein M, de Jeu WH, Lohmeijer BGG, Schubert US (2005) Phase behavior of the melt of polystyrene–poly(ethylene oxide) metallo-supramolecular diblock copolymer with bulky counterions. Macromolecules 38:2832–2836

49.

Tant MR, Wilkes GL (eds) (1987) Viscoelastic behavior of ionomers in bulk and solution, in structure and properties of ionomers. D Reidel, Dordrecht

50.

Eisenberg A, Rinaudo M (1990) Polyelectrolytes and ionomers. Polym Bull 24:671

51.

Eisenberg A (1970) Clustering of ions in organic polymers. A theoretical approach. Macromolecules 3:147–154

52.

Eisenberg A, Hird B, Moore RB (1990) A new multiplet-cluster model for the morphology of random ionomers. Macromolecules 23:4098–4107

53.

Bellinger MA, Sauer JA, Hara M (1994) Tensile fracture properties of rigid-rigid blends made of sulfonated polystyrene ionomer and polystyrene. Macromolecules 27:6147–6155

54.

Statz RJ (1985) Ethylene copolymer ionomers. In: FB Seymour, T Cheng (eds) History of polyolefins: the world's most widely used polymers. Chemistry and chemists, vol 7. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 177–192

55.

Rees R (ed) (1987) Ionomeric thermoplastic elastomers early research – Surlyn and related polymers, in thermoplastic elastomers: a comprehensive review. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich

56.

Hara M, Sauer JA (1994) Mechanical properties of ionomers. J Macromol Sci Polym Rev C34:325–373

57.

Fall R (2001) Masters Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

58.

Kalista SJ, Ward TC, Oyetunji Z (2007) Self-healing of poly(ethylene-co-methacrylic acid) copolymers following projectile puncture. Mech Adv Mater Struct 14:391–397

59.

Ward TC, Kalista SJ (2007) Thermal characteristics of the self-healing response in poly(ethylene-co-methacrylic acid) copolymers. J R Soc Interface 4:405–411

60.

Kalista SJ, Pflug JR, Varley RJ (2013) Effect of ionic content on ballistic self-healing in EMAA copolymers and ionomers. Polym Chem 4:4910–4926

61.

Varley RJ, Shen S, van der Zwaag S (2010) The effect of cluster plasticisation on the self healing behaviour of ionomers. Polymer 51:679–686

62.

Varley RJ, van der Zwaag S (2008) Towards an understanding of thermally activated self-healing of an ionomer system during ballistic penetration. Acta Mater 56:5737–5750

63.

Pingkarawat K, Wang CH, Varley RJ, Mouritz AP (2012) Self-healing of delamination cracks in mendable epoxy matrix laminates using poly[ethylene-co-(methacrylic acid)] thermoplastic. Compos A Appl S 43:1301–1307

64.

Pingkarawat K, Wang CH, Varley RJ, Mouritz AP (2012) Self-healing of delamination fatigue cracks in carbon fibre-epoxy laminate using mendable thermoplastics. J Mater Sci 47:4449–4456

65.

Hughes AE, Cole IS, Muster TH, Varley RJ (2010) Designing green, self-healing coatings for metal protection. Npg Asia Mater 2:143–151

66.

Varley RJ, van der Zwaag S (2008) Development of a quasi-static test method to investigate the origin of self-healing in ionomers under ballistic conditions. Polym Test 27:11–19

67.

Tadano K, Hirasawa E, Yamamoto H, Yano S (1989) Order-disorder transition of ionic clusters in ionomers. Macromolecules 22:226–233

68.

Neppel A, Butler IS, Eisenberg A (1979) Vibrational spectra of polymers. 2. Variable-temperature raman spectroscopy as a probe for ion clustering in ionomers. Macromolecules 12:948–952

69.

Stuart MAC, Huck WTS, Genzer J, Muller M, Ober C, Stamm M, Sukhorukov GB, Szleifer I, Tsukruk VV, Urban M, Winnik F, Zauscher S, Luzinov I, Minko S (2010) Emerging applications of stimuli-responsive polymer materials. Nat Mater 9:101–113

70.

Peng F, Li GZ, Liu XX, Wu SZ, Tong Z (2008) Redox-responsive gel–sol/sol–gel transition in poly(acrylic acid) aqueous solution containing Fe(III) ions switched by light. J Am Chem Soc 130:16166–16167

71.

Zhou GC, Harruna II, Ingram CW (2005) Ruthenium-centered thermosensitive polymers. Polymer 46:10672–10677

72.

Wool RP (2008) Self-healing materials: a review. Soft Matter 4:400–418

73.

Beck JB, Rowan SJ (2003) Multistimuli, multiresponsive metallo-supramolecular polymers. J Am Chem Soc 125:13922–13923

74.

Weng WG, Li Z, Jamieson AM, Rowan SJ (2009) Effect of monomer structure on the gelation of a class of metallo-supramolecular polymers. Soft Matter 5:4647–4657

75.

Rowan SJ, Beck JB (2005) Metal–ligand induced supramolecular polymerization: a route to responsive materials. Faraday Discuss 128:43–53

76.

Murphy EB, Wudl F (2010) The world of smart healable materials. Prog Polym Sci 35:223–251

77.

Wang F, Zhang JQ, Ding X, Dong SY, Liu M, Zheng B, Li SJ, Wu L, Yu YH, Gibson HW, Huang FH (2010) Metal coordination mediated reversible conversion between linear and cross-linked supramolecular polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed 49:1090–1094

78.

Hager MD, Greil P, Leyens C, van der Zwaag S, Schubert US (2010) Self-healing materials. Adv Mater 22:5424–5430

79.

Herbst F, Döhler D, Michael P, Binder WH (2013) Self-healing polymers via supramolecular forces. Macromol Rapid Commun 34:203–220

80.

Billiet S, Hillewaere XKD, Teixeira RFA, Du Prez FE (2013) Chemistry of crosslinking processes for self-healing polymers. Macromol Rapid Commun 34:290–309

81.

Brassinne J, Fustin C-A, Gohy JF (2013) Polymer gels constructed through metal–ligand coordination. J Inorg Organomet Polym 23:23–40

82.

Vaccaro E, Waite JH (2001) Yield and post-yield behavior of mussel byssal thread: a self-healing biomolecular material. Biomacromolecules 2:906–911

83.

Harrington MJ, Masic A, Holten-Andersen N, Waite JH, Fratzl P (2010) Iron-clad fibers: a metal-based biological strategy for hard flexible coatings. Science 328:216–220

84.

Holten-Andersen N, Harrington MJ, Birkedal H, Lee BP, Messersmith PB, Lee KYC, Waite JH (2011) pH-induced metal-ligand cross-links inspired by mussel yield self-healing polymer networks with near-covalent elastic moduli. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108:2651–2655

85.

Barrett DG, Fullenkamp DE, He L, Holten-Andersen N, Lee KYC, Messersmith PB (2013) pH-Based regulation of hydrogel mechanical properties through mussel-inspired chemistry and processing. Adv Funct Mater 23:1111–1119

86.

Harrington MJ, Waite JH (2008) pH-Dependent locking of giant mesogens in fibers drawnfrom mussel byssal collagens. Biomacromolecules 9:1480–1486

87.

Harrington MJ, Gupta HS, Fratzl P, Waite JH (2009) Collagen insulated from tensile damage by domains that unfold reversibly: in situ X-ray investigation of mechanical yield and damage repair in the mussel byssus. J Struct Biol 167:47–54

88.

Harrington MJ, Waite JH (2009) How nature modulates a fiber’s mechanical properties: mechanically distinct fibers drawn from natural mesogenic block copolymer variants. Adv Mater 21:440–444

89.

Ceylan H, Urel M, Erkal TS, Tekinay AB, Dana A, Guler MO (2013) Mussel inspired dynamic cross-linking of self-healing peptide nanofiber network. Adv Funct Mater 23:2081–2090

90.

Krogsgaard M, Behrens MA, Pedersen JS, Birkedal H (2013) Self-healing mussel-inspired multi-pH-responsive hydrogels. Biomacromolecules 14:297–301

91.

Waite JH, Qin XX, Coyne KJ (1998) The peculiar collagens of mussel byssus. Matrix Biol 17:93–106

92.

Carrington E, Gosline JM (2004) Mechanical design of mussel byssus: load cycle and strain rate dependence. Am Malacol Bull 18:135–142

93.

Waite JH, Lichtenegger HC, Stucky GD, Hansma P (2004) Exploring molecular and mechanical gradients in structural bioscaffolds. Biochemistry 43:7653–7662

94.

Waite JH, Broomell CC (2012) Changing environments and structure–property relationships in marine biomaterials. J Exp Biol 215:873–883

95.

Krauss S, Metzger TH, Fratzl P, Harrington MJ (2013) Self-repair of a biological fiber guided by an ordered elastic framework. Biomacromolecules 14:1520–1528

96.

Fullenkamp DE, He L, Barrett DG, Burghardt WR, Messersmith PB (2013) Mussel-inspired histidine-based transient network metal coordination hydrogels. Macromolecules 46:1167–1174

97.

Varghese S, Lele A, Mashelkar R (2006) Metal-ion-mediated healing of gels. J Polym Sci A Polym Chem 44:666–670

98.

Yuan JC, Fang XL, Zhang LX, Hong GN, Lin YJ, Zheng QF, Xu YZ, Ruan YH, Weng WG, Xia HP, Chen GH (2012) Multi-responsive self-healing metallo-supramolecular gels based on “click” ligand. J Mater Chem 22:11515–11522

99.

Terech P, Yan M, Maréchal M, Royal G, Galvez J, Velu SKP (2013) Characterization of strain recovery and “self-healing” in a self-assembled metallo-gel. Phys Chem Chem Phys 15:7338–7344

100.

Bode S, Zedler L, Schacher FH, Dietzek B, Schmitt M, Popp J, Hager MD, Schubert US (2013) Self-healing polymer coatings based on crosslinked metallosupramolecular copolymers. Adv Mater 25:1634–1638

101.

Bode S, Bose RK, Matthes S, Ehrhardt M, Seifert A, Schacher FH, Paulus RM, Stumpf S, Sandmann B, Vitz J, Winter A, Hoeppener S, Garcia SJ, Spange S, van der Zwaag S, Hager MD, Schubert US (2013) Self-healing metallopolymers based on cadmium bis(terpyridine) complex containing polymer networks. Polym Chem 4:4966–4973

102.

Lohmeijer BGG, Schubert US (2003) Water-soluble building blocks for terpyridine-containing supramolecular polymers: synthesis, complexation, and pH stability studies of poly(ethylene oxide) moieties. Macromol Chem Phys 204:1072–1078

103.

Gohy JF, Lohmeijer BGG, Schubert US (2002) Metallo-supramolecular block copolymer micelles. Macromolecules 35:4560–4563

104.

Gohy JF, Lohmeijer BGG, Schubert US (2002) Reversible metallo-supramolecular block copolymer micelles containing a soft core. Macromol Rapid Commun 23:555–560

105.

Gohy JF, Lohmeijer BGG, Varshney SK, Decamps B, Leroy E, Boileau S, Schubert US (2002) Stimuli-responsive aqueous micelles from an ABC metallo-supramolecular triblock copolymer. Macromolecules 35:9748–9755

106.

Wild A, Winter A, Schlütter F, Schubert US (2011) Advances in the field of π-conjugated 2,2′:6′,2′′-Terpyridines. Chem Soc Rev 40:1459–1511

107.

Ulbricht C, Beyer B, Friebe C, Winter A, Schubert US (2009) Recent developments in the application of phosphorescent iridium(III) complex systems. Adv Mater 21:4418–4441

108.

Wang Q, He Z, Wild A, Wu H, Cao Y, Schubert US, Chui C-H, Wong W-Y (2011) Platinum–acetylide polymers with higher dimensionality for organic solar cells. Chem Asian J 6:1766–1777

109.

Schlütter F, Wild A, Winter A, Hager MD, Baumgaertel A, Friebe C, Schubert US (2010) Synthesis and characterization of new self-assembled metallo-polymers containing electron-withdrawing and electron-donating bis(terpyridine) zinc(II) moieties. Macromolecules 43:2759–2771

110.

Wild A, Teichler A, von der Ehe C, Winter A, Hager MD, Yao B, Zhang B, Xie Z, Wong W-Y, Schubert US (2013) ZnII bisterpyridine metallopolymers: improved processability by the introduction of polymeric side chains. Macromol Chem Phys 214:1072–1080

111.

Wild A, Teichler A, Ho C-L, Wang X-Z, Zhan H, Schlütter F, Winter A, Hager MD, Wong W-Y, Schubert US (2013) Formation of dynamic metallo-copolymers by inkjetprinting: towards white-emitting materials. J Mater Chem C 1:1812–1822

112.

Friebe C, Wild A, Perelaer J, Schubert US (2012) Inkjet printing of zinc(II) bis-2,2′:6′,2′′-terpyridine metallopolymers: printability and film-forming studies by a combinatorial thin-film library approach. Macromol Rapid Commun 33:503–509

Titel: Metallopolymers as an Emerging Class of Self-Healing Materials
verfasst von: Benedict Sandmann
Stefan Bode
Martin D. Hager
Ulrich S. Schubert
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: Hierarchical Macromolecular Structures: 60 Years after the Staudinger Nobel Prize II
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-03718-9

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-03719-6

Copyright-Jahr: 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/12_2013_242

Premium Partner

Marktübersichten

Die im Laufe eines Jahres in der „adhäsion“ veröffentlichten Marktübersichten helfen Anwendern verschiedenster Branchen, sich einen gezielten Überblick über Lieferantenangebote zu verschaffen.

Zur Marktübersicht