nach oben

Erschienen in:

2011 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

19. Facial Expression Analysis

verfasst von : Fernando De la Torre, Jeffrey F. Cohn

Erschienen in: Visual Analysis of Humans

Verlag: Springer London

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

The face is one of the most powerful channels of nonverbal communication. Facial expression provides cues about emotion, intention, alertness, pain, personality, regulates interpersonal behavior, and communicates psychiatric and biomedical status among other functions. Within the past 15 years, there has been increasing interest in automated facial expression analysis within the computer vision and machine learning communities. This chapter reviews fundamental approaches to facial measurement by behavioral scientists and current efforts in automated facial expression recognition. We consider challenges, review databases available to the research community, approaches to feature detection, tracking, and representation, and both supervised and unsupervised learning.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Vorheriges Kapitel Contextual Action Recognition

Nächstes Kapitel Benchmarking Datasets for Human Activity Recognition

Bold uppercase letters denote matrices (e.g., D), bold lowercase letters denote column vectors (e.g., d). d _j represents the jth column of the matrix D. d _ij denotes the scalar in the row ith and column jth of the matrix D. Non-bold letters represent scalar variables. tr(D)=∑_i d _ii is the trace of square matrix D. \(\|\mathbf{d}\|_{2} = \sqrt{\mathbf{d}^{T}\mathbf{d}}\) designates Euclidean norm of d.

Ambadar, Z., Cohn, J.F., Reed, L.I.: All smiles are not created equal: Morphology and timing of smiles perceived as amused, polite, and embarrassed/nervous. J. Nonverbal Behav. 33(1), 17–34 (2009)

Ambadar, Z., Schooler, J.W., Cohn, J.F.: Deciphering the enigmatic face. Psychol. Sci. 16(5), 403–410 (2005)

Anderson, K., McOwan, P.W.: A real-time automated system for the recognition of human facial expressions. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern., Part B, Cybern. 36(1), 96–105 (2006)

Ashraf, A.B., Lucey, S., Cohn, J.F., Chen, T., Ambadar, Z., Prkachin, K.M., Solomon, P.E.: The painful face-pain expression recognition using active appearance models. Image Vis. Comput. 27(12), 1788–1796 (2009)

Baker, S., Matthews, I.: Lucas–Kanade 20 years on: A unifying framework. Int. J. Comput. Vis. 56(3), 221–255 (2004)

Bartlett, M., Littlewort, G., Fasel, I., Movellan, J.R.: Real time face detection and facial expression recognition: Development and applications to human computer interaction. In: CVPR Workshops for HCI (2003)

Bartlett, M.S., Littlewort, G.C., Frank, M.G., Lainscsek, C., Fasel, I., Movellan, J.R.: Automatic recognition of facial actions in spontaneous expressions. J. Multimed. 1(6), 22–35 (2006)

Bartlett, M.S., Littlewort, G., Frank, M., Lainscsek, C., Fasel, I., Movellan, J.: Fully automatic facial action recognition in spontaneous behavior. In: AFGR, pp. 223–230 (2006)

Beebe, B., Badalamenti, A., Jaffe, J., Feldstein, S., Marquette, L., Helbraun, E.: Distressed mothers and their infants use a less efficient timing mechanism in creating expectancies of each other’s looking patterns. J. Psycholinguist. Res. 37(5), 293–307 (2008)

10.

Bergen, J.R., Anandan, P., Hanna, K.J., Hingorani, R.: Hierarchical model-based motion estimation. In: European Conference on Computer Vision, pp. 237–252 (1992)

11.

Bettinger, F., Cootes, T.F., Taylor, C.J.: Modelling facial behaviours. In: BMVC (2002)

12.

Black, M.J., Jepson, A.D.: Eigentracking: Robust matching and tracking of objects using view-based representation. Int. J. Comput. Vis. 26(1), 63–84 (1998)

13.

Black, M.J., Yacoob, Y.: Recognizing facial expressions in image sequences using local parameterized models of image motion. Int. J. Comput. Vis. 25(1), 23–48 (1997)

14.

Blanz, V., Vetter, T.: A morphable model for the synthesis of 3D faces. In: SIGGRAPH (1999)

15.

Blaschko, M., Lampert, C.: Learning to localize objects with structured output regression. In: ECCV, pp. 2–15 (2008)

16.

Bobick, A., Davis, J.: The recognition of human movement using temporal templates. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 23(3), 257–267 (2001)

17.

Breiman, L.: Classification and Regression Trees. Chapman & Hall, London (1998)

18.

Bruce, V.: What the human face tells the human mind: Some challenges for the robot–human interface. In: IEEE Int. Workshop on Robot and Human Communication (1992)

19.

Chang, K.Y., Liu, T.L., Lai, S.H.: Learning partially-observed hidden conditional random fields for facial expression recognition. In: CVPR (2009)

20.

Chang, Y., Hu, C., Feris, R., Turk, M.: Manifold based analysis of facial expression. In: CVPR Workshops, p. 81 (2004)

21.

Chetverikov, D., Péteri, R.: A brief survey of dynamic texture description and recognition. In: Computer Recognition Systems, pp. 17–26 (2005)

22.

Cohen, I., Sebe, N., Cozman, F.G., Cirelo, M.C., Huang, T.S.: Learning Bayesian network classifiers for facial expression recognition using both labeled and unlabeled data. In: CVPR (2003)

23.

Cohen, I., Sebe, N., Garg, A., Chen, L.S., Huang, T.S.: Facial expression recognition from video sequences: Temporal and static modeling. Comput. Vis. Image Underst. 91(1–2), 160–187 (2003)

24.

Cohn, J.F., Ambadar, Z., Ekman, P.: Observer-based measurement of facial expression with the facial action coding system. In: The Handbook of Emotion Elicitation and Assessment. Series in Affective Science. Oxford University Press, New York (2007)

25.

Cohn, J.F., Ekman, P.: Measuring facial action by manual coding, facial emg, and automatic facial image analysis. In: Handbook of Nonverbal Behavior Research Methods in the Affective Sciences, pp. 9–64 (2005)

26.

Cohn, J.F., Kanade, T.: Automated facial image analysis for measurement of emotion expression. In: The Handbook of Emotion Elicitation and Assessment, pp. 222–238 (2007)

27.

Cohn, J.F., Simon, T., Hoai, M., Zhou, F., Tejera, M., De la Torre, F.: Detecting depression from facial actions and vocal prosody. In: ACII (2009)

28.

Cootes, T.F., Edwards, G.J., Taylor, C.J.: Active appearance models. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 23(6), 681–685 (2001)

29.

Dai, Y., Shibata, Y., Ishii, T., Hashimoto, K., Katamachi, K., Noguchi, K., Kakizaki, N., Ca, D.: An associate memory model of facial expressions and its application in facial expression recognition of patients on bed. In: ICME, pp. 591–594 (2001)

30.

Darwin, C.: The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. Oxford University Press New York (1872/1998)

31.

De la Torre, F., Black, M.J.: Robust parameterized component analysis: theory and applications to 2d facial appearance models. Comput. Vis. Image Underst. 91, 53–71 (2003)

32.

De la Torre, F., Campoy, J., Ambadar, Z., Cohn, J.: Temporal segmentation of facial behavior. In: International Conference on Computer Vision (2007)

33.

De la Torre, F., Collet, A., Cohn, J., Kanade, T.: Filtered component analysis to increase robustness to local minima in appearance models. In: CVPR (2007)

34.

De la Torre, F., Vitrià, J., Radeva, P., Melenchón, J.: Eigenfiltering for flexible eigentracking. In: ICPR (2000)

35.

De la Torre, F., Yacoob, Y., Davis, L.: A probabilistic framework for rigid and non-rigid appearance based tracking and recognition. In: AFGR, pp. 491–498 (2000)

36.

DePaulo, B., Lindsay, J., Malone, B., Muhlenbruck, L., Charlton, K., Cooper, H.: Cues to deception. Psychol. Bull. 129(1), 74–118 (2003)

37.

Donato, G., Bartlett, M.S., Hager, J.C., Ekman, P., Sejnowski, T.J.: Classifying facial actions. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 21(10), 979–984 (1999)

38.

Ekman, P.: An argument for basic emotions. Cogn. Emot. 6, 169–200 (1992)

39.

Ekman, P., Davidson, R.J., Friesen, W.V.: The Duchenne smile: Emotional expression and brain physiology II. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 58(2), 342–353 (1990)

40.

Ekman, P., Friesen, W.: Facial Action Coding System: A Technique for the Measurement of Facial Movement. Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto (1978)

41.

Ekman, P., Huang, T.S., Sejnowski, T.J., Hager, J.C.: Final report to NSF of the planning workshop on facial expression understanding. Human Interaction Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco (1993)

42.

Ekman, P., Rosenberg, E.L.: What the Face Reveals: Basic and Applied Studies of Spontaneous Expression Using the Facial Action Coding System (FACS). Oxford University Press, London (2005)

43.

Essa, I.A., Pentland, A.P.: Coding, analysis, interpretation, and recognition of facial expressions. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 19(7), 757–763 (2002)

44.

Fasel, B., Luettin, J.: Automatic facial expression analysis: a survey. Pattern Recognit. 36(1), 259–275 (2003) MATH

45.

Forbes, E.E., Cohn, J.F., Allen, N.B., Lewinsohn, P.M.: Infant affect during parent–infant interaction at 3 and 6 months: Differences between mothers and fathers and influence of parent history of depression. Infancy 5, 61–84 (2004)

46.

Gatica-Perez, D.: Automatic nonverbal analysis of social interaction in small groups: A review. Image Vis. Comput. 27(12), 1775–1787 (2009)

47.

Griffin, K.M., Sayette, M.A.: Facial reactions to smoking cues relate to ambivalence about smoking. Psychol. Addict. Behav. 22(4), 551 (2008)

48.

Gross, R., Matthews, I., Cohn, J.F., Kanade, T., Baker, S.: The cmu multi-pose, illumination, and expression (multi-pie) face database. Technical report, Carnegie Mellon University Robotics Institute, TR-07-08 (2007)

49.

Guerra-Filho, G., Aloimonos, Y.: A language for human action. Computer 40, 42–51 (2007)

50.

Guo, G., Dyer, C.R.: Learning from examples in the small sample case: Face expression recognition. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern., Part B, Cybern. 35(3), 477–488 (2005)

51.

Hartley, R., Zisserman, A.: Multiple View Geometry in Computer Vision. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2000) MATH

52.

Hatfield, E., Cacioppo, J.T., Rapson, R.L.: Primitive emotional contagion. Emotion and Social Behavior 13, 151–177 (1992)

53.

Hoey, J.: Hierarchical unsupervised learning of facial expression categories. In: IEEE Workshop on Detection and Recognition of Events in Video, pp. 99–106 (2002)

54.

Huang, D., De la Torre, F.: Bilinear kernel reduced rank regression for facial expression synthesis. In: ECCV (2010)

55.

Izard, C.E., Huebner, R.R., Risser, D., Dougherty, L.: The young infant’s ability to produce discrete emotion expressions. Dev. Psychol. 16(2), 132–140 (1980)

56.

Jolliffe, I.T.: Principal Component Analysis. Springer, New York (1986)

57.

Jones, M.J., Poggio, T.: Multidimensional morphable models. In: ICCV (1998)

58.

Kanade, T., Cohn, J.F., Tian, Y.: Comprehensive database for facial expression analysis. In: AFGR (2000)

59.

Koelstra, S., Pantic, M.: Non-rigid registration using free-form deformations for recognition of facial actions and their temporal dynamics. In: AFGR (2008)

60.

Kohler, C.G., Martin, E.A., Stolar, N., Barrett, F.S., Verma, R., Brensinger, C., Bilker, W., Gur, R.E., Gur, R.C.: Static posed and evoked facial expressions of emotions in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 105, 49–60 (2008)

61.

Kotsia, I., Pitas, I.: Facial expression recognition in image sequences using geometric deformation features and support vector machines. IEEE Trans. Image Process. 16, 172–187 (2007) MathSciNet

62.

Krumhuber, E., Manstead, A.S., Cosker, D., Marshall, D., Rosin, P.: Effects of dynamic attributes of smiles in human and synthetic faces: A simulated job interview setting. J. Nonverbal Behav. 33(1), 1–15 (2009)

63.

Lafferty, J., McCallum, A., Pereira, F.: Conditional random fields: Probabilistic models for segmenting and labeling sequence data. In: ICML (2001)

64.

Langner, O., Dotsch, R., Bijlstra, G., Wigboldus, D.H.J., Hawk, S.T., van Knippenberg, A.: Presentation and validation of the Radboud Faces Database. Cogn. Emot. 24(8), 1377–1388 (2010)

65.

Lee, C., Elgammal, A.: Facial expression analysis using nonlinear decomposable generative models. In: IEEE International Workshop on Analysis and Modeling of Faces and Gestures, pp. 17–31 (2005)

66.

Levenson, R.W., Ekman, P., Friesen, W.V.: Voluntary facial action generates emotion-specific autonomic nervous system activity. Psychophysiology 27(4), 363–384 (1990)

67.

Li, S., Jain, A.: Handbook of Face Recognition. Springer, New York (2005) MATH

68.

Littlewort, G., Bartlett, M.S., Fasel, I., Susskind, J., Movellan, J.: Dynamics of facial expression extracted automatically from video. Image Vis. Comput. 24(6), 615–625 (2006)

69.

Littlewort, G.C., Bartlett, M.S., Lee, K.: Automatic coding of facial expressions displayed during posed and genuine pain. Image Vis. Comput. 12(27), 1797–1803 (2009)

70.

Littlewort, G., Bartlett, M.S., Whitehill, J., Wu, T.F., Butko, N., Ruvulo, P., et al.: The motion in emotion: A cert based approach to the fera emotion challenge. In: Paper presented at the 1st Facial Expression Recognition and Analysis challenge 2011, 9th IEEE International Conference on AFGR (2011)

71.

Liu, X.: Generic face alignment using boosted appearance model. In: CVPR (2007)

72.

Lo, H., Chung, R.: Facial expression recognition approach for performance animation. In: International Workshop on Digital and Computational Video (2001)

73.

Lowe, D.: Object recognition from local scale-invariant features. In: ICCV (1999)

74.

Lucas, B., Kanade, T.: An iterative image registration technique with an application to stereo vision. In: Proceedings of Imaging Understanding Workshop (1981)

75.

Lucey, P., Cohn, J., Howlett, J., Lucey, S., Sridharan, S.: Recognizing emotion with head pose variation: Identifying pain segments in video. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern., Part B, Cybern. 41(3), 664–674 (2011)

76.

Lucey, P., Cohn, J., Lucey, S., Sridharan, S., Prkachin, K.M.: Automatically detecting action units from faces of pain: Comparing shape and appearance features. In: CVPR Workshops (2009)

77.

Lucey, P., Cohn, J.F., Lucey, S., Sridharan, S., Prkachin, K.M.: Automatically detecting pain using facial actions. In: ACII (2009)

78.

Lucey, P., Cohn, J.F., Kanade, T., Saragih, J., Ambadar, Z., Matthews, I.: The extended Cohn–Kanade dataset (CK+): A complete dataset for action unit and emotion-specified expression. In: CVPR Workshops for Human Communicative Behavior Analysis (2010)

79.

Lucey, P., Cohn, J.F., Matthews, I., Lucey, S., Sridharan, S., Howlett, J., Prkachin, K.M.: Automatically detecting pain in video through facial action units. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern., Part B, Cybern. PP(99), 1–11 (2010)

80.

Lucey, P., Cohn, J.F., Prkachin, K.M., Solomon, P., Matthews, I.: Painful data: The UNBC-McMaster shoulder pain expression archive database. In: AFGR (2011)

81.

Lucey, S., Matthews, I., Hu, C., Ambadar, Z., De la Torre, F., Cohn, J.: AAM derived face representations for robust facial action recognition. In: AFGR (2006)

82.

Lyons, M., Akamatsu, S., Kamachi, M., Gyoba, J.: Coding facial expressions with gabor wavelets. In: AFGR (2002)

83.

Madsen, M., el Kaliouby, R., Eckhardt, M., Hoque, M., Goodwin, M., Picard, R.W.: Lessons from participatory design with adolescents on the autism spectrum. In: Proc. Computer Human Interaction (2009)

84.

Malatesta, C.Z., Culver, C., Tesman, J.R., Shepard, B., Fogel, A., Reimers, M., Zivin, G.: The Development of Emotion Expression During the First Two Years of Life. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, pp. 97–136 (1989)

85.

Martinez, A.M., Benavente, R.: The AR face database. In: CVC Technical Report, number 24 (June 1998)

86.

Mase, K., Pentland, A.: Automatic lipreading by computer. Trans. Inst. Electron. Inf. Commun. Eng. J73-D-II(6), 796–803 (1990)

87.

Matthews, I., Baker, S.: Active appearance models revisited. Int. J. Comput. Vis. 60(2), 135–164 (2004)

88.

Matthews, I., Xiao, J., Baker, S.: 2d vs. 3d deformable face models: Representational power, construction, and real-time fitting. Int. J. Comput. Vis. 75(1), 93–113 (2007)

89.

Mikolajczyk, K., Schmid, C.: A performance evaluation of local descriptors. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 27(10), 1615–1630 (2005)

90.

Nguyen, N., Guo, Y.: Comparisons of sequence labeling algorithms and extensions. In: ICML (2007)

91.

O’Toole, A.J., Harms, J., Snow, S.L., Hurst, D.R., Pappas, M.R., Ayyad, J.H., Abdi, H.: A video database of moving faces and people. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 27(5), 812–816 (2005)

92.

Pandzic, I.S., Forchheimer, R.R. (eds.): MPEG-4 Facial Animation: The Standard, Implementation and Applications. Wiley, New York (2002)

93.

Pantic, M., Bartlett, M.S.: Machine analysis of facial expressions. In: Face Recognition, pp. 377–416 (2007)

94.

Pantic, M., Patras, I.: Dynamics of facial expression: Recognition of facial actions and their temporal segments from face profile image sequences. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern., Part B, Cybern. 36, 433–449 (2006)

95.

Pantic, M., Rothkrantz, L.J.M.: Automatic analysis of facial expressions: The state of the art. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 22(12), 1424–1445 (2002)

96.

Pantic, M., Rothkrantz, L.J.M.: Facial action recognition for facial expression analysis from static face images. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern., Part B, Cybern. 34(3), 1449–1461 (2004)

97.

Pantic, M., Sebe, N., Cohn, J.F., Huang, T.: Affective multimodal human–computer interaction. In: ACM International Conference on Multimedia, pp. 669–676 (2005)

98.

Pentland, A.: Looking at people: Sensing for ubiquitous and wearable computing. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 22(1), 107–119 (2000)

99.

Pilz, S.K., Thornton, I.M., Bülthoff, H.H.: A search advantage for faces learned in motion. Exp. Brain Res. 171(4) 436–447 (2006)

100.

Prkachin, K.M., Solomon, P.E.: The structure, reliability and validity of pain expression: Evidence from patients with shoulder pain. Pain 139(2), 267–274 (2008)

101.

Rademaker, R., Pantic, M., Valstar, M.F., Maat, L.: Web-based database for facial expression analysis. In: ICME (2005)

102.

Saragih, J., Goecke, R.: A nonlinear discriminative approach to AAM fitting. In: ICCV (2007)

103.

Sayette, M.A., Cohn, J.F., Wertz, J.M., Perrott, M.A., Parrott, D.J.: A psychometric evaluation of the facial action coding system for assessing spontaneous expression. J. Nonverbal Behav. 25(3), 167–185 (2001)

104.

Scherer, K., Ekman, P.: Handbook of Methods in Nonverbal Behavior Research. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1982)

105.

Schmidt, K.L., Cohn, J.F.: Human facial expressions as adaptations: Evolutionary perspectives in facial expression research. Yearb. Phys. Antropol. 116, 8–24 (2001)

106.

Shang, L.F., Chan, K.P.: Nonparametric discriminant HMM and application to facial expression recognition. In: CVPR (2009)

107.

Shergill, G.H., Sarrafzadeh, H., Diegel, O., Shekar, A.: Computerized sales assistants: The application of computer technology to measure consumer interest;a conceptual framework. J. Electron. Commer. Res. 9(2), 176–191 (2008)

108.

Simon, T., Nguyen, M.H., De la Torre, F., Cohn, J.F.: Action unit detection with segment-based SVMs. In: Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 2737–2744 (2010)

109.

Taskar, B., Guestrin, C., Koller, D.: Max-margin Markov networks. In: NIPS (2003)

110.

Theobald, B.J., Cohn, J.F.: Facial image synthesis. In: Oxford Companion to Emotion and the Affective Sciences, pp. 176–179. Oxford University Press, London (2009)

111.

Tian, Y., Kanade, T., Cohn, J.F.: Evaluation of Gabor-wavelet-based facial action unit recognition in image sequences of increasing complexity. In: AFGR (2002)

112.

Tian, Y., Kanade, T., Cohn, J.F.: Recognizing action units for facial expression analysis. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 23(2), 97–115 (2002)

113.

Tian, Y., Kanade, T., Cohn, J.F.: Facial expression analysis. In: Handbook of Face Recognition, Springer, Berlin (2008)

114.

Tola, E., Lepetit, V., Fua, P.: A fast local descriptor for dense matching. In: CVPR (2008)

115.

Tola, E., Lepetit, V., Fua, P.: Daisy: An efficient dense descriptor applied to wide baseline stereo. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 99(1) (2009)

116.

Tomkins, S.S.: Affect, Imagery, Consciousness. Springer, New York (1962)

117.

Tong, Y., Liao, W., Ji, Q.: Facial action unit recognition by exploiting their dynamic and semantic relationships. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 29 1683–1699 (2007)

118.

Tremeau, F., Malaspina, D., Duval, F., Correa, H., Hager-Budny, M., Coin-Bariou, L., Macher, J.P., Gorman, J.M.: Facial expressiveness in patients with schizophrenia compared to depressed patients and nonpatient comparison subjects. Am. J. Psychiatr. 162(1), 92 (2005)

119.

Tsochantaridis, I., Joachims, T., Hofmann, T., Altun, Y.: Large margin methods for structured and interdependent output variables. J. Mach. Learn. Res. 6, 1453–1484 (2005) MathSciNet

120.

Tsochantaridis, I., Joachims, T., Hofmann, T., Altun, Y.: Large margin methods for structured and interdependent output variables. J. Mach. Learn. Res. 6, 1453–1484 (2005) MathSciNet

121.

Valstar, M., Pantic, M., Patras, I.: Motion history for facial action detection in video. In: IEEE Int’l Conf. on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, pp. 635–640 (2005)

122.

Valstar, M.F., Pantic, M.: Fully automatic facial action unit detection and temporal analysis. In: CVPR (2006)

123.

Valstar, M.F., Pantic, M.: Combined support vector machines and hidden Markov models for modeling facial action temporal dynamics. In: ICCV Workshop on HCI (2007)

124.

Valstar, M.F., Pantic, M.: Induced disgust, happiness and surprise: an addition to the mmi facial expression database. In: Proceedings of the EMOTION 2010 Workshop (2010)

125.

Valstar, M.F., Patras, I., Pantic, M.: Facial action unit detection using probabilistic actively learned support vector machines on tracked facial point data. In: CVPR Workshops (2005)

126.

van Dam, A.: Beyond wimp. IEEE Comput. Graph. Appl. 20(1), 50–51 (2000)

127.

Viola, P., Jones, M.: Rapid object detection using a boosted cascade of simple features. In: CVPR (2001)

128.

Vural, E., Bartlett, M., Littlewort, G., Cetin, M., Ercil, A., Movellan, J.: Discrimination of moderate and acute drowsiness based on spontaneous facial expressions. In: ICPR (2010)

129.

Wen, Z., Huang, T.S.: Capturing subtle facial motions in 3d face tracking. In: CVPR (2008)

130.

Xiao, J., Baker, S., Matthews, I., Kanade, T.: Real-time combined 2D+3D active appearance models. In: CVPR (2004)

131.

Yacoob, Y., Davis, L.S.: Recognizing human facial expressions from long image sequences using optical flow. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 18(6), 636–642 (2002)

132.

Yin, L., Wei, X., Sun, Y., Wang, J., Rosato, M.J.: A 3d facial expression database for facial behavior research. In: AFGR (2006)

133.

Zelnik-Manor, L., Irani, M.: Temporal factorization vs. spatial factorization. In: ECCV (2004)

134.

Zeng, Z., Pantic, M., Roisman, G.I., Huang, T.S.: A survey of affect recognition methods: Audio, visual, and spontaneous expressions. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 31(1), 39–58 (2008)

135.

Zeng, Z., Hu, Y., Roisman, G.I., Wen, Z., Fu, Y., Huang, T.S.: Audio-visual emotion recognition in adult attachment interview. In: 8th International Conference on Multimodal Interfaces (2009)

136.

Zeng, Z., Pantic, M., Roisman, G.I., Huang, T.S.: A survey of affect recognition methods: Audio, visual, and spontaneous expressions. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 31(1), 31–58 (2009)

137.

Zhang, C., Zhango, Z.: A survey of recent advances in face detection. In: Technical Report, MSR-TR-2010-66 Microsoft Research (June 2010)

138.

Zhang, Z., Lyons, M., Schuster, M., Akamatsu, S.: Comparison between geometry-based and gabor-wavelets-based facial expression recognition using multi-layer perceptron. In: AFGR (2002)

139.

Zhao, G., Pietikainen, M.: Dynamic texture recognition using local binary patterns with an application to facial expressions. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 29(6), 915–928 (2007)

140.

Zhao, W., Chellappa, R.: Face Processing: Advanced Modeling and Methods. Academic Press, San Diego (2006)

141.

Zhou, F., De la Torre, F., Hodgins, J.: Aligned cluster analysis for temporal segmentation of human motion. In: IEEE Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (2008)

142.

Zhu, Y., De la Torre, F., Cohn, J.F.: Dynamic cascades with bidirectional bootstrapping for spontaneous facial action unit detection. In: ACII (2009)

143.

Zhou, F., De la Torre, F., Cohn, J.: Unsupervised discovery of facial events. In: CVPR (2010)

144.

Zhou, F., De la Torre, F., Cohn, J.F.: Unsupervised discovery of facial events. In: Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 2574–2581 (2010)

145.

Zue, V.W., Glass, J.R.: Conversational interfaces: Advances and challenges. Proc. IEEE 88(8), 1166–1180 (2002)

Titel: Facial Expression Analysis
verfasst von: Fernando De la Torre
Jeffrey F. Cohn
Verlag: Springer London
Buch: Visual Analysis of Humans
Print ISBN: 978-0-85729-996-3

Electronic ISBN: 978-0-85729-997-0

Copyright-Jahr: 2011
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-997-0_19

Springer Professional

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu Ihrer Lizenz zu erhalten.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Technik"

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"