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2007 | Buch

Materials Chemistry

verfasst von: Bradley D. Fahlman

Verlag: Springer Netherlands

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Über dieses Buch

A NEW EXPANDED AND UPDATED EDITION OF THIS BOOK IS EXPECTED SPRING 2011!!

Winner of a 2008 Textbook Excellence Award from the Text and Academic Authors Association (TAA)!

Written to fill the need for a textbook that addresses inorganic-, organic-, and nano-based materials from a structure vs. property treatment, Materials Chemistry aims to provide a suitable breadth and depth coverage of the rapidly evolving materials field -- in a concise format. This modern treatment offers innovative coverage and practical perspective throughout, e.g.: the opening solid-state chemistry chapter uses color illustrations of crystalline unit cells and digital photos of models to clarify their structures, plus an ample amorphous-solids section; the metals chapter treats the full spectrum of powder metallurgical methods, complex phase behaviors of the Fe-C system and steels, and topics such as corrosion and shape-memory properties; the semiconductor chapter addresses evolution and limitations/solutions of modern transistors, as well as IC fabrication and photovoltaics; the polymer and ‘soft’ materials chapter describes all polymeric classes including dendritic polymers, as well as important additives such as plasticizers and flame-retardants, and emerging applications such as molecular magnets and self-repairing polymers; final chapters on nanomaterials and materials-characterization techniques are also carefully surveyed, focusing on nomenclature, synthetic techniques, and applications taken from the latest scientific literature. Most appropriate for Junior/Senior undergraduate students, as well as first-year graduate students in chemistry, physics, or engineering fields, Materials Chemistry may also serve as a valuable reference to industrial researchers. Each chapter concludes with a section that describes important materials applications, while appendices include laboratory modules for materials synthesis and a comprehensive timeline of major materials developments.

Winner of a 2008 Textbook Excellence Award from the Text and Academic Authors Association (TAA)!

Written to fill the need for a textbook that addresses inorganic-, organic-, and nano-based materials from a structure vs. property treatment, Materials Chemistry aims to provide a suitable breadth and depth coverage of the rapidly evolving materials field -- in a concise format. This modern treatment offers innovative coverage and practical perspective throughout, e.g.: the opening solid-state chemistry chapter uses color illustrations of crystalline unit cells and digital photos of models to clarify their structures, plus an ample amorphous-solids section; the metals chapter treats the full spectrum of powder metallurgical methods, complex phase behaviors of the Fe-C system and steels, and topics such as corrosion and shape-memory properties; the semiconductor chapter addresses evolution and limitations/solutions of modern transistors, as well as IC fabrication and photovoltaics; the polymer and ‘soft’ materials chapter describes all polymeric classes including dendritic polymers, as well as important additives such as plasticizers and flame-retardants, and emerging applications such as molecular magnets and self-repairing polymers; final chapters on nanomaterials and materials-characterization techniques are also carefully surveyed, focusing on nomenclature, synthetic techniques, and applications taken from the latest scientific literature. Most appropriate for Junior/Senior undergraduate students, as well as first-year graduate students in chemistry, physics, or engineering fields, Materials Chemistry may also serve as a valuable reference to industrial researchers. Each chapter concludes with a section that describes important materials applications, while appendices include laboratory modules for materials synthesis and a comprehensive timeline of major materials developments.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. What is Materials Chemistry?
Abstract
Life in the 21st century is ever dependent on an unlimited variety of advanced materials. In our consumptive world, it is easy to take for granted the macro-, micro-, and nanoscopic building blocks that comprise any item ever produced. We are spoiled by the technology that adds convenience to our lives, such as microwave ovens, laptop computers, digital cell phones, and improved modes of transportation. However, we rarely take time to think about and appreciate the materials that constitute these modern engineering feats.
Bradley D. Fahlman
Chapter 2. Solid-State Chemistry
Abstract
Of the three states of matter, solids possess the most structural diversity. Whereas gases and liquids consist of discrete molecules that are randomly distributed due to thermal motion, solids consist of molecules, atoms, or ions that are statically positioned. To fully understand the properties of solid materials, one must have a thorough knowledge of the structural interactions between the subunit atoms, ions, and molecules. This chapter will outline the various types of solids, including structural classifications and nomenclature for both crystalline and amorphous solids. The material in this key chapter will set the groundwork for the rest of this textbook, which describes a variety of materials classes.
Bradley D. Fahlman
Chapter 3. Metals
Abstract
Of all the 115 elements listed in the Periodic Table, 70% exhibit metallic character. Since the discovery of copper and bronze by early civilizations, the study of metals (i.e., metallurgy) contributed to most of the early investigations related to materials science. Whereas iron-based alloys have long been exploited for a variety of applications, there is a constant search for new metallic compositions that have increasing structural durability, but also possess sufficiently less density. The recent exploitation of titanium-based alloys results from this effort, and has resulted in very useful materials that are used for applications ranging from aircraft bodies to golf clubs. Indeed, there are many yet undiscovered metallic compositions that will undoubtedly prove invaluable for future applications.
Bradley D. Fahlman
Chapter 4. Semiconducting Materials
Abstract
Our technologically advanced way of life would not be possible without the semiconductor industry. The first semiconductor device known as a transistor was discovered at Bell Labs in the late 1940s, and was widely used shortly thereafter for radio electronics. Today, transistors are still pervasive in every microelectronic component such as CD/DVD players, cellular phones, modes of transportation (e.g., planes, automobiles, etc.), and computers. In fact, the dual-core chips released by Intel in early 2006 feature over 1.7 billion transistors – all on a surface that is smaller than a postage stamp!
Bradley D. Fahlman
Chapter 5. Organic “Soft“ Materials
Abstract
Take a minute to look at the room and furnishings around you. Virtually everything you will see is at least partially comprised of organic-based building blocks. From the plastics that surround electronic components to individual carpet fibers, no other type of material is as heavily utilized in our society as organic-based polymers. As first defined by Staudinger in 1920, a polymer is any material that is comprised of an extended structure of small chemical repeat units, known as monomers. For simplicity, the monomeric unit is almost always clearly identified within the polymer name (i.e., “poly(monomeric unit),” Figure 5.1). A polymer is generally comprised of more than 100 repeat units; structures with lower numbers of chemical repeat units are known as oligomers. Strictly speaking, all solid-state materials with an infinite structural array are classified as polymers – even inorganic structures such as metals, ceramics, and glasses. However, since we have described inorganic-based materials in previous chapters, we will focus our present discussion on polymeric materials that feature a carbon-containing backbone.
Bradley D. Fahlman
Chapter 6. Nanomaterials
Abstract
Imagine how much control over resultant properties you would have if you were able to deposit and maneuver individual atoms into predefined arrangements, en route toward a new material. This is fast becoming a reality, and is the realization of the ultimate in “bottom-up” materials design. Thus far, one is able to easily fabricate materials comprised of a small number of atoms, with features on the nanometer scale (10−9 m) – one-billionth of a meter. To put this into perspective, think of a material with dimensions approximately 1,000 times smaller than the diameter of a human hair follicle! As we will see, it is now even possible to push individual atoms around a surface using specialized techniques.
Bradley D. Fahlman
Chapter 7. Materials Characterization
Abstract
Thus far, we have focused on the relationship between the structure of a material and its properties/applications. However, we have not yet focused on how one is able to determine the structure and composition of materials. That is, when a material is fabricated in the lab, how are we able to assess whether our method was successful? Depending on the nature of the material being investigated, a suite of techniques may be utilized to assess its structure and properties. Whereas some techniques are qualitative, such as providing an image of a surface, others yield quantitative information such as the relative concentrations of atoms that comprise the material. Recent technological advances have allowed materials scientists to accomplish something that was once thought to be impossible: to obtain actual two-dimensional/threedimensional images of atomic positions in a solid, in real time. It should be noted that the sensitivity of quantitiative techniques also continues to be improved, with techniques now being able to easily measure parts per trillion (ppt) concentrations of impurities in a bulk sample.
Bradley D. Fahlman
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
Materials Chemistry
verfasst von
Bradley D. Fahlman
Copyright-Jahr
2007
Verlag
Springer Netherlands
Electronic ISBN
978-1-4020-6120-2
Print ISBN
978-1-4020-6119-6
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6120-2

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