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2012 | Buch

Introduction Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

Principles of Mobile Communication

verfasst von: Gordon L. Stüber

Verlag: Springer New York

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik"

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Über dieses Buch

Principles of Mobile Communication, Third Edition, is an authoritative treatment of the fundamentals of mobile communications. This book stresses the "fundamentals" of physical-layer wireless and mobile communications engineering that are important for the design of "any" wireless system. This book differs from others in the field by stressing mathematical modeling and analysis. It includes many detailed derivations from first principles, extensive literature references, and provides a level of depth that is necessary for graduate students wishing to pursue research on this topic. The book's focus will benefit students taking formal instruction and practicing engineers who are likely to already have familiarity with the standards and are seeking to increase their knowledge of this important subject.

Major changes from the second edition:

1. Updated discussion of wireless standards (Chapter 1).

2. Updated treatment of land mobile radio propagation to include space-time correlation functions, mobile-to-mobile (or vehicle-to-vehicle) channels, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channels, improved simulation models for land mobile radio channels, and 3G cellular simulation models.

3. Updated treatment of modulation techniques and power spectrum to include Nyquist pulse shaping and linearized Gaussian minimum shift keying (LGMSK).

4. Updated treatment of antenna diversity techniques to include optimum combining, non-coherent square-law combining, and classical beamforming.

5. Updated treatment of error control coding to include space-time block codes, the BCJR algorithm, bit interleaved coded modulation, and space-time trellis codes.

6. Updated treatment of spread spectrum to include code division multiple access (CDMA) multi-user detection techniques.

7. A completely new chapter on multi-carrier techniques to include the performance of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) on intersymbol interference (ISI) channels, OFDM residual ISI cancellation, single-carrier frequency domain equalization (SC-FDE), orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) and single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA).

8. Updated discussion of frequency planning to include OFDMA frequency planning.

9. Updated treatment of CDMA cellular systems to include hierarchical CDMA cellular architectures and capacity analysis.

10. Updated treatment of radio resource management to include CDMA soft handoff analysis.

Includes numerous homework problems throughout.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. Introduction
Abstract
This chapter begins with a brief history of wireless systems and standards, including cellular systems, cordless telephone systems, and wireless local and personal area networks (LANs and PANs). The discussion of cellular standards includes GSM, IS-54/136, IS-95, PDC, cdma2000, UMTS, and WiMAX. The discussion of cordless phones includes DECT and PHS, and the discussion of IEEE802.11a/b/g, IEEE802.15 and Bluetooth. The chapter then introduces frequency reuse and the cellular concept, and discusses the propagation phenomenon that are found in land mobile radio environments along with additive impairments such as co-channel interference (CCI) and noise. Afterwards, the cellular land mobile radio link budget is considered, including the effects of interference loading, shadow margin and handoff gain that are peculiar to cellular frequency reuse systems. The chapter concludes with a discussion of coverage and capacity issues for cellular radio systems.
Gordon L. Stüber
Chapter 2. Propagation Modeling
Abstract
The design of spectrally efficient wireless communication systems requires a thorough understanding of the radio propagation channel. This chapter emphasizes land mobile radio channels, including those found in cellular land mobile radio systems and mobile ad hoc networks. The chapter first considers the characteristics of the complex faded envelope in frequency nonselective (flat) fixed-to-mobile (F-to-M) channels that are typically found in cellular land mobile radio systems, including the received envelope and phase distribution, envelope correlation and spectra, level crossing rates and fade durations, and space–time correlation. Later, other types of channels are considered including mobile-to-mobile channels and multiple-input multiple-output (MIMEO) channels. This is followed by a statistical characterization of frequency-selective fading channels. The chapter continues with a discussion of simulation techniques for fading channels, including filtered white noise, sum of sinusoid techniques such as the classical Jakes’ technique, and techniques for generating multiple uncorrelated faded envelopes. Advanced simulation methodologies are discussed including wide-band simulation models such as the COST207 and COST259 models, symbol-spaced simulation models, and mobile-to-mobile simulation models. The chapter goes on to discuss modeling and simulation techniques for long-term fading or shadowing. Finally, the chapter wraps up with theoretical and empirical path loss models, including the famous Okumura–Hata model, Lee’s model, and the COST231 models.
Gordon L. Stüber
Chapter 3. Co-channel Interference
Abstract
For cellular radio systems, the radio link performance is usually limited by interference rather than noise, and, therefore, the probability of link outage due to co-channel interference (CCI) is of primary concern. The chapter begins with various approximations for the incoherent power sum of multiple log-normally shadowed interfering signals. The approximations are compared in terms of their accuracy. Later, we consider the probability of outage for log-normal/multiple log-normal links. The chapter goes on to consider the outage probability for Ricean/multiple Rayleigh links without shadowing. Such an outage analysis may be more appropriate for wireless local area networks. The same is done for log-normal Nakagami/multiple log-normal Nakagami links, and log-normal Ricean/multiple log-normal Ricean faded links, where the signals are affected by both fading and shadowing. Such an outage analysis is appropriate for cellular systems where the mobile stations happen to be stationary.
Gordon L. Stüber
Chapter 4. Digital Modulation and Power Spectrum
Abstract
Modulation is the process whereby message information is embedded into a radio frequency carrier. Such information can be transmitted in either the amplitude, frequency, or phase of the carrier, or a combination thereof. This chapter begins with the basis of mathematical representation of digitally modulated signals. This is followed by a discussion of Nyquist pulse shaping, which is essentially for spectral control. Later, the chapter considers a large number of digital modulation schemes that are commonly used in wireless communication systems, including quadrature amplitude modulation, phase shift keying techniques, orthogonal modulation and variants, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, and continuous phase modulation. The chapter concludes with a thorough treatment of the power spectrum of the various digitally modulated waveforms considered in the chapter.
Gordon L. Stüber
Chapter 5. Digital Signaling on Flat Fading Channels
Abstract
This chapter considers the bit error rate performance of digital signaling on frequency nonselective (flat) fading channels with additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN). We first introduce a vector representation for digital signaling on flat fading channels with AWGN. Later, a generalized analysis is provided for the error rate performance of digital signaling on flat fading channels. We then derive the structure of the optimum coherent receiver for the detection of known signals in AWGN. The error probability performance of various coherently detected digital signaling schemes is considered, including phase shift keying, quadrature amplitude shift keying, orthogonal signals, and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing. Other types of detection schemes include differential detection of differentially encoded binary phase shift keying and differentially encoded π ∕ 4-phase shifted quadrature phase shift keying. We also consider noncoherent detection of orthogonal signals. Finally, we consider coherent and noncoherent detection of continuous phase modulated signals.
Gordon L. Stüber
Chapter 6. Multi-antenna Techniques
Abstract
Rayleigh fading converts an exponential dependency of the bit error probability on the average received bit energy-to-noise ratio into an inverse linear one, yielding a very large performance loss. Diversity is one very effective remedy that exploits the principle of providing the receiver with multiple independently faded replicas of the same information bearing signal. This chapter concentrates on antenna diversity techniques, although the mathematical concepts will readily apply to other types of diversity as well. We first consider diversity systems consisting of a single transmit antenna and multiple receiver antennas. Various diversity combining techniques are treated including selective combining, maximal ratio combining, equal gain combining, switched combining, and differential detection with postdetection equal gain combining. Later, optimum combining is considered which is useful for combating both fading and co-channel interference. The chapter then goes on to treat the case of multiple transmit antennas, where an antenna array is used for beam forming. Finally, the chapter wraps up with the Alamouti transmit diversity scheme, where there are multiple transmit antennas and either a single or multiple receive antennas.
Gordon L. Stüber
Chapter 7. Equalization and Interference Cancelation
Abstract
This chapter concentrates on the modeling of intersymbol interference (ISI) channels and the various signal processing methods for recovering digital information transmitted over such channels. The chapter begins with a treatment of ISI channel modeling, including a vector representation of digital signaling on ISI channels. We then develop the maximum likelihood receiver for ISI channels, leading to an equivalent model of the ISI channel known as the discrete-time white noise channel model. We also consider the effects of using fractional sampling or over-sampling at the receiver, where the sampling rate is an integer multiple of the modulated symbol rate. We then consider the various time-domain equalization techniques, including the linear zero-forcing and minimum mean-square-error equalizers, and the nonlinear decision feedback equalizer. Later, we consider sequence estimators beginning with maximum likelihood sequence estimation (MLSE) and the Viterbi algorithm. Since the MLSE receiver can have high complexity for channels that have a long impulse response, we consider some reduced complexity sequence estimation techniques such as reduced state sequence estimation (RSSE) and delayed decision feedback sequence estimation (DDFSE). The chapter goes on to provide an analysis of the bit error rate performance of MLSE on static ISI channels and multipath fading ISI channels, and fractionally spaced MLSE receivers for ISI channels. Finally, the chapter provides a discussion of co-channel demodulation for digital signals on ISI channels, and concludes with a receiver structure that incorporates a combination of optimal combining and sequence estimation as implemented with the Viterbi algorithm.
Gordon L. Stüber
Chapter 8. Error Control Coding
Abstract
Channel coding and interleaving techniques have long been used for combating noise, interference, jamming, fading, and other channel impairments. The basic idea of channel coding is to introduce controlled redundancy into the transmitted signals that is subsequently exploited at the receiver for error correction. There are many different types of error correcting codes, but historically they have been classified into block codes and convolutional/trellis codes. This chapter first starts with an introduction to block codes and space-time block codes. This is followed by an introduction to convolutional codes, and decoding algorithms for convolutional codes, including the Viterbi algorithm and BCJR algorithm. The chapter then introduces trellis coded modulation, followed by the performance analysis of convolutional and trellis codes on additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channels. Block and convolutional interleavers are discussed that are useful for coding on fading channels. This is followed by a consideration of the design and performance analysis of trellis codes on interleaved flat fading channels. Later, the performance of space-time codes and the decoding of space-time codes is considered. Finally, the chapter wraps up with a treatment of parallel and serial turbo codes.
Gordon L. Stüber
Chapter 9. Spread Spectrum Techniques
Abstract
Spread spectrum signals have the distinguishing characteristic that the bandwidth used to transmit a message is much greater than the message bandwidth. This band spread is achieved using a spreading code or pseudo-noise (PN) sequence that is independent of the message and is known to the receiver. The receiver uses a synchronized replica of the PN sequence to despread the received signal allowing recovery of the message. The chapter begins with an introduction to direct sequence (DS) and frequency hop (FH) spread spectrum. PN sequences are fundamental to all spread spectrum systems and are treated in detail. A variety of sequences are considered including m-sequences, Gold sequences, Kasami sequences, Barker sequences, Walsh–Hadamard sequences, variable length orthogonal codes, and complementary code keying. The remainder of the chapter concentrates on DS spread spectrum. The power spectral density of DS spread spectrum signals is considered. Later, we consider the bit error rate performance of DS spread spectrum signals in the presence of tone interference. We then discuss the performance of point-to-point DS spread spectrum on frequency selective fading channels and show how a RAKE receiver can be used to gain multipath diversity. The chapter concludes with a discussion of CDMA multiuser detection techniques, including optimum CDMA multiuser detection, decorrelation detection, and minimum mean square error detection.
Gordon L. Stüber
Chapter 10. Multi-carrier Techniques
Abstract
This chapter begins with a discussion of OFDM on frequency-selective channels, and describes how a cyclic guard interval can be used to completely remove any intersymbol interference (ISI) in a very efficient fashion provided that the length of the cyclic guard interval is at least as long as the length of the overall discrete-time channel impulse response. We then consider the performance of OFDM on static ISI channels and fading ISI channels, in cases where the length of the guard interval is less than the length of the overall discrete-time channel impulse response. In this case, residual ISI is present which is shown to be devastating to the performance of OFDM. We then present an effective technique to mitigate residual ISI, called residual ISI cancelation (RISIC) that uses a combination of tail cancelation and cyclic reconstruction. The chapter then considers the combination of single-carrier modulation with frequency-domain equalization (FDE), a technique known as single-carrier frequency-domain equalization (SC-FDE). FDE is especially attractive on channels having long impulse responses where the complexity of time-domain equalizers can become prohibitive. Afterwards, a variety of topics related to OFDMA are considered. The use of OFDMA on both the forward and reverse link is covered, and issues such as sub-carrier allocation and time-domain windowing are considered. The chapter concludes with a discussion of single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA), including multiplexing methods and analysis of peak-to-average power ratio.
Gordon L. Stüber
Chapter 11. Frequency Planning Techniques
Abstract
This chapter considers cellular frequency planning techniques for TDMA- and OFDMA- based cellular systems. The chapter begins with a discussion of basic cellular frequency planning techniques, including cell sectoring, cell splitting and reuse partitioning. This is followed by a treatment of issues related to frequency planning in OFDMA/SC-FDMA cellular networks. Afterwards, a novel TDMA hierarchical cellular architecture is considered that is based on the concept of cluster planning, where macrocells and microcells can share the same frequencies. Finally, the chapter wraps up with a treatment of macrodiversity TDMA architectures, where a mobile station is simultaneously served by multiple base stations.
Gordon L. Stüber
Chapter 12. CDMA Cellular Systems
Abstract
This chapter considers capacity and performance of CDMA cellular systems. The chapter begins with a discussion of the power control mechanism in the CDMA reverse and forward links. We then consider the reverse and forward link capacity of CDMA cellular systems, and demonstrate the impact of imperfect power control. The remainder of the chapter is devoted to hierarchical CDMA cellular architectures consisting of macrocells and underlaid macrocells, where both hierarchical layers use the entire system bandwidth. On the reverse link, this is accomplished using macrodiversity maximal ratio combining where the signals received at multiple base stations (BSs) are coherently combined. On the forward link, only one BS can transmit to a given mobile station (MS) at any given time. The forward link transmit power is determined according to a neighboring-cell pilot power scheme, where the forward transmit power to each MS is determined according to link conditions between the MS and surrounding BSs. It is also shown that some improvement can be gained using selective transmit diversity at the BSs on the forward link.
Gordon L. Stüber
Chapter 13. Radio Resource Management
Abstract
This chaper is concerned with issues relating to link quality evaluation and handoff in cellular systems. The chapter begins by discussing several different types of signal strength-based handoff algorithms. This is followed by a detailed treatment of temporal-spatial signal strength averaging. Guidelines are developed on the window length that is needed so that Ricean fading can be neglected in continuous- and discrete-time signal strength averaging. We then motivate the need for velocity adaptive handoff algorithms and present three different velocity estimators. The velocity estimators are compared in terms of their sensitivity to the Rice factor, non-isotropic scattering and additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN). Afterwards, the velocity estimators are incorporated into a velocity adaptive handoff algorithm. We then provide an analytical treatment of conventional signal strength-based hard handoff algorithms, and do the same for soft handoff algorithms. Finally, we discuss methods for carrier-to-interference plus noise ratio, C ∕ (I + N) measurements in TDMA cellular systems.
Gordon L. Stüber
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
Principles of Mobile Communication
verfasst von
Gordon L. Stüber
Copyright-Jahr
2012
Verlag
Springer New York
Electronic ISBN
978-1-4614-0364-7
Print ISBN
978-1-4614-0363-0
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-0364-7

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