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2013 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

6. Discrete Random Variables and Probability Distributions

verfasst von : Cheng-Few Lee, John C. Lee, Alice C. Lee

Erschienen in: Statistics for Business and Financial Economics

Verlag: Springer New York

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Abstract

In Chaps.​ 2, 3, and 4, we explored descriptive statistical measures, and we examined probability concepts and techniques in Chap.​ 5. Here we will build on this foundation as we establish the definitions of discrete and continuous random variables and discuss important discrete probability distributions in terms of specific numerical outcomes.

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Fußnoten
1
From Eq. 6.4, the variance of X is
$$ \begin{array}{lll} {\sigma^2} & =\sum\limits_{i=1}^N {\left( {x_i^2-2\mu {x_i}+{\mu^2}} \right)} P\left( {{x_i}} \right) \\& =\sum\limits_{i=1}^N {x_i^2P({x_i})-2\mu } \sum\limits_{i=1}^N {{x_i}P({x_i})} +{\mu^2}\sum\limits_{i=1}^N {P({x_i})}\end{array} $$
Because \( \sum\limits_{i=1}^N {{x_i}P({x_i})} =\mu \) and \( \sum\limits_{i=1}^N {P({x_i})=1} \),
$$ \begin{array}{lll} {\sigma^2} & =\sum\limits_{i=1}^N {x_i^2P({x_i})} -2{\mu^2}+{\mu^2}=\sum\limits_{i=1}^N {x_i^2P({x_i})} -{\mu^2} \\& =\sum\limits_{i=1}^N {x_i^2} P({x_i})-{\mu^2}.\end{array}$$
 
2
Assume that the price movement of JNJ stock today is completely independent of its movement in the past. See Example 6.23 in Appendix 2 for further discussion.
 
3
Refer to Table A1 in Appendix A at the end of the book.
 
4
In that case, the probability on the first trial, P, is 50/800 = .0625. On the second trial, p is either 50/799 = .06258 (if the first chip was not defective) or 49/799 = .06133 (if the first chip was defective).
 
5
The approximation is valid only when N is large. Usually we require N/n ≥ 20.
 
6
This example is based on the material discussed in J. H. Miller, “Store Satisfaction and Aspiration Theory,” Journal of Retailing, 52 (Fall 1976), 65–84.
 
7
$$ \begin{array}{lll} \mathrm{ Cov}(X,Y) & =E\left[ {\left( {X-{\mu_X}} \right)\left( {Y-{\mu_Y}} \right)} \right] \\& =E\left( {XY-Y{\mu_X}-X{\mu_Y}+{\mu_X}{\mu_Y}} \right) \\& =E(XY)-{\mu_X}E(Y)-{\mu_Y}E(X)+{\mu_X}{\mu_Y} \\& =E(XY)-{\mu_X}{\mu_Y}-{\mu_Y}{\mu_X}+{\mu_X}{\mu_Y}=E(XY)-{\mu_X}{\mu_Y}\end{array} $$
 
8
See Appendix 1 in Chap.​ 13 for further discussion about how to obtain optimal weights for a portfolio.
 
9
Independent variables imply uncorrelated variables, so Eq. 6.31 also holds for independent random variables. Applications of Eqs. 6.30 and 6.31 will be discussed in Appendix 1 and Sect. 21.​8 as well as in Appendix 3 of Chap.​ 21.
 
10
To sell the call option means to write the call option. If a person writes a call option on stock A, then he or she is obliged to sell at exercise price X during the contract period.
 
11
This section is essentially based on Cheng F. Lee, Joseph E. Finnerty, and Donald H. Wort (1990) Security Analysis and Portfolio Management (Glenview. III.: Scott. Foresman), Chapter 15. Copyright © 1990 by Cheng F. Lee. Joseph E. Finnerty, and Donald H. Wort. Reprinted by permission of Harper Collins Publishers.
 
12
Note that this is not exactly a cumulative binomial distribution as defined by a statistician. Strictly speaking,
$$ 1-[]=\sum\limits_{k=0}^{m-1 } {\frac{n! }{{k!\left( {n-k} \right)!}}} {p^k}{{\left( {1-p} \right)}^{m-k }} $$
is a cumulative binomial distribution.
 
13
Because u < R < d,
$$ (u/R)P=\frac{1-d/R }{1-d/u }<1 $$
 
Metadaten
Titel
Discrete Random Variables and Probability Distributions
verfasst von
Cheng-Few Lee
John C. Lee
Alice C. Lee
Copyright-Jahr
2013
Verlag
Springer New York
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5897-5_6