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1991 | Buch

Historical Perspectives Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

High-Technology Applications of Organic Colorants

verfasst von: Peter Gregory

Verlag: Springer US

Buchreihe : Topics in Applied Chemistry

Enthalten in: Professional Book Archive

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Über dieses Buch

The traditional use of organic colorants is to impart color to a substrate such as textiles, paper, plastics, and leather. However, in the last five years or so organic colorants have become increasingly important in the high­ technology (hi-tech) industries of electronics and particularly reprographics. In some of these reprographics applications the organic colorant is used in its traditional role of imparting color to a substrate, typically paper or plastic. Examples are dyes for ink-jet printing, thermally transferable dyes for thermal transfer printing, and dyes and pigments for colored toners in photocopiers and laser printers. In other applications it is a special effect of an organic colorant that is utilized, not its color. Examples are electrical effects, such as photoconduction and the electrostatic charging of toners, both of which are essential features for the operation of photocopiers and laser printers, and the selective absorption of infrared radiation, which is utilized in optical data storage. In electronic applications the organic colorant is often employed in a device. Typical examples include liquid crystal dyes, laser dyes, electro­ chromic dyes, dyes for solar cells, dyes for micro color filters, and dyes for nonlinear optical applications.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

Historical Perspectives

Frontmatter
I. Historical Perspectives
Abstract
Can you imagine a world without color? A world of black, white, and shades of gray. A world devoid of the immense variety and brilliance of both man-made and natural color. A dull world indeed! However, color is so common that we tend to take it for granted. Indeed, although everyone is not only aware of but surrounded by color, very few people understand the origins of color and fewer still have any idea of the substances responsible for producing color, namely dyes and pigments.
Peter Gregory

Colorants for Electronics

Frontmatter
1. Liquid Crystal Dyes
Abstract
In recent years liquid crystals have made a significant impact commercially as a result of their application in electro-optical devices such as digital watches (and clocks), calculators, and instrument display panels, for example, in cars and airplanes. The main reasons for the success of these liquid crystal displays are their visual appeal and, more importantly, their extremely low power consumption, which results in a longer battery life for portable units. Only the recent advances of incorporating dyes into liquid crystals are considered in this chapter; for a review of the theory of liquid crystal displays, references should be consulted.1,2,3,4
Peter Gregory
2. Micro Color Filters
Abstract
The field of micro color filters1–3 is another expanding area in which dyes and pigments are being used. A rather unusual aspect of this application is that the three primary additive colors of red, green, and blue are required. Normally, it is the three subtractive primary colors of yellow, magenta, and cyan that are required for most electronics (and reprographics) applications.
Peter Gregory
3. Laser Dyes
Abstract
Laser technology is another area in which organic dyes are beginning to find application. The first continuous laser was demonstrated in 1961 and operated in the near infrared spectrum.1 Since then, several inorganic lasers have been developed which emit from the ultraviolet through the visible into the near and far infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum (Fig. 3.1.). However, the fact that these inorganic lasers emit only at very few specific wavelengths is an obvious drawback. In contrast, dye lasers cover the entire visible and near infrared spectrum from <400 nm to 1000 nm and have a far greater tunability than the inorganic lasers. In contrast to inorganic lasers, which emit very narrow bands (Fig. 3.1), dye lasers emit a broad band of radiation. This means that any lasing wavelength, whether narrow or broad, can be obtained from dye lasers by using appropriate filters (wavelength selectors). Consequently, dye lasers have become increasingly popular, especially in the field of Raman spectroscopy.2,3
Peter Gregory
4. Colorants for Nonlinear Optics
Abstract
As the name implies, nonlinear optics1–3 is concerned with the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with various media to produce new radiation which is altered in phase, frequency, amplitude, etc., from the incident radiation. The rapid growth of laser technology (nonlinear optic effects are only observed with laser light) coupled with the telecommunications industry’s need for sophisticated optical switching devices required for data transmission in this computer age has prompted an enormous interest in nonlinear optical materials.
Peter Gregory
5. Solar Cells
Abstract
The energy output from the sun is enormous; it has been estimated at 3.8 × 1026 W.1 The amount of energy that falls on the earth’s surface in clear weather, with the sun at its zenith, is approximately 1 kWm-2. Nature has been harnessing this energy for millions of years using photosynthesis to convert the radiant energy into chemical energy. With the recent energy crises and the controversies over nuclear power, it is hardly surprising that serious efforts are now being made to convert solar energy into electrical energy.
Peter Gregory
6. Electrochromic Dyes
Abstract
Electrochromic dyes are those that undergo a color change with electrical energy. Electricity may cause the color change directly, as in dyes for electrochromic displays, or indirectly, as for dyes for electrochromic printing.
Peter Gregory

Colorants for Reprographics

Frontmatter
7. Electrophotography
Abstract
Most people have probably never heard of electrophotography, yet it is by far the biggest of all the reprographics technologies. These seemingly inconsistent statements make sense only when it is realized that electrophotography comprises the two very familiar and ubiquitous technologies of photocopying and laser/LED (light emitting diode) printing.
Peter Gregory
8. Thermography
Abstract
Thermography, or thermal printing, is that branch of reprographics which uses heat as the energy source. The heat is normally supplied directly from thermal heads or a heated stylus. However, it can also be supplied indirectly from electrical energy, an example of which is the resistive ribbon technology developed by IBM (now termed electrothermal printing), and from lasers.
Peter Gregory
9. Ink-Jet Printing
Abstract
Ink-jet printing simply involves squirting droplets of ink on to a substrate (paper or plastic) to produce an image. It completes the trio of the three major nonimpact printing technologies, along with electrophotography (Chapter 7) and thermography (Chapter 8).
Peter Gregory
10. Electrography, lonography, and Magnetography
Abstract
Electrography, ionography, and magnetography are three other nonimpact printing technologies. They are younger technologies and are currently less prevalent in the marketplace than the electrophotographic, ink-jet and thermal technologies. However, they possess some advantages and could well become more important in the future.
Peter Gregory

Future Perspectives

Frontmatter
11. Infrared Absorbers
Abstract
Infrared absorbers absorb infrared radiation. Therefore, it is prudent to consider first the nature of infrared radiation, its properties, and where it lies in the electromagnetic spectrum.
Peter Gregory
12. Toxicology
Abstract
Health, safety, and environmental issues have become increasingly important in recent years, especially in manufacturing industries such as the chemical industry. Therefore, it is prudent to devote a short chapter to outlining the position of organic colorants in this context. The chapter has several aims: to (a) alert people to the safety aspect of organic colorants, (b) outline the major regulatory bodies and registration procedures required of new chemicals, (c) focus on the important area of mutagenicity/carcinogenicity, highlighting key structure-activity relationships, and (d) discuss briefly risk assessment.
Peter Gregory
13. Future Trends
Abstract
Crystal ball gazing is without doubt one of the most difficult and tricky things to attempt and many eminent people have fallen flat on their face in attempting to predict the future. Nonetheless, this chapter attempts to predict some of the future trends in the hi-tech uses of organic colorants. Essentially, this means predicting the future of organic colorants in the electronics and reprographics industries. As in the main body of the book we will concentrate on the reprographics area, since this is where the major growth for organic colorants will occur. Obviously, this growth is directly related to the growth in hard copy output, particularly color hard copy output.
Peter Gregory
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
High-Technology Applications of Organic Colorants
verfasst von
Peter Gregory
Copyright-Jahr
1991
Verlag
Springer US
Electronic ISBN
978-1-4615-3822-6
Print ISBN
978-1-4613-6705-5
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3822-6