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2011 | Buch

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Application and Multidisciplinary Aspects of Wireless Sensor Networks

Concepts, Integration, and Case Studies

herausgegeben von: Liljana Gavrilovska, Srdjan Krco, Veljko Milutinovic, Ivan Stojmenovic, Roman Trobec

Verlag: Springer London

Buchreihe : Computer Communications and Networks

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

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Über dieses Buch

It is a general trend in computing that computers are becoming ever smaller and ever more interconnected. Sensor networks – large networks of small, simple devices – are a logical extreme of this trend. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are attracting an increasing degree of research interest, with a growing number of industrial applications starting to emerge. Two of these applications, personal health monitoring and emergency/disaster recovery, are the focus of the European Commission project ProSense: Promote, Mobilize, Reinforce and Integrate Wireless Sensor Networking Research and Researchers. This hands-on introduction to WSN systems development presents a broad coverage of topics in the field, contributed by researchers involved in the ProSense project. An emphasis is placed on the practical knowledge required for the successful implementation of WSNs. Divided into four parts, the first part covers basic issues of sensors, software, and position-based routing protocols. Part two focuses on multidisciplinary issues, including sensor network integration, mobility aspects, georouting, medical applications, and vehicular sensor networks. The remaining two parts present case studies and further applications. Topics and features: presents a broad overview of WSN technology, including an introduction to sensor and sensing technologies; contains an extensive section on case studies, providing details of the development of a number of WSN applications; discusses frameworks for WSN systems integration, through which WSN technology will become fundamental to the Future Internet concept; investigates real-world applications of WSN systems in medical and vehicular sensor networks; with a Foreword by the Nobel Laurate Professor Martin Perl of Stanford University. Providing holistic coverage of WSN technology, this text/reference will enable graduate students of computer science, electrical engineering and telecommunications to master the specific domains of this emerging area. The book will also be a valuable resource for researchers and practitioners interested in entering the field.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

Introduction: Bird’s-Eye View of Wireless Sensor Networks

Chapter 1. Introduction: Bird’s-Eye View of Wireless Sensor Networks

Abstract

Over the course of the last two decades, sensor networks have emerged from complete obscurity into being an important research subject and are slowly crawling their way into industrial applications. In this chapter, we present a short introduction to sensor networks, from the brief overview of technology, through its applications from the beginning of its history in submarine warfare to diverse civilian applications possible today, to an overview of the issues that sensor network researches and developers are confronted with.

Aleksandar Crnjin

Basic Issues

Frontmatter

Chapter 2. Sensors

Abstract

A sensor is an electronic device used to detect or measure a physical quantity and convert it into an electronic signal. In other words, sensors are devices that translate aspects of physical reality into representations understandable and processable by computers.

Goran Rakočević

Chapter 3. Software Issues in Wireless Sensor Networks

Abstract

As is the case with all other computing devices, sensor nodes too have to be programmed in order to be able to do something useful. Programming sensor nodes falls somewhere between programming desktop computers and small embedded devices: There is only conceptual similarity between programming a home computer with 2 GHz CPU and gigabytes of RAM and storage, and programming a tiny device with just a dozen kilobytes of RAM and an 8-bit processor running on just a few kilohertz. Still, programming sensor networks is not all that similar to embedded devices either: Programming embedded systems typically amounts to writing an assembly program and loading it into programmable ROM of the embedded device, while a sensor node usually has an operating system (such as TinyOS or ConTiki) which provides support for basic I/O operations, operation of the radio transceiver, and so on (Fig. 3.1).

Aleksandar Crnjin

Chapter 4. Position-Based Routing Protocols for Ad Hoc Networks

Abstract

Wireless Ad Hoc networks are collections of nodes that can communicate without any fixed infrastructure. A crucial problem in Ad Hoc networks is finding an efficient and correct route between a source and a destination. The need for scalable and energy-efficient protocols, along with the recent availability of small, inexpensive, and low-power positioning instruments justify adopting position-based routing algorithms in mobile ad hoc networks.

Liana K. Qabajeh, Laiha Mat Kiah, Mohammad M. Qabajeh

Multidisciplinary Issues

Frontmatter

Chapter 5. Sensor Networks’ Integration

Abstract

Sensor networks and applications thereof have been intensively researched in the past decade and a variety of systems have been meanwhile deployed in real-world settings. Most of these applications and the corresponding sensor networks they use are designed as vertically integrated systems [1–3]. In such vertical systems, a sensor network or a limited set of mostly homogeneous sensor networks are deployed for a specific application in mind. The application is mostly the sole user of this sensor network and has a priori knowledge of the capabilities that the sensor network(s) provides. An application also typically knows how to address the respective gateways/sinks of the sensor networks, in order to interact with the sensor networks and shares a common interaction protocol with them.

Szymon Fedor, Alex Gluhak, Srdjan Krco

Chapter 6. Mobility Aspects in WSN

Abstract

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a collection of sensor nodes able to sense their environment, collect and process various data, and communicate among each other. The introduction of mobility of sensor nodes can significantly affect and improve the overall network performances. Sensor nodes may move by self-driving (e.g. mounted on wheels) or by being attached to transporting devices (e.g. robots, people, vehicles, or animals) resulting in longer network lifetime, better area coverage, and dynamic adaptation to different system functionalities and requirements.

Aleksandra Mateska, Liljana Gavrilovska, Sotiris Nikoletseas

Chapter 7. Modeling for Geo-Routing in Multi-Hop Wireless Networks

Abstract

Existing routing and broadcasting protocols for ad hoc networks assume an ideal physical layer. In reality, an accurate representation of physical layer is required for analysis and simulation of multi-hop networking in sensor and ad hoc networks. This work describes a physically realistic model for the log-normal correlated shadow fading loss, and investigates the importance of the shadowing correlation length on designing protocols for ad hoc and sensor networks. Nodes that are geographically proximate often experience similar environmental shadowing effects and can have correlated fading. This work also describes an evaluation procedure, which produces statistically meaningful results over a large number of realizations of multi-hop networks. This procedure takes into account the overall path loss (shadow fading and median path loss) based for antennas working at 2.4 GHz with heights ranging from 0.5 to 1.8 m. Finally, we analyze and compare the performance of the localized position-based greedy algorithm used for Unit Disk Graph (UDG) and the probabilistic position-based greedy algorithm on the proposed model for different values of standard deviation (σ) of shadow fading to show the importance of both the shadow fading and correlation length while designing the protocols for ad hoc networks.

Adnan Khan, Costas Constantinou, Ivan Stojmenovic

Chapter 8. Medical Applications of Wireless Sensor Networks: Who-Did-What

Abstract

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a set of small, autonomous devices, working together to solve different problems. It is a relatively new technology, experiencing true expansion for the past decade.

Stanislava Stanković

Chapter 9. Optimized Positioning of ECG Electrodes for WSN Applications

Abstract

Electrocardiography has its foundations in the recording of the electrical activity of the heart over time, using electrodes placed on the skin. Two electrodes measure the electrical potential differences on the body surface induced by the electrical currents through the heart muscle and surrounding conductive tissues. The method is simple and noninvasive and, therefore, widely used for diagnostic purposes in cardiology. The initial breakthrough in recording the electrical activity of the heart came from Willem Einthoven at the beginning of the twentieth century. He was the first to identify the various deflections, assigning to them the letters P, Q, R, S, and T, and described the electrocardiographic features of a number of cardiovascular disorders. In 1924, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine for his discovery. Since Einthoven’s time there have been many advances in electrocardiography. Over the years, 12-lead ECG (electrocardiogram) became the gold standard, with its diagnostic foundation recognized by most cardiologists.

Ivan Tomašić, Roman Trobec

Chapter 10. Vehicular Sensor Networks: General Aspects and Implementation Issues

Abstract

The usage of sensors and sensor networks to sense road and vehicle phenomena and send sensor data to relevant entities (e.g., users, institutions etc.) gives rise to the concept of Vehicular Sensor Networks (VSNs). VSNs are a subset of Vehicular Ad-hoc NETworks (VANETs) placed either in vehicles or alongside roads creating an end-to-end reliable network for disseminating sensor data gathered from a vehicular environment. Depending on the communication path, VSNs encompass Vehicle-to-Infrastructure or Infrastructure-to-Vehicle (V2I and I2V, respectively) architectures and Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) architecture. The former deals with communication between sensors from a vehicular environment and specific Road Side Units (RSUs) or external gateways, whereas the latter one defines the communication among sensors in a vehicular environment in a pure ad hoc, i.e., infrastructureless, fashion. The VSNs have been widely investigated and proved to be very useful for supporting car and road safety, traffic pattern analysis, road surface diagnosis, urban environmental monitoring, street-level air pollution monitoring, and many other transportation application systems. Their increasing popularity emphasizes the need for thorough analysis of their most relevant features in order to pave the way toward VSNs’ full practical deployment.

Vladimir Atanasovski, Liljana Gavrilovska

Case Studies

Frontmatter

Chapter 11. FEEIT WSN Testbed: Effective System for Providing Emergency Situations’ Prevention and Surveillance

Abstract

This chapter presents possible applications of WSNs, along with the emerging technology of RFID, by elaborating on a deployed sensor network research testbed at FEEIT’s (Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technologies – Skopje, Macedonia) faculty premises. The installed system serves for development of demos/proof-of-concept in laboratory surroundings mainly in the area of emergency and surveillance. The testbed and the experience from the demo applications development are envisioned as an initial phase toward building an advanced large-scale setup and, further on, as a basis for comprehensive research. This chapter focuses on the process of testbed deployment, elaborates selected usage scenarios with appropriate hardware and software resources and their integration into a joint testbed platform.

Aleksandra Mateska, Vladimir Atanasovski, Liljana Gavrilovska

Chapter 12. ETF WSN Testbed: Practical Health Enhancing Application of Wireless Sensor Networks

Abstract

This chapter outlines the efforts of ETF Belgrade’s team of students during the course of FP7 project PROSENSE. The project called upon ETF’s young researchers and students to look into possible ways to use emerging sensor network technology for enhancement of personal and public health. ETF’s researchers responded with a variety of proposed applications, ranging from a fitness monitoring application (Smart Running Track), to environmental hazard monitoring/avoidance (Interactive Street Sensing) and a middleware component for sensor network integration (Prosense Common Gateway).

Zoran Babović, Aleksandar Crnjin, Goran Rakočević, Stanislava Stanković, Veljko Milutinović

Birds of a Feather

Frontmatter

Chapter 13. Ubiquitous Sensor Networks

Abstract

Ubiquitous computing is a new concept that could be defined as a technology which can be available anywhere that it is useful and economically viable to expect to find a sensor. Sensor network is recognized to be a key technology for building a ubiquitous system. Small physical dimensions of sensor nodes are often one of the musts in a typical ubiquitous network, since it is dedicated to unobtrusive integration into living, working, scientific, industrial, and other environments. This implies high integration of sensing, computing, and communication capabilities of the devices meeting at the same time application-specific demands. Using mostly wireless infrastructure, ubiquitous technologies are supposed to interface the physical environment in various circumstances such as military, home, working, health, industry, etc. This makes implementation of the ubiquitous sensing highly application-specific. Interfacing issues along with the interoperability between different technologies are the most demanding parts of the system design. Many constraints here bring up challenges in various engineering fields such as sensing, energy conservation, communication, security issues, etc. These issues are often complementary coupled, which makes the process of finding the optimal solution more complicated.

Zhilbert Tafa

Chapter 14. eMuseum

Abstract

The main idea of this project was to implement WSNs [1] in bringing new content to museum visitors, making the visit more interesting and, thus, attracting more visitors. We created two applications: security application – which uses sensor abilities to monitor exhibit surroundings, and visitor’s application – which communicates [2] with exhibit sensors and identifies them. Each exhibit is equipped with SunSPOT device, which continuously broadcasts its address for visitor’s application to pick up and on regular time-cycle broadcast sensor readings for security application. Each visitor would receive PDA type of device, which would after identifying the exhibit, display content for it. The content could be text, audio, video, or images, depending on the exhibit. Visitor application also displays current position on the museum map. Map can be used to guide the visitor through the museum, either by standard guide tours or if visitor wishes to see certain exhibits. Exhibit sensors monitor light, temperature, and acceleration. This information is broadcasted after fixed period of time (if every reading is within given range) or immediately, if some of the readings go over the given threshold. Security officer is presented with the map of the museum, where every exhibit is displayed with light, temperature, and acceleration readings.

Aleksandar Ćorović, Bojan Imamović, Edin Kadrić, Lejla Kadrić, Nermin Lipa, Selma Opanović

Chapter 15. The PAR Logistics Solver Problem

Abstract

Business academy Rijeka is a lifelong learning academy. Because of the constant, dynamic evaluations in economy, nowadays lifelong learning is a useful premise. Our partner in this project was 4LOOK. The company 4LOOK represents international companies, imports and sells professional equipment and tools of the highest quality for hair stylists and beauty salons, encompassing by its width all requirements of our buyers. 4LOOK products are widely recognized with superior quality, design, and application at the top of world technology. The main goal of the logistics and distribution is to provide a time and space optimal, and cost-effective flow of materials, goods, and information in the company.

Gordana Nikolić, Dario Zorić, Alan Martinović, David Dubrović

Chapter 16. Wireless Sensor-Based Robot Control

Abstract

The chapter deals with the wireless sensor-based remote control of mobile robots motion in an unknown environment with obstacles, using the Sun SPOT technology. The proposed method has been implemented on the miniature mobile robot Khepera that is equipped with sensors and the free range Spot. The chapter includes the implementation of mobile measuring station in greenhouse environment.

Gyula Mester, Istvan Matijevics, Tamas Szepe, Janos Simon

Backmatter

Titel: Application and Multidisciplinary Aspects of Wireless Sensor Networks
herausgegeben von: Liljana Gavrilovska
Srdjan Krco
Veljko Milutinovic
Ivan Stojmenovic
Roman Trobec
Verlag: Springer London
Electronic ISBN: 978-1-84996-510-1
Print ISBN: 978-1-84996-509-5
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-510-1