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2018 | Buch

Introduction Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

General Systems Theory

Foundation, Intuition and Applications in Business Decision Making

verfasst von: Jeffrey Yi-Lin Forrest

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Buchreihe : IFSR International Series in Systems Science and Systems Engineering

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

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Über dieses Buch

This book demonstrates the theoretical value and practical significance of systems science and its logic of thinking by presenting a rigorously developed foundation—a tool for intuitive reasoning, which is supported by both theory and empirical evidence, as well as practical applications in business decision making. Following a foundation of general systems theory, the book presents an applied method to intuitively learn system-sciences fundamentals. The third and final part examines applications of the yoyo model and the theoretical results developed earlier within the context of problems facing business decision makers by organically combining methods of traditional science, the first dimension of science, with those of systems science, the second dimension, as argued by George Klir in the 1990s. This text would benefit graduate students, researchers, or practitioners in the areas of mathematics, systems science or engineering, economics, and business decision science.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. Introduction
Abstract
In our modern times, science develops quickly, technology renews itself in front of our very eyes, and management theories evolve in different directions. The most important and most obvious characteristic of the quickly developing science is that the forest of specialized and interdisciplinary disciplines can be easily seen, yet the boundaries of disciplines become blurred. In terms of the speedy renewing of technology, the most important and most obvious characteristic is that generations of newer gadgets with better functionalities appear with shortening time intervals, while unexpected products are designed and introduced into the marketplace in abundance. Regarding modern management techniques, an increasing number of new theories are developed with forever different insights provided.
Jeffrey Yi-Lin Forrest

The Foundation

Frontmatter
Chapter 2. The Concept of General Systems
Abstract
This chapter focuses on the basic concept of general systems and then the fundamental properties of general systems. In particular, Section 2.1 introduces the concept of general systems that will be used throughout the rest of this book along with a brief review of other relevant concepts studied by various scholars in different contexts. Section 2.2 investigates the internal properties of general systems. Section 2.3 considers the set-theoretical structures of general systems and L-fuzzy systems along with the existence of centralized systems.
Jeffrey Yi-Lin Forrest
Chapter 3. Mappings and Constructions of Systems
Abstract
This chapter considers interactions between systems through mappings and the construction of large-scale systems. In particular, Section 3.1 looks at various mappings from one general system into another. Section 3.2 studies the construction of free sums of systems and related mapping properties. Section 3.3 shows why product and Cartesian product systems exist. And Section 3.4 considers the concept of one-level product systems.
Jeffrey Yi-Lin Forrest
Chapter 4. Connectedness
Abstract
This chapter looks at how systems can be connected or disconnected and then investigates the connectedness of systems under various conditions. In particular, Section 4.1 introduces the concept of connected systems and then Section 4.2 studies under what conditions constructed systems are connected.
Jeffrey Yi-Lin Forrest
Chapter 5. Hierarchies—Construction of Large-Scale Systems
Abstract
This chapter investigates the existence and construction of very large systems, named hierarchies of systems and their mappings properties. In particular, Section 5.1 looks at when linkages between state systems of different time moments could exist. Section 5.2 considers the mappings from hierarchies of systems into hierarchies of systems and related properties. Section 5.3 focuses on the special case of time systems.
Jeffrey Yi-Lin Forrest
Chapter 6. Controllabilities
Abstract
This chapter focuses on the study of the various concepts of controllability. This concept has found a wide range of applications in theory and practice. In particular, Section 6.1 looks at the concepts of controllability of input–output systems. Section 6.2 generalizes these concepts to the scenarios of general systems which might not be input–output. And Section 6.3 studies the concepts of controllability of time systems.
Jeffrey Yi-Lin Forrest
Chapter 7. Limit Systems
Abstract
This chapter looks at the concept of limit systems and related properties. In particular, Section 7.1 studies the existence of limit systems. Section 7.2 shows how local state mappings can lead to mappings from limit systems to limit systems. Section 7.3 investigates the property of centralizability of limit systems.
Jeffrey Yi-Lin Forrest
Chapter 8. Systems of Single Relations
Abstract
As studied in the previous chapters, a (general) system consists of a set of objects and a set of relations between the objects. However, in practice, many systems, which can be described with only one relation, have many complicated structures and properties that we still do not completely understand. To address such concerns, this chapter concentrates two fascinating properties—chaos and attractors—of single-relation systems. In particular, Section 8.1 studies the concept of chaos and related properties and characterizations. And Section 8.2 considers the concept of attractors and its characterizations.
Jeffrey Yi-Lin Forrest
Chapter 9. The Feedback Mechanism
Abstract
Single-relation systems have seen practical applications in a wide range of scientific areas. In this chapter, we focus on general linear systems, the concept of feedback, and characterizations of feedback systems.
Jeffrey Yi-Lin Forrest
Chapter 10. Properties Invariant Under Feedback
Abstract
To continue our investigation of single-relation systems, this chapter studies such important concepts as MT-time systems, linear time systems, stationary systems, and time invariably realizable systems, along with some feedback-invariant properties.
Jeffrey Yi-Lin Forrest
Chapter 11. Decoupling of Single-Relation Systems
Abstract
Because the investigations of systems are mostly about the relationship between the “whole” and the “parts,” this chapter looks at how “whole” single-relation systems can be decomposed into factor systems by feedback.
Jeffrey Yi-Lin Forrest
Chapter 12. Decomposability Conditions
Abstract
As we have learned in the previous chapters, the study of systemhood is more or less about the relationship between the “whole” of the system of concern and the “parts” of the system.
Jeffrey Yi-Lin Forrest

The Systemic Intuition

Frontmatter
Chapter 13. How Systems Could Be Intuitively Seen
Abstract
Starting with this chapter, this book turns its attention and focus to applications of the abstract systems theory established in the previous chapters in areas of business decision making by introducing the so-called systemic yoyo model. This model plays the role of intuition and playground for developing appropriate analytic models to attack various issues encountered in the business world. In other words, this yoyo model provides an actual stage for various investigations of business scenarios to take place at the height of holistic thinking so that realistically beneficial conclusions can be derived rigorously.
Jeffrey Yi-Lin Forrest
Chapter 14. Whole Evolutions, Where Systemic Yoyos Come from
Abstract
After introducing the brief history of the concept of systems and the systemic yoyo model in the previous chapter, this chapter looks at the theoretical foundation on why such an intuitive model of general systems holds for each and every system that is either tangible or imaginable.
Jeffrey Yi-Lin Forrest
Chapter 15. Some Empirical Justifications
Abstract
Based on the discussions in Chapter 14, this chapter will look at empirical evidences and observations that underline the existence of the yoyo structure behind each and every system, be tangible or intellectually imaginable.
Jeffrey Yi-Lin Forrest

Applications in Business Decision Making

Frontmatter
Chapter 16. Economic Events and Processes
Abstract
In this chapter, we learn how the systemic yoyo model and the new figurative analysis method (Chapter 13) can be applied to the study of economics. Because humans are involved in each economic situation and their desires and beliefs alter the evolution of the outcome, leading to unpredictable, chaotic consequences (Soros in The crisis of global capitalism: open society endangered. Public Affairs, New York, 1998), this chapter shows that when each economic entity is seen as a rotating yoyo with a spin field around it, the seemingly unpredictable, chaotic consequences of human desires, beliefs, and corresponding behaviors no longer look unpredictable and chaotic.
Jeffrey Yi-Lin Forrest
Chapter 17. Issues of Competition
Abstract
By employing the concept of Nash equilibria of game theory and relevant methods of reasoning on the intuition of systems research, this chapter investigates the dynamics of a coordinately monopolized market with m incumbent risk-neutral firms: how these firms compete for customers who switch from the product of one company to another by adjusting prices; how their expected profits stay stagnant; why their bases of loyal customers deteriorate while customers become less patient than ever before.
Jeffrey Yi-Lin Forrest
Chapter 18. Some Issues of the Family
Abstract
This chapter is devoted to the discovery of necessary and sufficient conditions under which the well-known rotten kid theorem, established in 1974 by Gary Becker, a Nobel Laureate in economics, holds true generally by employing the systemic yoyo model. Beyond that, this chapter also uses the yoyo model as the background intuition to establish the following two results: (1) the Theorem of Never-Perfect Value Systems, which shows how any developed value system would be flawed in practice, and (2) such a theorem that if a tender loving parent exists, then selfish kids would take advantage of his tenderness and love. At the end, some open, unsettled problems are posted for the future research.
Jeffrey Yi-Lin Forrest
Chapter 19. Some Remarks on Organizational Efficiencies
Abstract
This chapter, mostly based on the work by Forrest and Orvis (Kybern Int J Cybern Syst Manag Sci 45:1308–1322, 2016), introduces two important principles of efficiency—management efficiency and organizational inefficiency. The former addresses the problem of how management efficiency can be achieved, while the latter investigates the structure of employees’ efforts and devotion toward realizing the mission of the organization. These results help to enrich the managerial understanding on what can be improved and what cannot.
Jeffrey Yi-Lin Forrest
Chapter 20. Dealing with Indecisive Customers Through Pricing
Abstract
One characteristic of the market economy is the competition that widely exists in the marketplace. To continuously find a new profitable market niche, an entrepreneurial behavior that makes competition increasingly intensive is the key for success in running business enterprises. So, a natural question arises for anyone who dreams to acquire success in the business world: What characterizes a market that begets new opportunities or competition?
Jeffrey Yi-Lin Forrest
Chapter 21. An Idea on How to Heighten the Competitive Spirits of Sales Associates
Abstract
This chapter, based on Forrest and McCarthy (Pennsylvania Economic Association 2017 conference proceedings, pp 52–64, 2017), looks at the problem of sales associates’ compensation (or sales force compensation).
Jeffrey Yi-Lin Forrest
Chapter 22. Reducing the Adverse Effects of Speculative Capital
Abstract
As the final chapter of this book, let us look back at the previous chapters and see how they are organically associated with each other. First, the three parts present a sequential order of learning and dynamic development of a new theory. In particular, Part 1 shows how a cohesive and systematic theory of general systems has been developed by using set theory, a language that is very versatile and universal. The results and conclusions of this theory of general systems can be powerfully employed in any specific area of learning and application, producing meaningful and practically useful outcomes. Filling a gap existing in the reasoning process of systemic logic, Part 2 introduces the yoyo model, a badly needed systemic intuition, based on a holistic analysis of different definitions of the concept of (general) systems.
Jeffrey Yi-Lin Forrest
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
General Systems Theory
verfasst von
Jeffrey Yi-Lin Forrest
Copyright-Jahr
2018
Electronic ISBN
978-3-030-04558-6
Print ISBN
978-3-030-04557-9
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04558-6

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