9. PSARV: Particle Swarm Angular Routing in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

In inter-vehicular communication, various intermediate vehicular nodes can act as a link between source and destination nodes for message transfer purpose when the vehicles are constantly moving and the topology is wide. This paper proposes an efficient routing protocol called particle swarm angular routing for VANETs (PSARV), which exploits the particle swarm optimization technique and the angle between the nodes to determine a suitable route to transfer the data from source to destination. In the proposed method, each route request packet is treated as a swarm which has velocity, personal best experience, inertia, global best experience, and current position coordinates. The swarm calculates the next hop of a node using the particle swarm optimization technique as backbone of angular routing. Simulations are conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed PSARV protocol, showing that it outperforms the dynamic source routing protocol (even under dense traffic conditions) while achieving a better packet delivery ratio, lost packet percentage, and throughput.