Skip to main content

2019 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

Designated Verifier/Prover and Preprocessing NIZKs from Diffie-Hellman Assumptions

verfasst von : Shuichi Katsumata, Ryo Nishimaki, Shota Yamada, Takashi Yamakawa

Erschienen in: Advances in Cryptology – EUROCRYPT 2019

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

In a non-interactive zero-knowledge (NIZK) proof, a prover can non-interactively convince a verifier of a statement without revealing any additional information. Thus far, numerous constructions of NIZKs have been provided in the common reference string (CRS) model (CRS-NIZK) from various assumptions, however, it still remains a long standing open problem to construct them from tools such as pairing-free groups or lattices. Recently, Kim and Wu (CRYPTO’18) made great progress regarding this problem and constructed the first lattice-based NIZK in a relaxed model called NIZKs in the preprocessing model (PP-NIZKs). In this model, there is a trusted statement-independent preprocessing phase where secret information are generated for the prover and verifier. Depending on whether those secret information can be made public, PP-NIZK captures CRS-NIZK, designated-verifier NIZK (DV-NIZK), and designated-prover NIZK (DP-NIZK) as special cases. It was left as an open problem by Kim and Wu whether we can construct such NIZKs from weak paring-free group assumptions such as DDH. As a further matter, all constructions of NIZKs from Diffie-Hellman (DH) type assumptions (regardless of whether it is over a paring-free or paring group) require the proof size to have a multiplicative-overhead \(|C| \cdot \mathsf {poly}(\kappa )\), where |C| is the size of the circuit that computes the \(\mathbf {NP}\) relation.
In this work, we make progress of constructing (DV, DP, PP)-NIZKs with varying flavors from DH-type assumptions. Our results are summarized as follows:
  • DV-NIZKs for \(\mathbf {NP}\) from the CDH assumption over pairing-free groups. This is the first construction of such NIZKs on pairing-free groups and resolves the open problem posed by Kim and Wu (CRYPTO’18).
  • DP-NIZKs for \(\mathbf {NP}\) with short proof size from a DH-type assumption over pairing groups. Here, the proof size has an additive-overhead \(|C|+\mathsf {poly}(\kappa )\) rather then an multiplicative-overhead \(|C| \cdot \mathsf {poly}(\kappa )\). This is the first construction of such NIZKs (including CRS-NIZKs) that does not rely on the LWE assumption, fully-homomorphic encryption, indistinguishability obfuscation, or non-falsifiable assumptions.
  • PP-NIZK for \(\mathbf {NP}\) with short proof size from the DDH assumption over pairing-free groups. This is the first PP-NIZK that achieves a short proof size from a weak and static DH-type assumption such as DDH. Similarly to the above DP-NIZK, the proof size is \(|C|+\mathsf {poly}(\kappa )\). This too serves as a solution to the open problem posed by Kim and Wu (CRYPTO’18).
Along the way, we construct two new homomorphic authentication (HomAuth) schemes which may be of independent interest.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Fußnoten
1
NIZK arguments are a relaxed notion of NIZK proofs where soundness only holds against computationally bounded adversaries. Throughout the introduction, we simply refer to them as NIZKs.
 
2
In fact, as we show in Table 1, all of these approaches lead to a much more succinct proof size of \(|w| + \mathsf {poly}(\kappa )\), where w is the witness.
 
3
Though a cheating prover can arbitrarily choose \(\tau \in \mathbb {Z}_p\), we can negligibly bound its success probability by the union bound if the success probability of a cheating prover of the underlying HBM-NIZK is bounded by \(p^{-1}\cdot \mathsf {negl}(\kappa )\).
 
4
Actually, these previous works prove the standard indistinguishability security notion rather than one-wayness. However, one-wayness is sufficient for our application.
 
5
Though the original construction by Catalano and Fiore [27] is based on PRF, we present an information theoretically secure variant of it in a simplified setting where the arity of an arithmetic circuit is bounded.
 
6
Though the scheme is not publicly verifiable, we call \(\varvec{\sigma }\) a “signature” for compatibility to HomSig.
 
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Abusalah, H.: Generic instantiations of the hidden bits model for non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs for NP. Master’s thesis, RWTH-Aachen University (2013) Abusalah, H.: Generic instantiations of the hidden bits model for non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs for NP. Master’s thesis, RWTH-Aachen University (2013)
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Ateniese, G., et al.: Provable data possession at untrusted stores. In: Ning, P., De Capitani di Vimercati, S., Syverson, P.F. (eds.) ACM CCS 2007, pp. 598–609. ACM Press, October 2007 Ateniese, G., et al.: Provable data possession at untrusted stores. In: Ning, P., De Capitani di Vimercati, S., Syverson, P.F. (eds.) ACM CCS 2007, pp. 598–609. ACM Press, October 2007
7.
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Bellare, M., Micciancio, D., Warinschi, B.: Foundations of group signatures: formal definitions, simplified requirements, and a construction based on general assumptions. In: Biham, E. (ed.) EUROCRYPT 2003. LNCS, vol. 2656, pp. 614–629. Springer, Heidelberg (2003). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-39200-9_38CrossRef Bellare, M., Micciancio, D., Warinschi, B.: Foundations of group signatures: formal definitions, simplified requirements, and a construction based on general assumptions. In: Biham, E. (ed.) EUROCRYPT 2003. LNCS, vol. 2656, pp. 614–629. Springer, Heidelberg (2003). https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​3-540-39200-9_​38CrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Bellare, M., Yung, M.: Certifying permutations: noninteractive zero-knowledge based on anytrapdoor permutation. J. Cryptol. 9(3), 149–166 (1996)CrossRef Bellare, M., Yung, M.: Certifying permutations: noninteractive zero-knowledge based on anytrapdoor permutation. J. Cryptol. 9(3), 149–166 (1996)CrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Blum, M., Feldman, P., Micali, S.: Non-interactive zero-knowledge and its applications (extended abstract). In: 20th ACM STOC, pp. 103–112. ACM Press, May 1988 Blum, M., Feldman, P., Micali, S.: Non-interactive zero-knowledge and its applications (extended abstract). In: 20th ACM STOC, pp. 103–112. ACM Press, May 1988
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Boyle, E., Couteau, G., Gilboa, N., Ishai, Y.: Compressing vector OLE. In: Lie, D., Mannan, M., Backes, M., Wang, X. (eds.) ACM CCS 2018, pp. 896–912. ACM Press, October 2018 Boyle, E., Couteau, G., Gilboa, N., Ishai, Y.: Compressing vector OLE. In: Lie, D., Mannan, M., Backes, M., Wang, X. (eds.) ACM CCS 2018, pp. 896–912. ACM Press, October 2018
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Canetti, R., et al.: Fiat-Shamir: from practice to theory (2019) Canetti, R., et al.: Fiat-Shamir: from practice to theory (2019)
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Canetti, R., Feige, U., Goldreich, O., Naor, M.: Adaptively secure multi-party computation. In: 28th ACM STOC, pp. 639–648. ACM Press, May 1996 Canetti, R., Feige, U., Goldreich, O., Naor, M.: Adaptively secure multi-party computation. In: 28th ACM STOC, pp. 639–648. ACM Press, May 1996
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Canetti, R., Halevi, S., Katz, J.: A forward-secure public-key encryption scheme. J. Cryptol. 20(3), 265–294 (2007)MathSciNetCrossRef Canetti, R., Halevi, S., Katz, J.: A forward-secure public-key encryption scheme. J. Cryptol. 20(3), 265–294 (2007)MathSciNetCrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Cash, D., Kiltz, E., Shoup, V.: The twin Diffie-Hellman problem and applications. J. Cryptol. 22(4), 470–504 (2009)MathSciNetCrossRef Cash, D., Kiltz, E., Shoup, V.: The twin Diffie-Hellman problem and applications. J. Cryptol. 22(4), 470–504 (2009)MathSciNetCrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Catalano, D., Fiore, D.: Practical homomorphic message authenticators for arithmetic circuits. J. Cryptol. 31(1), 23–59 (2018)MathSciNetCrossRef Catalano, D., Fiore, D.: Practical homomorphic message authenticators for arithmetic circuits. J. Cryptol. 31(1), 23–59 (2018)MathSciNetCrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Catalano, D., Fiore, D., Nizzardo, L.: Programmable hash functions go private: constructions and applications to (homomorphic) signatures with shorter public keys. In: Gennaro, R., Robshaw, M.J.B. (eds.) CRYPTO 2015, Part II. LNCS, vol. 9216, pp. 254–274. Springer, Heidelberg (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48000-7_13CrossRef Catalano, D., Fiore, D., Nizzardo, L.: Programmable hash functions go private: constructions and applications to (homomorphic) signatures with shorter public keys. In: Gennaro, R., Robshaw, M.J.B. (eds.) CRYPTO 2015, Part II. LNCS, vol. 9216, pp. 254–274. Springer, Heidelberg (2015). https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​978-3-662-48000-7_​13CrossRef
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Chase, M., et al.: Reusable non-interactive secure computation. IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive, 2018:940 (2018) Chase, M., et al.: Reusable non-interactive secure computation. IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive, 2018:940 (2018)
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Chaum, D.: Security without identification: transaction systems to make big brother obsolete. Commun. ACM 28(10), 1030–1044 (1985)CrossRef Chaum, D.: Security without identification: transaction systems to make big brother obsolete. Commun. ACM 28(10), 1030–1044 (1985)CrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Couteau, G., Hofheinz, D.: Designated-verifier pseudorandom generators, and their applications. In: Ishai, Y., Rijmen, V. (eds.) EUROCRYPT 2019. LNCS, vol. 11477, pp. 562–592. Springer, Cham (2019) Couteau, G., Hofheinz, D.: Designated-verifier pseudorandom generators, and their applications. In: Ishai, Y., Rijmen, V. (eds.) EUROCRYPT 2019. LNCS, vol. 11477, pp. 562–592. Springer, Cham (2019)
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Desmedt, Y.: Computer security by redefining what a computer is. In: NSPW, pp. 160–166. ACM (1993) Desmedt, Y.: Computer security by redefining what a computer is. In: NSPW, pp. 160–166. ACM (1993)
45.
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Feige, U., Lapidot, D., Shamir, A.: Multiple noninteractive zero knowledge proofs under general assumptions. SIAM J. Comput. 29(1), 1–28 (1999)MathSciNetCrossRef Feige, U., Lapidot, D., Shamir, A.: Multiple noninteractive zero knowledge proofs under general assumptions. SIAM J. Comput. 29(1), 1–28 (1999)MathSciNetCrossRef
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Gentry, C., Groth, J., Ishai, Y., Peikert, C., Sahai, A., Smith, A.D.: Using fully homomorphic hybrid encryption to minimize non-interative zero-knowledge proofs. J. Cryptol. 28(4), 820–843 (2015)MathSciNetCrossRef Gentry, C., Groth, J., Ishai, Y., Peikert, C., Sahai, A., Smith, A.D.: Using fully homomorphic hybrid encryption to minimize non-interative zero-knowledge proofs. J. Cryptol. 28(4), 820–843 (2015)MathSciNetCrossRef
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Goldreich, O.: Foundations of Cryptography: Volume 2, Basic Applications (2004) Goldreich, O.: Foundations of Cryptography: Volume 2, Basic Applications (2004)
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Goldreich, O., Levin, L.A.: A hard-core predicate for all one-way functions. In: 21st ACM STOC, pp. 25–32. ACM Press, May 1989 Goldreich, O., Levin, L.A.: A hard-core predicate for all one-way functions. In: 21st ACM STOC, pp. 25–32. ACM Press, May 1989
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Goldreich, O., Micali, S., Wigderson, A.: How to play any mental game or a completeness theorem for protocols with honest majority. In: Aho, A. (ed.) 19th ACM STOC, pp. 218–229. ACM Press, May 1987 Goldreich, O., Micali, S., Wigderson, A.: How to play any mental game or a completeness theorem for protocols with honest majority. In: Aho, A. (ed.) 19th ACM STOC, pp. 218–229. ACM Press, May 1987
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Goldreich, O., Oren, Y.: Definitions and properties of zero-knowledge proof systems. J. Cryptol. 7(1), 1–32 (1994)MathSciNetCrossRef Goldreich, O., Oren, Y.: Definitions and properties of zero-knowledge proof systems. J. Cryptol. 7(1), 1–32 (1994)MathSciNetCrossRef
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Goldwasser, S., Micali, S., Rackoff, C.: The knowledge complexity of interactive proof systems. SIAM J. Comput. 18(1), 186–208 (1989)MathSciNetCrossRef Goldwasser, S., Micali, S., Rackoff, C.: The knowledge complexity of interactive proof systems. SIAM J. Comput. 18(1), 186–208 (1989)MathSciNetCrossRef
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Gorbunov, S., Vaikuntanathan, V., Wee, H.: Attribute-based encryption for circuits. J. ACM 62(6), 45:1–45:33 (2015)MathSciNetCrossRef Gorbunov, S., Vaikuntanathan, V., Wee, H.: Attribute-based encryption for circuits. J. ACM 62(6), 45:1–45:33 (2015)MathSciNetCrossRef
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Gorbunov, S., Vaikuntanathan, V., Wichs, D.: Leveled fully homomorphic signatures from standard lattices. In: Servedio, R.A., Rubinfeld, R. (eds.) 47th ACM STOC, pp. 469–477. ACM Press, June 2015 Gorbunov, S., Vaikuntanathan, V., Wichs, D.: Leveled fully homomorphic signatures from standard lattices. In: Servedio, R.A., Rubinfeld, R. (eds.) 47th ACM STOC, pp. 469–477. ACM Press, June 2015
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Goyal, V., Pandey, O., Sahai, A., Waters, B.: Attribute-based encryption for fine-grained access control of encrypted data. In: Juels, A., Wright, R.N., De Capitani di Vimercati, S. (eds.) ACM CCS 2006, pp. 89–98. ACM Press, October/November 2006. Available as Cryptology ePrint Archive Report 2006/309 Goyal, V., Pandey, O., Sahai, A., Waters, B.: Attribute-based encryption for fine-grained access control of encrypted data. In: Juels, A., Wright, R.N., De Capitani di Vimercati, S. (eds.) ACM CCS 2006, pp. 89–98. ACM Press, October/November 2006. Available as Cryptology ePrint Archive Report 2006/309
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Groth, J., Ostrovsky, R., Sahai, A.: New techniques for noninteractive zero-knowledge. J. ACM 59(3), 11:–11:35 (2012)MathSciNetCrossRef Groth, J., Ostrovsky, R., Sahai, A.: New techniques for noninteractive zero-knowledge. J. ACM 59(3), 11:–11:35 (2012)MathSciNetCrossRef
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Groth, J., Sahai, A.: Efficient noninteractive proof systems for bilinear groups. SIAM J. Comput. 41(5), 1193–1232 (2012)MathSciNetCrossRef Groth, J., Sahai, A.: Efficient noninteractive proof systems for bilinear groups. SIAM J. Comput. 41(5), 1193–1232 (2012)MathSciNetCrossRef
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Holmgren, J., Lombardi, A.: Cryptographic hashing from strong one-way functions (or: one-way product functions and their applications). In: Thorup, M. (ed.) 59th FOCS, pp. 850–858. IEEE Computer Society Press, October 2018 Holmgren, J., Lombardi, A.: Cryptographic hashing from strong one-way functions (or: one-way product functions and their applications). In: Thorup, M. (ed.) 59th FOCS, pp. 850–858. IEEE Computer Society Press, October 2018
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Ishai, Y., Kushilevitz, E., Ostrovsky, R., Sahai, A.: Zero-knowledge proofs from secure multiparty computation. SIAM J. Comput. 39(3), 1121–1152 (2009)MathSciNetCrossRef Ishai, Y., Kushilevitz, E., Ostrovsky, R., Sahai, A.: Zero-knowledge proofs from secure multiparty computation. SIAM J. Comput. 39(3), 1121–1152 (2009)MathSciNetCrossRef
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Naor, M., Yung, M.: Public-key cryptosystems provably secure against chosen ciphertext attacks. In: 22nd ACM STOC, pp. 427–437. ACM Press, May 1990 Naor, M., Yung, M.: Public-key cryptosystems provably secure against chosen ciphertext attacks. In: 22nd ACM STOC, pp. 427–437. ACM Press, May 1990
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Peikert, C., Shiehian, S.: Noninteractive zero knowledge for NP from (plain) learning with errors. IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive, 2019:158 (2019) Peikert, C., Shiehian, S.: Noninteractive zero knowledge for NP from (plain) learning with errors. IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive, 2019:158 (2019)
79.
Zurück zum Zitat Pointcheval, D., Stern, J.: Security arguments for digital signatures and blind signatures. J. Cryptol. 13(3), 361–396 (2000)CrossRef Pointcheval, D., Stern, J.: Security arguments for digital signatures and blind signatures. J. Cryptol. 13(3), 361–396 (2000)CrossRef
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Quach, W., Rothblum, R., Wichs, D.: Reusable designated-verifier NIZKs for all NP from CDH. In: Ishai, Y., Rijmen, V. (eds.) EUROCRYPT 2019. LNCS, vol. 11477, pp. 593–621. Springer, Cham (2019) Quach, W., Rothblum, R., Wichs, D.: Reusable designated-verifier NIZKs for all NP from CDH. In: Ishai, Y., Rijmen, V. (eds.) EUROCRYPT 2019. LNCS, vol. 11477, pp. 593–621. Springer, Cham (2019)
83.
Zurück zum Zitat Rouselakis, Y., Waters, B.: Practical constructions and new proof methods for large universe attribute-based encryption. In: Sadeghi, A.-R., Gligor, V.D., Yung, M. (eds.) ACM CCS 2013, pp. 463–474. ACM Press, November 2013 Rouselakis, Y., Waters, B.: Practical constructions and new proof methods for large universe attribute-based encryption. In: Sadeghi, A.-R., Gligor, V.D., Yung, M. (eds.) ACM CCS 2013, pp. 463–474. ACM Press, November 2013
84.
Zurück zum Zitat Sahai, A.: Non-malleable non-interactive zero knowledge and adaptive chosen-ciphertext security. In: 40th FOCS, pp. 543–553. IEEE Computer Society Press, October 1999 Sahai, A.: Non-malleable non-interactive zero knowledge and adaptive chosen-ciphertext security. In: 40th FOCS, pp. 543–553. IEEE Computer Society Press, October 1999
85.
Zurück zum Zitat Sahai, A., Seyalioglu, H.: Worry-free encryption: functional encryption with public keys. In: Al-Shaer, E., Keromytis, A.D., Shmatikov, V. (eds.) ACM CCS 2010, pp. 463–472. ACM Press, October 2010 Sahai, A., Seyalioglu, H.: Worry-free encryption: functional encryption with public keys. In: Al-Shaer, E., Keromytis, A.D., Shmatikov, V. (eds.) ACM CCS 2010, pp. 463–472. ACM Press, October 2010
86.
Zurück zum Zitat Sahai, A., Waters, B.: How to use indistinguishability obfuscation: deniable encryption, and more. In: Shmoys, D.B. (ed.) 46th ACM STOC, pp. 475–484. ACM Press, May/June 2014 Sahai, A., Waters, B.: How to use indistinguishability obfuscation: deniable encryption, and more. In: Shmoys, D.B. (ed.) 46th ACM STOC, pp. 475–484. ACM Press, May/June 2014
Metadaten
Titel
Designated Verifier/Prover and Preprocessing NIZKs from Diffie-Hellman Assumptions
verfasst von
Shuichi Katsumata
Ryo Nishimaki
Shota Yamada
Takashi Yamakawa
Copyright-Jahr
2019
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-17656-3_22

Premium Partner