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2016 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

3. The Translation of Economic Ethics into the Daily Practices of the Laity

verfasst von : Jennifer Hole

Erschienen in: Economic Ethics in Late Medieval England, 1300–1500

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

The last chapter showed that many theologians and philosophers understood that there was more to economic ethics than offences by merchants and usurers. However, the question remains as to how their understandings might have been conveyed to the rest of society. Here, the clergy had an important role as pastors of their flocks, preachers and confessors. This chapter examines a variety of texts, some of which were compiled or translated into Middle English and some of which remained in Latin and were in circulation in late medieval England. The examination comprises extracts from some religious tracts and the relevant parts of most surviving pastoral manuals, whether for confessors or preachers or for the laity to read for themselves. It also includes sermons, guides for the conduct of rulers or of others in positions of authority, and popular books of wisdom. The large number of surviving copies of some manuals indicates substantial usage by both clergy and laity, and some sermons and books of wisdom were printed, indicating a high level of demand from lay readers.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Economic Ethics

Nächstes Kapitel Wealth and Lordship in Late Medieval Literature

The Pricke of Conscience: A Northumbrian Poem, ed. Richard Morris (Berlin: A. Ascher for the Philological Society, 1863), 257.

Cursor Mundi, ed. R. Morris, vol. 3 (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co for the EETS, 1893), 1660, Appendix III.

Robert of Brunne’s ‘Handlyng Synne’, A.D. 1303, ed. F.J. Furnivall (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. for EETS, 1901), 2–3.

A Myrour to Lewde Men and Wymmin: A Prose Version of the Speculum Vitae ed. from B.L. MS Harley 45, ed. Venetia Nelson (Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitatsverlag, 1981), 71.

Councils and Synods with Other Documents Relating to the English Church, Vol. II, ed. F.M. Powicke and C.R. Cheney (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1964), Part 1, 61 and Part 2, 901.

For example The Pricke of Conscience, 37–38; Richard Lavynham, A Lityl Tretys on the Seven Deadly Sins, ed. J.P.W.M. van Zutphen (Rome: Institutum Carmelitanum, 1956) 21–22.

Handlyng Synne, 196.

Dan Michel’s Ayenbite of Inwyt, vol. 1, ed. P. Gradon (London: OUP for EETS, 1979), 102.

Lollard Sermons, ed. Gloria Cigman (Oxford: OUP for EETS, 1989), 144–147.

Sermon no. 41, in Middle English Sermons, ed. W.O. Ross (London: OUP for EETS, 1940), 249–250.

‘Holy Poverty’ version A, in Dives and Pauper, vol. 1, part 1, 58–59, 63.

Jacob’s Well (Brandeis), 134–135.

Jacob’s Well (Brandeis), 306, 307–308.

Lavynham, A Lityl Tretys, 6; Leo M. Carruthers, “Richard Lavynham and the Seven Deadly Sins in Jacob’s Well”, Fifteenth Century Studies 18 (1991): 21–22; Jacob’s Well(Brandeis), 119.

Handlyng Synne, 196–197.

Seventh Precept, cap. xii, in Dives and Pauper, vol. 1, part 2, 160–161.

Luke 16:2; “Descriptions of the Manuscripts and Prints”, in Wimbledon’s Sermon: Redde Racionem Villicationis Tue: A Middle English Sermon of the Fourteenth Century, ed. I.K. Knight (Pittsburgh: Duquesne University Press, 1967), 3–22.

I Corinthians 7:20–24, II Timothy 4 (incorrectly), I Peter 2:18, I Thessalonians 4:6, Psalms 81:3–4 and Proverbs 4:27. See also Nancy H. Owen, “Thomas Wimbledon’s Sermon: Redde Racionem Villicacionis Tue”, Medieval Studies 28 (1966): 179–180.

Owen, ‘Thomas Wimbledon’s Sermon’, 183.

Owen, “Thomas Wimbledon’s Sermon”, 184.

Owen, “Thomas Wimbledon’s Sermon”, 185.

For an extended discussion of the prosperity brought to some after the Black Death, see Philippa C. Maddern, “Social Mobility”, in A Social History of England 1200–1500, ed. Rosemary Horrox and W. Mark Ormrod (Cambridge: CUP, 2006), 113–133.

Lollard Sermons, 86.

Lollard Sermons, 138.

Lollard Sermons, 138–139.

Vices and Virtues, 30.

Fasciculus Morum: A Fourteenth-Century Preacher’s Handbook, ed. S. Wenzel (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1989), 313.

Speculum Christiani, ed. G. Holmstedt ( London:, Humphrey Milford, OUP for EETS, 1933), 66.

Fasciculus Morum, 371; Handlyng Synne, 198–201; Regimen Animarum, in Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Hatton 11, fol. 74r; Ayenbite of Inwyt, vol. 1, 34; The Lay Folks’ Catechism, ed. T.F. Simmons and H.E. Nolloth (London: Kegan Paul, Trench & Trubner for EETS, 1901), 92; A Myrour to Lewde Men and Wymmen, 208.

John de Burgo, Pupilla Oculi, Strasbourg, Goetz, 1514, fols. CLXVI, CLXIX. For further discussion of the analogy between dropsy and avarice, see Richard Newhauser, “The Love of Money as Deadly Sin and Deadly Disease”, in Zusammenhänge, Einflüsse, Wirkungen: Kongressakten zum ersten Symposium des Mediävistenverbandes in Tübingen, 1984, ed. Jörg O. Fichte, Karl Heinz Göller and Bernhard Schimmelpfennig (Tubingen: Walter de Gruyter, 1986), 315–326.

See Jacob’s Well (Brandeis), 117.

See Lavynham, A Lityl Tretys, 6.

Jacob’s Well (Brandeis), 117.

A Late Fifteenth-Century Dominical Sermon Cycle, vol. 1, ed. S. Morrison (Oxford: OUP for EETS, 2012), 139–140 and vol. 2, 413, 441.

Sermon no. 37, Middle English Sermons, 210–211.

Cambridge, Gonville and Caius College, MS 334/727, fol. 154v; H.L. Spencer, English Preaching in the Late Middle Ages, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1993, 344–345.

Sermon no. 42, Middle English Sermons, 264–265.

Sermon no. 42, Middle English Sermons, 266.

Lollard Sermons, 142–143.

Handlyng Synne, 196.

Jacob’s Well (Brandeis), 135.

Jacob’s Well (Brandeis), 136–137.

Alexander Carpenter, Destructorum viciorum (P. Levet, 1497), Part IV, Chaps. V, VI, VIII, IX, XVIII, XIX.

Cursor Mundi, vol. 3, 1541.

Ayenbite of Inwyt, vol. 1, 34–35.

Vices and Virtues, 30.

Speculum Christiani, 220.

Seventh Precept, cap. xxviii, in Dives and Pauper, vol. 1, part 2, pp. 209–210.

Vices and Virtues, 30.

Bromyard, SP(1), p. 79v.

Two Wycliffite Texts, ed. Anne Hudson (Oxford: OUP for EETS, 1993), xiii, 12–13.

Two Wycliffite Texts, 17.

Oculus Sacerdotis, MS Rawlinson A361, fol. 6v.

Oculus Sacerdotis, MS Rawlinson A361, fols 30v–32r; fols 32r–33v; Regimen Animarum, MS Hatton 11, fols 50v–51r.

Regimen Animarum, MS Hatton 11, fol. 51v.

R.H. Helmholz, “Magna Carta and the ius commune”, University of Chicago Law Review 66, (1999): 362–363.

Jacob’s Well (Brandeis), 17.

John Mirk, Instructions for Parish Priests, ed. E. Peacock (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co for EETS, 1902), 24.

Two Sermons Preached by the Boy Bishop, ed. John Gough Nichols (London: Camden Society, 1875) 6–7.

For a discussion of these sources, see Davis, MMM, 49–55.

Royster, “A Middle English Treatise on the Ten Commandments: Part 1: Text and Notes”, Studies in Philology 6 (1910): 30; Vices and Virtues, 34–35.

Handlyng Synne, 85.

Royster, “A Middle English Treatise on the Ten Commandments”, 30; Vices and Virtues, 34–35; Of Shrifte and Penance, 61; Jacob’s Well (Salisbury), fol. 198r; Handlyng Synne, 87.

For example, Of Shrifte and Penance, p. 61; Royster, “A Middle English Treatise on the Ten Commandments”, 29; Mirk, Instructions for Parish Priests, 12; Ayenbite of Inwyt, vol. 1, 9; Thomas Docking, De Decem Praeceptis, in Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Bodley 453, fols 50v–90v.

M.J. Haren, “The Interrogatories for Officials, Lawyers and Secular Estates of the Memoriale Presbiterorum”, in Handling Sin: Confession in the Middle Ages, ed. Peter Biller and A.J. Minnis (Woodbridge: York Medieval Press, 1998), 145, 147.

See the translation in Shinners, J., and W.J. Dohar, Pastors and the Care of Souls in Medieval England (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1998), 149.

Fasciculus Morum, 349, 351.

Jacob’s Well (Salisbury), fol. 198r; Vices and Virtues, 31–32.

Ayenbite of Inwyt, vol. 1, 36–37 and vol. 2, note 127.

Ayenbite of Inwyt, vol. 1, 35 and vol. 2, note 127.

Vices and Virtues, 31–32.

Jacob’s Well (Brandeis), 33.

Seventh Precept, cap. xxiv, in Dives and Pauper, vol. 1, part 2, 196–197.

Seventh Precept, cap. xxiv, in Dives and Pauper, vol. 1, part 2, 197, 206.

Seventh Precept, cap. xxv, in Dives and Pauper, vol. 1, part 2, 199.

Seventh Precept, cap. xxv, in Dives and Pauper, vol. 1, part 2, p. 200.

Seventh Precept, cap. xxv in Dives and Pauper, vol. 1, part 2, p. 200.

Seventh Precept, cap. xxvi in Dives and Pauper, vol. 1, part 2, pp. 201, 202.

Handlyng Synne, 178.

Docking, De Decem Praeceptis, MS Bodley 453, fol. 50v.

Handlyng Synne, 84, 79.

Regimen Animarum, MS Hatton II, fol. 73v; Lavynham, A Lityl Tretys, 9; Alexander Carpenter, Destructorum viciorum, part IV, Chap. V; Jacob’s Well (Brandeis) 131–133.

Haren, “Interrogatories”, p. 143.

Jacob’s Well (Brandeis), 20–21; Item 7 of “The Constitutions of Archbishop Stratford, A.D. 1343”, in A Collection of the Laws and Canons of the Church of England, vol. 2, trans. John Johnson(Oxford: John Henry Parker, 1851), 389.

Jacob’s Well (Brandeis), 25–26.

Bromyard, SP(2), 285r.

Sermons no. 36 in Middle English Sermons, 203. Also sermon no. 40, 238-239; A Late Fifteenth-Century Dominical Sermon Cycle, vol. 1, 23–24 and Lollard Sermons, 222, 224.

Fasciculus Morum, 341.

Fasciculus Morum, 343.

Bromyard, SP(2), 284v; SP(2), 302r.

The Sermons of Thomas Brinton, Bishop of Rochester (1373–1389), vol. 1, ed. M.A. Devlin (London: Royal Historical Society, 1954), 198.

The Sermons of Thomas Brinton, vol. 1, 139.

Regimen Animarum, MS Hatton II, fol. 73v; Docking, De Decem Praeceptis, MS Bodley 453, fol. 49v; Speculum Laicorum , 17; Dives and Pauper Seventh Precept, cap. xi, vol. 1, part 2, 157; Vices and Virtues, 34 ; Handlyng Synne, 178–79; Jacob’s Well (Brandeis), 61.

Haren, “Interrogatories”, pp. 135, 137–41; Cursor Mundi, vol. 3, 1517; Of Shrifte and Penance, 80–81.

Docking, De decem praeceptis, MS Bodley 453, fol. 50v.

Bromyard, SP(1), 17v.

Vices and Virtues, 34–35.

Two Wycliffite Texts, 18.

100

William of Pagula, Mirror of Edward III, First Version, in Political Thought in Early Fourteenth-Century England: Treatises by Walter of Milmete, William of Pagula and William of Ockham, ed. and trans. Cary J. Nederman ( Turnhout: Brepols, 2002), 73.

101

Mirror of Edward III, First Version, 74.

102

Mirror of Edward III, First Version, 79.

103

Mirror of Edward III, First Version, 87.

104

Mirror of Edward III, First Version, 90.

105

Mirror of Edward III, First Version, 93.

106

Mirror of Edward III, First Version, 98, 101, 103.

107

William of Pagula, Mirror of Edward III, Second Version, in Political Thought, 109.

108

Mirror of Edward III, Second Version, 131.

109

Mirror of Edward III, Second Version, 115, 117, 129.

110

Mirror of Edward III, Second Version, 126.

111

Mirror of Edward III, Second Version, 129, 134.

112

Ayenbite of Inwyt, vol. 1, 39–40; see also Jacob’s Well (Brandeis), 130–131); Of Shrifte and Penance 80, 81.

113

Haren, “Interrogatories”, 133.

114

The Mirror of Justices, ed. William Joseph Whittaker (London: Bernard Quaritch for the Selden Society, 1895), 1, 3.

115

See Sermon nos. 21 and 36, Middle English Sermons, 122–125, 202.

116

Haren, “Interrogatories”, 153–157.

117

Handlyng Synne, 87; Jacob’s Well (Salisbury), fol. 198r.

118

Cursor Mundi, vol. 3, 1517.

119

Handlyng Synne, 85; Of Shrifte and Penance, 61; A Middle English Treatise on the Ten Commandments, 30.

120

Cursor Mundi, vol. 3, 1517.

121

Haren, “Interrogatories”, 149; Handlyng Synne, 84; Of Shrifte and Penance, 61; Jacob’s Well (Brandeis), 128; Jacob’s Well (Salisbury), fol. 198r.

122

Vices and Virtues, 41–42.

123

Jacob’s Well (Brandeis), 134–135.

124

Speculum Christiani, 46, 48; similar words appear in Thoresby’s Lay Folks’ Catechism. See The Lay Folks’ Catechism, ed. T.F. Simmons and H.E. Nolloth (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner for EETS, 1901), 80.

125

Speculum Christiani, 236–240.

126

Jacob’s Well (Salisbury), fol. 137v; fol. 138r.

127

Similar words are in the Speculum Vitae, the verse version of the Vices and Virtues. See Speculum Vitae: A Reading Edition, vol.1, ed. R. Hanna (Oxford: OUP for EETS, 2008), 73, 74.

128

Vices and Virtues, 124–125 .

129

Myrour to Lewde Men and Women, 90.

130

Ayenbite of Inwyt, vol. 1, 124, 125–126;. Speculum Vitae, vol. 1, 67; Myrour to Lewde Men and Women, 88).

131

Haren, “Interrogatories”, 143; Cursor Mundi, vol. 3, 1517.

132

Seventh Precept, cap. iv, in Dives and Pauper, vol. 1, part 2, 137.

133

Seventh Precept, cap. xi, in Dives and Pauper, vol. 1, part 2, 159.

134

See Jacob’s Well (Salisbury), fol. 138v.

135

Vices and Virtues, 152–158.

136

Speculum Vitae, vol. 1, 159.

137

Jacob’s Well (Salisbury), fol. 141v.

138

Jacob’s Well (Salisbury), fol. 142r.

139

Jacob’s Well (Salisbury), fol. 142r.

140

For example, sermon no. 37, Middle English Sermons, 213; A Late Fifteenth-Century Dominical Sermon Cycle, vol. 1, 60.

141

The Miller’s Tale, in Riverside Chaucer, 68.

142

The Merchant’s Tale, in Riverside Chaucer, 156; The Nun’s Priest’s Tale, 255; The Canon’s Yeoman’s Prologue, 271. “Caton the grete clerke” is also quoted in The Castle of Perseverance. See Four Morality Plays, ed. Peter Happé, Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1979, 114.

143

Le Livre de Catun, ed. Tony Hunt, London, Anglo-Norman Text Society, 1994. This edition uses London, British Library, MS Harley 4657, which dates from the early fourteenth century.

144

Le Livre de Catun, 13.

145

Le Livre de Catun, 27.

146

Le Livre de Catun, 32, 35.

147

Le Livre de Catun, 36.

148

Le Livre de Catun, 39.

149

Walter of Milemete, On the Nobility, Wisdom and Prudence of Kings, in Political Thought, ed. Nederman, 47, 51.

150

On the Nobility, Wisdom and Prudence of Kings, 52, 53.

151

Hoccleve, Regiment, lines 4012–4025, 4516–4519.

152

Hoccleve, Regiment, lines 4475, 4495.

153

Hoccleve, Regiment, lines 4645–4655.

154

Reginald Pecock, The Donet, ed. Elsie Vaughan Hitchcock (London: OUP for EETS, 1921, repr. New York, Kraus, 1971), 75.

155

Pecock, The Donet, 76.

156

“The Three Consideracions Right Necesserye for the Good Governaunce of a Prince”, in Four English Political Tracts of the Later Middle Ages, ed. Jean-Philippe Genet (London: Royal Historical Society, 1977), 185.

157

“The Three Consideracions”, 190.

158

“Articles sent by Edward, Prince of Wales, to the earl of Warwick concerning the government of England, written by Sir John Fortescue, 1470–71”, in The Politics of Fifteenth-Century England: John Vale’s Book, ed. Margaret Lucille Kekewich et al. (Stroud: Sutton, 1995), 223.

159

“Articles sent by Edward, Prince of Wales”, 224.

160

“Articles sent by Edward, Prince of Wales”, 231.

161

“Articles sent by Edward, Prince of Wales”, 241.

162

The Dictes and Sayings of the Philosophers, trans. Earl Rivers (London: William Caxton, 1477, repr. London: Diploma Press, 1974), 21.

163

Dictes and Sayings, 92.

164

Fifth Precept, cap. vii, in Dives and Pauper, vol. 1, part 2, 14.

165

Bromyard, SP(2), 109v.

166

The Court Baron, ed. F.W. Maitland and W.P. Baildon (London: Bernard Quaritch for the Selden Society, 1891), 69–70.

167

Vices and Virtues, 83–84; Bromyard SP(2) 108r.

168

‘Holy Poverty’, version A, in Dives and Pauper, vol. 1, part 1, 63.

169

Seventh Precept, cap. v, in Dives and Pauper, vol. 1, part 2, 139.

170

Seventh Precept, cap. v, in Dives and Pauper, vol. 1, part 2, 140.

171

Bromyard, SP(1), 306v, 307r

172

Bromyard, SP(1), 308v.

173

Docking, De Decem Praeceptis, MS Bodley 453, fols 53r–53v.

174

Docking, De Decem Praeceptis, MS Bodley 453, fol. 53v: “si omnes fures essent suspensi, pauci vel nulli prelati nobis in anglia nobis remanerent”.

175

Deuteronomy 1:15–16.

176

Bromyard, SP(2), 109r.

177

Bromyard, SP(2), 110v.

178

Dorothea Oschinsky, Walter of Henley and Other Treatises on Estate Management and Accounting. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971.

179

Walter de Henley, Le Dite de Hosebondrie, in Walter of Henley’s Husbandry together with an Anonymous Husbandry, Seneschaucie and Robert Grosseteste’s Rules, ed. Elizabeth Lamond (London: Longmans Green , 1890), 4.

180

Walter de Henley, Hosebondrie, 5.

181

Walter de Henley, Hosebondrie, 63.

182

Seventh Precept, cap. x, in Dives and Pauper, vol. 1, part 2, 153–155.

183

Jacob’s Well (Brandeis), 199, 200, 202; any land, houses property or money unjustly acquired must be restored before the offender can receive absolution, Speculum sacerdotale, 71.

184

Mirk, Instructions for Parish Priests, p. 52.

185

Cursor Mundi, vol. 3, 1565.

186

Cursor Mundi, vol. 3, 1488; Mirk, Instructions for Parish Priests, 54–55.

187

Fasciculus Morum, 353; Dives and Pauper, vol.1, part 2, 203–206.

188

Handlyng Synne, 92.

189

Mirk, Instructions for Parish Priests, 21, 24.

190

Bromyard, SP(1), 18r–18v.

191

Fasciculus morum, 383, 387; Speculum Sacerdotale, ed. Edward H. Weatherly (London: OUP for EETS), 92; John Mirk’s Festial, vol. 1, ed. Susan Powel, (Oxford: OUP for EETS, 2009), 80; Regimen Animarum, MS Hatton II, fols 73v–75r; Alexander Carpenter’s Destructorium Viciorum.

192

Pricke of Conscience, ed. Morris, 147–148, 151, 161, 181–183.

193

Davis, MMM, 30.

194

For a much fuller discussion of the ideal of balance, see Joel Kaye, A History of Balance, 1250–1375. Cambridge: CUP, 2014.

Titel: The Translation of Economic Ethics into the Daily Practices of the Laity
verfasst von: Jennifer Hole
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: Economic Ethics in Late Medieval England, 1300–1500
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-38859-5

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-38860-1

Copyright-Jahr: 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-38860-1_3

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