Skip to main content

2017 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

12. Modelling of Forest Ecosystems

verfasst von : Margarita N. Favorskaya, Lakhmi C. Jain

Erschienen in: Handbook on Advances in Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

The main goal of the forest ecosystems’ modelling is to develop such approaches that can merge the general nature of processing models with the precision and predictive power of the empirical models. The long-term prediction of forest growth plays the significant role in a legal forest management. Some attempts to develop the prototype systems for data analysis and decision-making at forest enterprise level are implemented. However, this complicated scope requires the coordinated efforts of biologists, mathematicians, and programmers. The current situation is that the good biological and rendering models exist separately. In future, the generalized modelling ought to combine the influence of soil resources, also atmospheric, meteorological, and human impacts on the forest life-cycle with the realistic modelling and rendering of large-scale forests in the short-term and long-term frameworks.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Bao G, Li H, Zhang X, Dong W (2012) Large-scale forest rendering: real-time, realistic, and progressive. Comput Graph 36(3):140–151CrossRef Bao G, Li H, Zhang X, Dong W (2012) Large-scale forest rendering: real-time, realistic, and progressive. Comput Graph 36(3):140–151CrossRef
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Weber J, Penn J (1995) Creation and rendering of realistic trees. 22nd annual conference on computer graphics and interactive techniques SIGGRAPH 95, pp 119–128 Weber J, Penn J (1995) Creation and rendering of realistic trees. 22nd annual conference on computer graphics and interactive techniques SIGGRAPH 95, pp 119–128
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Mech R, Prusinkiewicz P (1996) Visual models of plants interacting with their environment. 23rd annual conference on computer graphics and interactive techniques SIGGRAPH 1996, pp 397–410 Mech R, Prusinkiewicz P (1996) Visual models of plants interacting with their environment. 23rd annual conference on computer graphics and interactive techniques SIGGRAPH 1996, pp 397–410
5.
Zurück zum Zitat De Turckheim B (1999) Bases Economicas de la Selvicultura Proxima a la Naturaleza. Technical Meeting of Pro Silva, Valsain, Spain De Turckheim B (1999) Bases Economicas de la Selvicultura Proxima a la Naturaleza. Technical Meeting of Pro Silva, Valsain, Spain
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Martın-Fernandez S, Garcıa-Abril A (2005) Optimisation of spatial allocation of forestry activities within a forest stand. Comput Electron Agric 49(1):159–174CrossRef Martın-Fernandez S, Garcıa-Abril A (2005) Optimisation of spatial allocation of forestry activities within a forest stand. Comput Electron Agric 49(1):159–174CrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Gilet G, Meye A, Neyret F (2005) Point-based rendering of trees. 1st Eurographics conference on natural phenomena NPH 2005, pp 67–73 Gilet G, Meye A, Neyret F (2005) Point-based rendering of trees. 1st Eurographics conference on natural phenomena NPH 2005, pp 67–73
8.
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Fuhrmann AL, Umlauf E, Mantler S (2005) Extreme model simplification for forest rendering. 1st Eurographics conference on natural phenomena NPH 2005, pp 57–66 Fuhrmann AL, Umlauf E, Mantler S (2005) Extreme model simplification for forest rendering. 1st Eurographics conference on natural phenomena NPH 2005, pp 57–66
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhang H, Hua W, Wang Q, Bao H (2006) Fast display of large-scale forest with fidelity. Comput Anim Virtual Worlds 17(2):83–97CrossRef Zhang H, Hua W, Wang Q, Bao H (2006) Fast display of large-scale forest with fidelity. Comput Anim Virtual Worlds 17(2):83–97CrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Liu F, Hua W, Bao H (2010) GPU-based dynamic quad stream for forest rendering. Sci China Inf Sci 53(8):1539–1545CrossRef Liu F, Hua W, Bao H (2010) GPU-based dynamic quad stream for forest rendering. Sci China Inf Sci 53(8):1539–1545CrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Cohen F, Decaudin P, Neyret F (2004) GPU-based lighting and shadowing of complex natural scenes. ACM SIGGRAPH 2004 posters SIGGRAPH 2004, p 91 Cohen F, Decaudin P, Neyret F (2004) GPU-based lighting and shadowing of complex natural scenes. ACM SIGGRAPH 2004 posters SIGGRAPH 2004, p 91
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Decaudin P, Neyret F (2004) Rendering forest scenes in real-time. Eurographics symposium on rendering techniques 2004, pp 93–102 Decaudin P, Neyret F (2004) Rendering forest scenes in real-time. Eurographics symposium on rendering techniques 2004, pp 93–102
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Decaudin P, Neyret F (2009) Volumetric billboards. Comput Graphics Forum 28(8):2079–2089 Decaudin P, Neyret F (2009) Volumetric billboards. Comput Graphics Forum 28(8):2079–2089
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Colditz C, Coconu L, Deussen O, Hege C (2005) Real-time rendering of complex photorealistic landscapes using hybrid level-of-detail approaches. In: Buhmann E, Paar P, Bishop I, Lange E (eds) Trends in real-time landscape visualization and participation. Wichmann Verlag Colditz C, Coconu L, Deussen O, Hege C (2005) Real-time rendering of complex photorealistic landscapes using hybrid level-of-detail approaches. In: Buhmann E, Paar P, Bishop I, Lange E (eds) Trends in real-time landscape visualization and participation. Wichmann Verlag
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Gumbau J, Chover M, Remolar I, Rebollo C (2011) View-dependent pruning for real-time rendering of trees. Comput Graph 35(2):364–374CrossRef Gumbau J, Chover M, Remolar I, Rebollo C (2011) View-dependent pruning for real-time rendering of trees. Comput Graph 35(2):364–374CrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Bao G, Li H, Zhang X, Che W, Jaeger M (2011) Realistic real-time rendering for large-scale forest scenes. In: IEEE international symposium on VR innovation ISVRI 2011, pp 217–223 Bao G, Li H, Zhang X, Che W, Jaeger M (2011) Realistic real-time rendering for large-scale forest scenes. In: IEEE international symposium on VR innovation ISVRI 2011, pp 217–223
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Deng Q, Zhang X, Gay S, Lei X (2007) Continuous LOD model of coniferous foliage. Int J Virtual Reality 6(4):77–84 Deng Q, Zhang X, Gay S, Lei X (2007) Continuous LOD model of coniferous foliage. Int J Virtual Reality 6(4):77–84
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Okamoto KW (2015) The dynamics of strangling among forest trees. J Theor Biol 384:95–104CrossRefMATH Okamoto KW (2015) The dynamics of strangling among forest trees. J Theor Biol 384:95–104CrossRefMATH
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Vaganov EA, Hughes MK, Shashkin AV (2006) Growth dynamics of conifer tree rings: images of past and future environments. Ecological Studies. Springer, Berlin Vaganov EA, Hughes MK, Shashkin AV (2006) Growth dynamics of conifer tree rings: images of past and future environments. Ecological Studies. Springer, Berlin
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Tolwinski-Ward SE, Evans MN, Hughes MK, Anchukaitis KJ (2011) An efficient forward model of the climate controls on interannual variation in tree-ring width. Clim Dyn 36(11):2419–2439CrossRef Tolwinski-Ward SE, Evans MN, Hughes MK, Anchukaitis KJ (2011) An efficient forward model of the climate controls on interannual variation in tree-ring width. Clim Dyn 36(11):2419–2439CrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Marco Mina M, Martin-Benito D, Bugmann H, Cailleret M (2016) Forward modeling of tree-ring width improves simulation of forest growth responses to drought. Agric For Meteorol 221:13–33CrossRef Marco Mina M, Martin-Benito D, Bugmann H, Cailleret M (2016) Forward modeling of tree-ring width improves simulation of forest growth responses to drought. Agric For Meteorol 221:13–33CrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Li J, Wong DWS (2010) Effects of DEM sources on hydrologic applications. Comput Environ Urban Syst 34(3):251–261CrossRef Li J, Wong DWS (2010) Effects of DEM sources on hydrologic applications. Comput Environ Urban Syst 34(3):251–261CrossRef
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Favorskaya M, Zotin A, Chunina A (2011) Procedural modeling of broad-leaved trees under weather conditions in 3D virtual reality. In: Tsihrintzis GA, Virvou M, Jain LC, Howlett RJ (eds) Intelligent interactive multimedia systems and services. Springer, Berlin Favorskaya M, Zotin A, Chunina A (2011) Procedural modeling of broad-leaved trees under weather conditions in 3D virtual reality. In: Tsihrintzis GA, Virvou M, Jain LC, Howlett RJ (eds) Intelligent interactive multimedia systems and services. Springer, Berlin
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Kajiya J, Kay T (1989) Rendering fur with three dimensional textures. Comput Graphics 23(3):271–280CrossRef Kajiya J, Kay T (1989) Rendering fur with three dimensional textures. Comput Graphics 23(3):271–280CrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Candussi A, Candussi N, Höllerer T (2005) Rendering realistic trees and forests in real time. Eurographics 2005:73–76 Candussi A, Candussi N, Höllerer T (2005) Rendering realistic trees and forests in real time. Eurographics 2005:73–76
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Pirk S, Stava O, Kratt J, Said MAM, Neubert B, Mech R, Benes B, Deussen O (2012) Plastic trees: interactive self-adapting botanical tree models. ACM Trans Graphics 31(4):Article No. 50 Pirk S, Stava O, Kratt J, Said MAM, Neubert B, Mech R, Benes B, Deussen O (2012) Plastic trees: interactive self-adapting botanical tree models. ACM Trans Graphics 31(4):Article No. 50
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Deussen O, Hanrahan P, Lintermann B, Mech R, Pharr M, Prusinkiewicz P (1998) Realistic modeling and rendering of plant ecosystems. 25th annual conference on computer graphics and interactive techniques SIGGRAPH 1998, pp 275–286 Deussen O, Hanrahan P, Lintermann B, Mech R, Pharr M, Prusinkiewicz P (1998) Realistic modeling and rendering of plant ecosystems. 25th annual conference on computer graphics and interactive techniques SIGGRAPH 1998, pp 275–286
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Zamuda A, Brest J (2013) Environmental framework to visualize emergent artificial forest ecosystems. Inf Sci 220:522–540CrossRef Zamuda A, Brest J (2013) Environmental framework to visualize emergent artificial forest ecosystems. Inf Sci 220:522–540CrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Benes B, Guerrero JMS (2004) Clustering in virtual plant ecosystems. In: International conferences in Central Europe on computer graphics, visualization and computer vision WSCG 2004, pp 9–16 Benes B, Guerrero JMS (2004) Clustering in virtual plant ecosystems. In: International conferences in Central Europe on computer graphics, visualization and computer vision WSCG 2004, pp 9–16
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Lane B, Prusinkiewicz P (2002) Generating spatial distributions for multi-level models of plant communities. Graphics interface 2002 conference GI 2002, pp 69–80 Lane B, Prusinkiewicz P (2002) Generating spatial distributions for multi-level models of plant communities. Graphics interface 2002 conference GI 2002, pp 69–80
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Hopkins B (1954) A new method for determining the type of distribution of plant individuals. Annals Botany XVIII:213–226 Hopkins B (1954) A new method for determining the type of distribution of plant individuals. Annals Botany XVIII:213–226
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Siitonen J, Martikainen P, Punttila P, Rauh J (2000) Coarse woody debris and stand characteristics in mature managed and old-growth boreal mesic forests in Southern Finland. For Ecol Manage 128(3):211–225CrossRef Siitonen J, Martikainen P, Punttila P, Rauh J (2000) Coarse woody debris and stand characteristics in mature managed and old-growth boreal mesic forests in Southern Finland. For Ecol Manage 128(3):211–225CrossRef
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Weaver JK, Kenefic LS, Seymour RS, Brissette JC (2009) Decaying wood and tree regeneration in the acadian forest of Maine, USA. For Ecol Manag 257(7):1623–1628CrossRef Weaver JK, Kenefic LS, Seymour RS, Brissette JC (2009) Decaying wood and tree regeneration in the acadian forest of Maine, USA. For Ecol Manag 257(7):1623–1628CrossRef
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Harmon ME, Franklin JF, Swanson FJ, Sollins P, Gregory SV, Lattin JD, Anderson NH, Cline SP, Aumen NG, Sedell JR, Lienkaemper GW, Cromack K Jr, Cummins KW (2004) Ecology of coarse woody debris in temperate ecosystems. Adv Ecol Res 34:59–234CrossRef Harmon ME, Franklin JF, Swanson FJ, Sollins P, Gregory SV, Lattin JD, Anderson NH, Cline SP, Aumen NG, Sedell JR, Lienkaemper GW, Cromack K Jr, Cummins KW (2004) Ecology of coarse woody debris in temperate ecosystems. Adv Ecol Res 34:59–234CrossRef
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Woodall C, Heath L, Smith J (2008) National inventories of down and dead woody material forest carbon stocks in the United States: challenges and opportunities. For Ecol Manage 256(3):221–228CrossRef Woodall C, Heath L, Smith J (2008) National inventories of down and dead woody material forest carbon stocks in the United States: challenges and opportunities. For Ecol Manage 256(3):221–228CrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Polewski P, Yao W, Heurich M, Krzystek P, Stilla U (2015) Detection of fallen trees in ALS point clouds using a normalized cut approach trained by simulation. ISPRS J Photogramm Remote Sens 105:252–271CrossRef Polewski P, Yao W, Heurich M, Krzystek P, Stilla U (2015) Detection of fallen trees in ALS point clouds using a normalized cut approach trained by simulation. ISPRS J Photogramm Remote Sens 105:252–271CrossRef
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Beven KJ, Kirkby MJ (1979) A physically based, variable contributing area model of basin hydrology. Hydrological Sci Bull 24:43–69CrossRef Beven KJ, Kirkby MJ (1979) A physically based, variable contributing area model of basin hydrology. Hydrological Sci Bull 24:43–69CrossRef
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Storr D, Ferguson HL (1972) The distribution of precipitation in some mountainous Canadian watersheds. Geilo symposium—distribution of precipitation in mountainous areas (WMO/OMM), vol 326(1), pp 243–263 Storr D, Ferguson HL (1972) The distribution of precipitation in some mountainous Canadian watersheds. Geilo symposium—distribution of precipitation in mountainous areas (WMO/OMM), vol 326(1), pp 243–263
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Wolock DM, Hornberger GM, Beven KJ, Campbell WG (1989) The relationship of catchment topography and soil hydraulic characteristics to lake alkalinity in the North-eastern United States. Water Resour Res 25:829–837CrossRef Wolock DM, Hornberger GM, Beven KJ, Campbell WG (1989) The relationship of catchment topography and soil hydraulic characteristics to lake alkalinity in the North-eastern United States. Water Resour Res 25:829–837CrossRef
42.
Zurück zum Zitat O’Loughlin EM (1986) Prediction of surface saturation zones in natural catchments by topographical analysis. Water Resour Res 22(5):794–804CrossRef O’Loughlin EM (1986) Prediction of surface saturation zones in natural catchments by topographical analysis. Water Resour Res 22(5):794–804CrossRef
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhang Q-L, Pang M-Y (2008) A survey of modeling and rendering trees. In: Pan Z, Zhang X, Rhalibi AE, Woo W, Li Y (eds) Technologies for E-learning and digital entertainment. Springer, Berlin Zhang Q-L, Pang M-Y (2008) A survey of modeling and rendering trees. In: Pan Z, Zhang X, Rhalibi AE, Woo W, Li Y (eds) Technologies for E-learning and digital entertainment. Springer, Berlin
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Qu H, Wang Y, Cai L, Wang T, Lu Z (2012) Orange tree simulation under heterogeneous environment using agent-based model ORASIM. Simul Model Pract Theory 23:19–35CrossRef Qu H, Wang Y, Cai L, Wang T, Lu Z (2012) Orange tree simulation under heterogeneous environment using agent-based model ORASIM. Simul Model Pract Theory 23:19–35CrossRef
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Favorskaya M, Tkacheva A (2016) Wind rendering in 3D landscape scenes. In: Tweedale JW, Neves-Silva R, Jain LC, Phillips-Wren G, Watada J, Howlett RJ (eds) Intelligent decision technology support in practice. Springer, Switzerland Favorskaya M, Tkacheva A (2016) Wind rendering in 3D landscape scenes. In: Tweedale JW, Neves-Silva R, Jain LC, Phillips-Wren G, Watada J, Howlett RJ (eds) Intelligent decision technology support in practice. Springer, Switzerland
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Zeng H, Talkkari A, Peltola H, Kellomaki S (2007) A GIS-based decision support system for risk assessment of wind damage in forest management. Enivron Model Softw 22(9):1240–1249 Zeng H, Talkkari A, Peltola H, Kellomaki S (2007) A GIS-based decision support system for risk assessment of wind damage in forest management. Enivron Model Softw 22(9):1240–1249
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Gardiner BA, Byrne KE, Hale S, Kamimura K, Mitchell SJ, Peltola H, Ruel J-C (2008) A review of mechanistic modelling of wind damage risk to forests. Forestry 81(3):447–463CrossRef Gardiner BA, Byrne KE, Hale S, Kamimura K, Mitchell SJ, Peltola H, Ruel J-C (2008) A review of mechanistic modelling of wind damage risk to forests. Forestry 81(3):447–463CrossRef
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Albrecht AT, Fortin M, Kohnle U, Ningre F (2015) Coupling a tree growth model with storm damage modeling—conceptual approach and results of scenario simulations. Environ Model Softw 69:63–76CrossRef Albrecht AT, Fortin M, Kohnle U, Ningre F (2015) Coupling a tree growth model with storm damage modeling—conceptual approach and results of scenario simulations. Environ Model Softw 69:63–76CrossRef
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Ray D, Bathgate S, Moseley D, Taylor P, Nicoll B, Pizzirani S, Gardiner B (2015) Comparing the provision of ecosystem services in plantation forests under alternative climate change adaptation management options in Wales. Reg Environ Change 15(8):1501–1513CrossRef Ray D, Bathgate S, Moseley D, Taylor P, Nicoll B, Pizzirani S, Gardiner B (2015) Comparing the provision of ecosystem services in plantation forests under alternative climate change adaptation management options in Wales. Reg Environ Change 15(8):1501–1513CrossRef
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Seidl R, Rammer W, Blennow K (2014) Simulating wind disturbance impacts on forest landscapes: tree-level heterogeneity matters. Environ Model Softw 51:1–11CrossRef Seidl R, Rammer W, Blennow K (2014) Simulating wind disturbance impacts on forest landscapes: tree-level heterogeneity matters. Environ Model Softw 51:1–11CrossRef
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Janz B, Storr D (1977) The climate of the contiguous mountain parks. Project no. 30, Applications and Consulting Division, Environment Canada, Edmonton Janz B, Storr D (1977) The climate of the contiguous mountain parks. Project no. 30, Applications and Consulting Division, Environment Canada, Edmonton
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Norris D (1966) Solar radiation on inclined surfaces. Sol Energy 10(2):72–76CrossRef Norris D (1966) Solar radiation on inclined surfaces. Sol Energy 10(2):72–76CrossRef
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Braun JE, Mitchell JC (1983) Solar geometry for fixed and tracking surfaces. Sol Energy 31(5):439–444CrossRef Braun JE, Mitchell JC (1983) Solar geometry for fixed and tracking surfaces. Sol Energy 31(5):439–444CrossRef
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Sen Z (2004) Solar energy in progress and future research trends. Prog Energy Combust Sci 30(4):367–416CrossRef Sen Z (2004) Solar energy in progress and future research trends. Prog Energy Combust Sci 30(4):367–416CrossRef
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Zaksek K, Podobnikar T, Ostir K (2005) Solar radiation modelling. Comput Geosci 31(2):233–240CrossRef Zaksek K, Podobnikar T, Ostir K (2005) Solar radiation modelling. Comput Geosci 31(2):233–240CrossRef
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Kambezidis HD, Psiloglou BE, Karagiannis D, Dumka UC, Kaskaoutis DG (2016) Recent improvements of the meteorological radiation model for solar irradiance estimates under all-sky conditions. Renew Energy 93:142–158CrossRef Kambezidis HD, Psiloglou BE, Karagiannis D, Dumka UC, Kaskaoutis DG (2016) Recent improvements of the meteorological radiation model for solar irradiance estimates under all-sky conditions. Renew Energy 93:142–158CrossRef
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Muneer T, Younes S, Munawwar S (2007) Discourses on solar radiation modeling. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 11(4):551–602CrossRef Muneer T, Younes S, Munawwar S (2007) Discourses on solar radiation modeling. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 11(4):551–602CrossRef
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Bowman DMJS (2005) Understanding a flammable planet—climate, fire and global vegetation patterns. New Phytol 165(2):341–345MathSciNetCrossRef Bowman DMJS (2005) Understanding a flammable planet—climate, fire and global vegetation patterns. New Phytol 165(2):341–345MathSciNetCrossRef
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Taylor AH, Beaty RM (2005) Climatic influences on fire regimes in the Northern Sierra Nevada mountains, Lake Tahoe Basin, Nevada, USA. J Biogeography 32:425–438CrossRef Taylor AH, Beaty RM (2005) Climatic influences on fire regimes in the Northern Sierra Nevada mountains, Lake Tahoe Basin, Nevada, USA. J Biogeography 32:425–438CrossRef
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Lynch AH, Beringer J, Kershaw P, Marshall A, Mooney S, Tapper N, Turney C, Van Der Kaars S (2007) Using the paleorecord to evaluate climate and fire interactions in Australia. Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci 35:215–239CrossRef Lynch AH, Beringer J, Kershaw P, Marshall A, Mooney S, Tapper N, Turney C, Van Der Kaars S (2007) Using the paleorecord to evaluate climate and fire interactions in Australia. Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci 35:215–239CrossRef
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Flannigan MD, Stocks BJ, Wotton BM (2000) Forest fires and climate change. Sci Total Environ 262:221–230CrossRef Flannigan MD, Stocks BJ, Wotton BM (2000) Forest fires and climate change. Sci Total Environ 262:221–230CrossRef
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Angström A (1949) Swedish meteorological research 1939–1948. Tellus 1(1):60–64CrossRef Angström A (1949) Swedish meteorological research 1939–1948. Tellus 1(1):60–64CrossRef
63.
Zurück zum Zitat McRae DJ, Conard SG, Ivanova GA, Sukhinin AI, Baker SP, Samsonov YN, Blanke TW, Ivanov VA, Ivanov AV, Churkina TV, Hao WM, Koutzenogi KP, Kovalev N (2006) Variability of fire behaviour, fire effects, and emissions in Scotch Pine forests of Central Siberia. Mitig Adapt Strat Glob Change 11:45–74CrossRef McRae DJ, Conard SG, Ivanova GA, Sukhinin AI, Baker SP, Samsonov YN, Blanke TW, Ivanov VA, Ivanov AV, Churkina TV, Hao WM, Koutzenogi KP, Kovalev N (2006) Variability of fire behaviour, fire effects, and emissions in Scotch Pine forests of Central Siberia. Mitig Adapt Strat Glob Change 11:45–74CrossRef
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Arpaci A, Eastaugh CS, Vacik H (2013) Selecting the best performing fire weather indices for Austrian Ecozones. Theoret Appl Climatol 114:393–406CrossRef Arpaci A, Eastaugh CS, Vacik H (2013) Selecting the best performing fire weather indices for Austrian Ecozones. Theoret Appl Climatol 114:393–406CrossRef
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Skvarenina J, Mindas J, Holecy J, Tucek J (2003) Analysis of the natural and meteorological conditions during two largest forest fire events in the Slovak Paradise National Park. International Bioclimatological Workshop, pp 29–36 Skvarenina J, Mindas J, Holecy J, Tucek J (2003) Analysis of the natural and meteorological conditions during two largest forest fire events in the Slovak Paradise National Park. International Bioclimatological Workshop, pp 29–36
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Keetch JJ, Byram GM (1968) A drought index for forest fire control. Research paper SE-38. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, Asheville, North Carolina, p 32 (revised Nov 1988) Keetch JJ, Byram GM (1968) A drought index for forest fire control. Research paper SE-38. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, Asheville, North Carolina, p 32 (revised Nov 1988)
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Crane WJB (1982) Computing grassland and forest fire behaviour, relative humidity and drought index by pocket calculator. Australian For 45(2):89–97CrossRef Crane WJB (1982) Computing grassland and forest fire behaviour, relative humidity and drought index by pocket calculator. Australian For 45(2):89–97CrossRef
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Janis MJ, Johnson MB, Forthun G (2002) Near-real time mapping of Keetch-Byram Frought index in the South-Eastern United States. Int J Wildland Fire 11(3–4):281–289CrossRef Janis MJ, Johnson MB, Forthun G (2002) Near-real time mapping of Keetch-Byram Frought index in the South-Eastern United States. Int J Wildland Fire 11(3–4):281–289CrossRef
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Petritsch R, Hasenauer H (2014) Climate input parameters for real-time online risk assessment. Nat Hazards 70(3):1749–1762CrossRef Petritsch R, Hasenauer H (2014) Climate input parameters for real-time online risk assessment. Nat Hazards 70(3):1749–1762CrossRef
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Pietsch SA, Hasenauer H, Thornton PE (2005) BGC-model parameters for tree species growing in Central European forests. For Ecol Manage 211(3):264–295CrossRef Pietsch SA, Hasenauer H, Thornton PE (2005) BGC-model parameters for tree species growing in Central European forests. For Ecol Manage 211(3):264–295CrossRef
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Eastaugh CS, Hasenauer H (2014) Deriving forest fire ignition risk with biogeochemical process modelling. Environ Model Softw 55:132–142CrossRef Eastaugh CS, Hasenauer H (2014) Deriving forest fire ignition risk with biogeochemical process modelling. Environ Model Softw 55:132–142CrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Modelling of Forest Ecosystems
verfasst von
Margarita N. Favorskaya
Lakhmi C. Jain
Copyright-Jahr
2017
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52308-8_12

Premium Partner