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2007 | Buch

Entrepreneurship: Concepts, Theory and Perspective. Introduction Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

Entrepreneurship

Concepts, Theory and Perspective

herausgegeben von: Prof. Álvaro Cuervo, Prof. Domingo Ribeiro, Prof. Salvador Roig

Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

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Über dieses Buch

ownership rights of ideas that are not associated with patents or copyrights. There is no legal protection of the different expectations held by entrepreneurs and investors on the economic value of ideas and business opportunities, and of the entrepreneur’s need to withhold information that may affect the value of the project. Entrepreneurship is often discussed under the title of the entrepreneurial factor, the entrepreneurial function, entrepreneurial initiative, and entrepreneurial behaviour and is even referred to as the entrepreneurial “spirit”. The entrepreneurial factor is und- stood to be a new factor in production that is different to the classic ones of land, labor and capital, which must be explained via remuneration through income for the entrepreneur along with the shortage of people with entrepreneurial capabilities. Its consideration as an entrepreneurial function refers to the discovery and exploitation of opportunities or to the creation of enterprise. Entrepreneurial behaviour is seen as - haviour that manages to combine innovation, risk-taking and proactiveness (Miller, 1983). In other words, it combines the classic theories of Schumpeter’s innovative - trepreneur (1934, 1942), the risk-taking entrepreneur that occupies a position of unc- tainty as proposed by Knight (1921), and the entrepreneur with initiative and imagi- tion who creates new opportunities. Reference to entrepreneurial initiative underlines the reasons for correctly anticipating market imperfections or the capacity to innovate in order to create a “new combination”.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

Entrepreneurship: Concepts, Theory and Perspective. Introduction

Frontmatter
Entrepreneurship: Concepts, Theory and Perspective. Introduction
Abstract
The creation of a country’s wealth and dynamism depends upon the competitiveness of its firms and this, in turn, relies fundamentally on the capabilities of its entrepreneurs and managers.
Álvaro Cuervo, Domingo Ribeiro, Salvador Roig

Concepts

Frontmatter
Entrepreneurship as a Scientific Research Programme*
Abstract
In this article entrepreneurship as a scientific research programmeis developed and presented. In this relatively new field of study many different theories have emerged that try to explain the phenomenon of new enterprise or venture creation. After a brief treatment of the antecedents and historic development of entrepreneurship, the author discusses and suggests what should be the distinctive domain of entrepreneurship research. He then develops and presents the different paradigms or theoretical approaches that have emerged in this field. An attempt is made to classify the diverse theories based on the various theoretical approaches to the study of entrepreneurship. The aim of this paper is not only to delimit this broad field of study but also to offer a guide for future empirical research and theoretical developments.
José Maria Veciana
Differentiating Entrepreneurs from Small Business Owners: A Conceptualization*
Abstract
The literature of small business and entrepreneurship is explored. It is established that, although there is an overlap between entrepreneurial firms and small business firms, they are different entities. Using the 1934 work of Schumpeter and recognizing the additions to the field of current writers, a conceptual framework is established for the differentiation of entrepreneurs from small business owners.
James W. Carland, Frank Hoy, William R. Boulton, Jo Ann C. Carland
Toward a Reconciliation of the Definitional Issues in the Field of Corporate Entrepreneurship*
Abstract
Although authors generally agree on the nature of entrepreneurial activities within existing firms, differences in the terminology used to describe those activities have created confusion. This article discusses existing definitions in the field of corporate entrepreneurship, reconciles these definitions, and provides criteria for classifying and understanding the activities associated with corporate venturing.
Pramodita Sharma, Sankaran James J. Chrisman
Fools Rush in? The Institutional Context of Industry Creation*
Abstract
Now organizations are always vulnerable to the liabilities of newness, but such pressures are especially severe when an industry is in its formative years. We focus on one set of constraints facing entrepreneurs in emerging industries-their relative lack of cognitive and sociopolitical legitimacy. We examine the strategies that founders can pursue, suggesting how their successful pursuit of legitimacy may evolve from innovative ventures to broader contexts, collectively reshaping industry and institutional environments.
Howard E. Aldrich, C. Marlene Fiol

Theory

Frontmatter
Entrepreneurship: Past Research and Future Challenges*
Abstract
The contributions and shortcomings of past entrepreneurship research can be viewed within the context of six research design specifications: purpose, theoretical perspective, focus, level of analysis, time frame and methodology. The authors suggest a unifying definition of the field of entrepreneurship. The recent trend toward theory driven research that is contextual and process oriented is encouraging. It is time for entrepreneurship researchers to pursue causality more aggressively. Exploratory studies that are not theory driven should be discouraged unless the topic is highly original. Implications for practicing entrepreneurs are discussed.
Murray B. Low, Ian C. MacMillan
A Paradigm of Entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurial Management*
Abstract
Corporate entrepreneurship seems to many entrepreneurship scholars a contradiction in terms. This paper represents an attempt to bridge that gap. This is done by, first, reviewing the literature on entrepreneurship, trying to summarize it in a few major themes. Second, a view of entrepreneurship is proposed that facilitates the application of the previous findings to the field of corporate entrepreneurship. Finally, a series of propositions are developed, as instances of the kind of research that can be pursued by following the proposed approach.
Howard H. Stevenson, J. Carlos Jarillo
The Promise of Entrepreneurship as a Field of Research*
Abstract
To date, the phenomenon of entrepreneurship has lacked a conceptual framework. In this note we draw upon previous research conducted in the different social science disciplines and applied fields of business to create a conceptual framework for the field. With this framework we explain a set of empirical phenomena and predict a set of outcomes not explained or predicted by conceptual frameworks already in existence in other fields.
Scott Shane, Sankaran Venkataraman
The Cognitive Infrastructure of Opportunity Emergence*
Abstract
Before we can act on opportunities we must first identify those opportunities. Understanding what promotes or inhibits entrepreneurial activity thus requires understanding how we construct perceived opportunities. Seeing a prospective course of action as a credible opportunity reflects an intentions–driven process driven by known critical antecedents. Based on well–developed theory and robust empirical evidence, we propose an intentions-based model of the cognitive infrastructure that supports or inhibits how we perceive opportunities. We discuss how this model both integrates past findings and guides future research. We also show the practical diagnostic power this model offers to managers.
Norris F. Krueger Jr
The Entrepreneurship of Resource-based Theory*
Abstract
This paper examines the relationship between resource-based theory and entrepreneurship and develops insights that advance the boundaries of resource-based theory and begin to address important questions in entrepreneurship. We extend the boundaries of resource-based theory to include the cognitive ability of individual entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs have individual-specific resources that facilitate the recognition of new opportunities and the assembling of resources for the venture. By focusing on resources, from opportunity recognition to the ability to organize these resources into a firm and then to the creation of heterogeneous outputs through the firm that are superior to the market, we help identify issues that begin to address the distinctive domain of entrepreneurship.
Sharon A. Alvarez, Lowell W. Busenitz
Is There an Elephant in Entrepreneurship? Blind Assumptions in Theory Development*
Abstract
This article uses the six key specification decisions for entrepreneurship research (purpose, theoretical perspective, focus, level of analysis, time frame, and methodology) outlined in Low and MacMillan (1988) to explore unstated assumptions in entrepreneurship theory development. An article by Shane and Venkataraman (2000), “The Promise of Entrepreneurship as a Field of Research,” is analyzed and recommended as a model for clarity. A recommendation is made that the field of entrepreneurship needs to develop communities of scholars identified with specific research questions and issues.
William B. Gartner

Perspective

Frontmatter
Levels of Analysis in Entrepreneurship Research: Current Research Practice and Suggestions for the Future*
Abstract
In their path-breaking article, Low and MacMillan (1988) suggest that entrepreneurship be defined as the “creation of new enterprise.” The purpose of entrepreneurship research should be to “explain and facilitate the role of new enterprise in furthering economic progress” (p. 141). Such a delineation, they hold, would o- and macro-perspectives. They argue that researchers must acknowledge that entrepreneurship studies could and should be carried out at multiple levels of analysis and that these analyses complement each other. The reasons for studying entrepreneurship on multiple levels of analysis lie in the characteristics of the entrepreneurial phenomenon itself.
Per Davidsson, Johan Wiklund
Entrepreneurship Research in Emergence: Past Trends and Future Directions*
Abstract
This article evaluates the emergent academic field of entrepreneurship to better understand its progress and potential. We apply boundary and exchange concepts to examine 97 entrepreneurship articles published in leading management journals from 1985 to 1999. Some evidence was found of an upward trend in the number of published entrepreneurship articles, although the percentage of entrepreneurship articles remains low. The highly permeable boundaries of entrepreneurship facilitate intellectual exchange with other management areas but sometimes discourage the development of entrepreneurship theory and hinder legitimacy. We argue that focusing entrepreneurship research at the intersection of the constructs of individuals, opportunities, modes of organizing, and the environment will define the field and enhance legitimacy. Decision theory, start–up factors of production, information processing and network theory, and temporal dynamics are put forward for entrepreneurship scholars to explore important research questions in these intersections.
Lowell W. Busenitz, G. Page West III, Dean Shepherd, Teresa Nelson, Gaylen Gayled N. Chandler, Andrew Zacharakis
Many are Called, but Few are Chosen: An Evolutionary Perspective for the Study of Entrepreneurship
Abstract
More than a decade ago, Low and MacMillan identified three elements indispensable to an understanding of entrepreneurial success: process, context, and outcomes. Since their critique, three important advances include (a) a shift in theoretical emphasis from the characteristics of entrepreneurs as individuals to the consequences of their actions, (b) a deeper understanding of how entrepreneurs use knowledge, networks, and resources to construct firms, and (c) a more sophisticated taxonomy of environmental forces at different levels of analysis (population, community, and society) that affect entrepreneurship. Although our knowledge of entrepreneurial activities has increased dramatically, we still have much to learn about how process and context interact to shape the outcome of entrepreneurial efforts. From an evolutionary approach, process and context (strategy and environment) interact in a recursive continuous process, driving the fate of entrepreneurial efforts. Thus, integrating context and process into research designs remains a major challenge. Such integration constitutes a necessary step to a more complete evolutionary approach and a better understanding of entrepreneurial success.
Howard E. Aldrich, Martha Argelia Martinez
The New Venture Decision: An Analysis Based on the GEM Project Database*
Abstract
The new venture decision is a crucial stage in the process of creating a new business and is influenced by a series of social, demographic, cultural and economic factors, amongst others. These factors have been the subject of several studies, though there is still no widely accepted agreement on exactly how they affect the decision to create a new enterprise. This study will provide evidence on which variables affect the new venture decision, as well as the extent of their influence based on the analysis of a sample of 7524 cases, using information obtained via the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2001 Project. At the same time, we provide evidence to show that there are differences in the way these variables affect new ventures born out of need or out of opportunity.
Silvia T. Morales-Gualdrón, Salvador Roig
Entrepreneurship Research in AMJ: What Has Been Published, and What Might the Future Hold?*
Abstract
Ours is a multifaceted academic discipline. Indeed, scholars seeking to publish their management-related research in AMJ have interests in diverse areas of inquiry, such as management history, technology and innovation management, and management spirituality and religion, among a host of others. The Academy of Management’s 24 divisions and interest groups are perhaps a meaningful proxy for the sheer diversity of management scholarship. One might even argue that the eclectic nature of this scholarship contributes to researchers’ ability to consistently produce intriguing and stimulating findings.
R. Duane Ireland, Christopher R. Reutzel, Justin W. Webb
Metadaten
Titel
Entrepreneurship
herausgegeben von
Prof. Álvaro Cuervo
Prof. Domingo Ribeiro
Prof. Salvador Roig
Copyright-Jahr
2007
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Electronic ISBN
978-3-540-48543-8
Print ISBN
978-3-540-48542-1
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-48543-8

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