Power Generation from Solid Fuels

verfasst von: Hartmut Spliethoff

Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Buchreihe : Power Systems

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik"

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Über dieses Buch

Power Generation from Solid Fuels introduces the different technologies to produce heat and power from solid fossil (hard coal, brown coal) and renewable (biomass, waste) fuels, such as combustion and gasification, steam power plants and combined cycles etc. The book discusses technologies with regard to their efficiency, emissions, operational behavior, residues and costs. Besides proven state of the art processes, the focus is on the potential of new technologies currently under development or demonstration.

The main motivation of the book is to explain the technical possibilities for reducing CO2 emissions from solid fuels. The strategies which are treated are: more efficient power and heat generation technologies, processes for the utilisation of renewable solid fuels, such as biomass and waste, and technologies for carbon capture and storage.

Power Generation from Solid Fuels provides, both to academia and industry, a concise treatment of industrial combustion of all types of solid, hopefully inspiring the next generation of engineers and scientists.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

Chapter 1. Motivation

Abstract

The global consumption of primary energy has been marked by a strong increase in the past 40 years. Figure 1.1 presents the development of primary energy consumption, broken down into groupings, namely industrial countries of the OECD; former Soviet Union; and emerging economies (i.e. developing countries). In 1965, the worldwide consumption of primary energy amounted to only 3,860 MTOE (million tonnes of oil equivalent); by 2005, it had increased to 10,224 MTOE. This corresponds to an increase of 172% or an annual rate of increase of 2.5% (BP 2008). In industrial countries, the increase was around 107% for 40 years, corresponding to an annual rate of increase of almost 2%. In the emerging economies, which started from a lower absolute level, the increase was 640%, which corresponds to an annual rate of increase of more than 5%.

Hartmut Spliethoff

Chapter 2. Solid Fuels

Abstract

Coal, oil and natural gas are called fossil fuels because they are the remains of plant and animal life preserved in sedimentary rocks. It is generally believed that coal was formed from plant matter and oil formed from marine organisms (Drbal 1996).

Hartmut Spliethoff

Chapter 3. Thermodynamics Fundamentals

Abstract

Named after the French scientist Nicolas Carnot, the ideal Carnot cycle converts a maximum fraction of heat input into work. In this process, work is delivered without heat exchange and without losses, and heat is added and taken out without any change in temperature. As a reference process, the Carnot cycle illustrates fundamental knowledge about the thermodynamics of energy conversion (Hahne 2004; Meyer and Schiffner 1989; Strauß 2006). The Carnot cycle combines two process steps with isentropic changes of state and two process steps with isothermal changes of state to form a closed reversible cycle.

Hartmut Spliethoff

Chapter 4. Steam Power Stations for Electricity and Heat Generation

Abstract

Power plants produce electricity, process heat or district heating, according to their task (Stultz and Kitto 1992). Electric power is the only product of a condensation power plant and the main product of a power plant with extraction – condensation turbines, where extraction steam is a by-product. Power plants for process heat generation or combined heat and power (CHP) stations generate electrical power, steam and district heat as their main products. Simultaneous heat and/or steam utilisation, along with power generation, is an effective method to diminish waste heat losses at the cold end of the turbine.

Hartmut Spliethoff

Chapter 5. Combustion Systems for Solid Fossil Fuels

Abstract

Coal firing systems are comprised of the sub-systems of fuel supply and preparation, fuel and combustion air transport and distribution, the furnace for releasing the heat from the fuel and flue gas cleaning.

Hartmut Spliethoff

Chapter 6. Power Generation from Biomass and Waste

Abstract

The thermal use of biomass or waste is a cheaper and more technically complete option for reducing CO₂ emissions compared to other renewable energy sources. Possible biogenous fuels include forestry and agriculture residues such as wood and straw, and also specially cultivated reproducible raw materials such as Miscanthus sinensis, whole cereal plants, poplars or willows.

Hartmut Spliethoff

Chapter 7. Coal-Fuelled Combined Cycle Power Plants

Abstract

Combined cycle power plant, when used as a generic term, refers to a plant which converts heat into mechanical energy in a combined gas and steam turbine process. Combined cycle processes with coal gasification or coal combustion turn solid fuels into a fuel gas or a hot pressurised gas which is then used in the gas and steam turbine processes. Coal-fuelled combined cycle plants will be discussed in detail in the following sections. A start will be made by describing the basic technical features and the characteristic data of combined cycle power plants fuelled by natural gas for the purposes of comparison to coal.

Hartmut Spliethoff

Chapter 8. Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)

Abstract

Worldwide anthropogenic CO₂ emissions were around 26,Gt CO₂/year in the year 2005. This quantity can be attributed to the use of crude oil, coal and natural gas, contributing 40, 40 and 20%, respectively. Around 60% of the total emissions can be put down to roughly 8,000 big emitters, each with annual CO₂ emissions larger than 0.1 Mt CO₂/year. Electrical power production, with roughly 5,000 large power plants having emissions of more than 0.1 Mt CO₂/year, has a share of around 45% of the emissions worldwide.

Hartmut Spliethoff

Backmatter

Titel: Power Generation from Solid Fuels
verfasst von: Hartmut Spliethoff
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Electronic ISBN: 978-3-642-02856-4
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-02855-7
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02856-4