Raman Spectroscopy for Nanomaterials Characterization

Frontmatter

1. Angle-Resolved Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering

C. Y. Chan, J. Li, H. C. Ong, J. B. Xu, Mary M. Y. Waye

2. SERS-Encoded Particles

Nicolas Pazos-Perez, Ramón A. Álvarez-Puebla

3. Biomedical SERS Studies Using Nanoshells

Abstract

There is a need in biomedical sciences for improved techniques for monitoring biomolecular interactions and physiological processes, especially those which can report in real time. New techniques may find use in (for example) live-cell imaging or in vitro diagnostics – one such technique is surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). While SERS has been demonstrated using a variety of metal surfaces this chapter focuses on applications which use nanoshells, a type of engineered nanoparticle. We focus on biological applications of SERS, illustrating the discussion with examples of investigations of biomolecular conformational changes, biomolecular interactions, and intracellular studies.

Michael A. Ochsenkühn, Colin J. Campbell

4. Naturally Inspired SERS Substrates

Abstract

This topic concerns the application of naturally occurring nanostructures to surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy.

N. L. Garrett

5. Nonlinear Raman Scattering Spectroscopy for Carbon Nanomaterials

Abstract

Nonlinear Raman scattering spectroscopy is a multiphoton spectroscopy that enables access to vibrationally excited molecular levels. Through nonlinear optical processes, this technique allows us to study rich molecular information which cannot be reached by linear optical method.

Katsuyoshi Ikeda, Kohei Uosaki

6. Ag/Carbon Nanotubes for Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering

Abstract

The surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-active substrates were prepared by electrodeposition of Ag nanoparticles in multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)-based nanocomposites for SERS sensor application.

Han-Wei Chang, Ping-Chieh Hsu, Yu-Chen Tsai

7. Raman Spectroscopy of Carbon Nanostructures: Nonlinear Effects and Anharmonicity

Abstract

We have analyzed the influence of the annealing temperature, structural disorder, and the frequency of a continuous excitation laser radiation ν_L on the first- and the second-order Raman spectra of several nanostructured carbon materials including single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNT), SWNT-polymer composites, and nanostructured single-crystalline graphites. Consideration of the high-order nonlinear effects in Raman spectra and anharmonicity of characteristic Raman bands (such as G, G′, and D modes) provides important information on the vibration modes and collective (phonon-like) excitations in such 1D or 2D confined systems

A. P. Naumenko, N. E. Korniyenko, V. M. Yashchuk, Srikanth Singamaneni, Valery N. Bliznyuk

8. Confocal Surface-Enhanced Raman Microscopy at the Surface of Noble Metals

Abstract

The optical and spectroscopic properties of nanoparticles are of interest for a wide variety of methodic and technical fields of applications. The investigation of nanoparticles requires convincing characterization methods with high spatial resolution. The surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy is a sensitive tool for characterizing the chemical structure of metal nanoparticles like gold, silver, or copper. If combined with local confocal microscopy it becomes a method for delivering optical and geometrical information of nanosize metallic structures. This method is called confocal surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopic (SERS) microscopy. The fundamentals and significance of confocal SERS microscopy are described based on literature data and recent results of own studies.

H. Dietz, G. Sandmann, A. Anders, W. Plieth

9. Raman Spectroscopy for Characterization of Graphene

Abstract

Raman spectroscopy is one of the most widely used characterization tool in the study of graphene, a two-dimensional hexagonal crystal of carbon atoms. Owing to the resonant nature of the light scattering process, fairly strong signals are detected in spite of the fact that only one monolayer of atoms is probed. In graphene research, Raman spectroscopy is used not only as an indispensible characterization tool to identify the number of layers, but also as a probe to investigate the mechanical, electrical, and optical properties. Here, important recent progress in Raman spectroscopic characterization of graphene is reviewed.

Duhee Yoon, Hyeonsik Cheong

10. SERS Hot Spots

Abstract

Hot spots are highly localized regions of intense local field enhancement believed to be caused by local surface plasmon resonances (LSPR). Formed within the interstitial crevices present in metallic nanostructures [1–4], such hot spots have been claimed to provide extraordinary enhancements of up to 10¹⁵ orders of magnitude to the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) signal (proportional to |E| ⁴ ) [5] in areas of subwavelength localization [6, 7]. As a result, hot spots are critically important for SERS and, if in sufficient density, can dominate the properties of any SERS active substrate within which they reside. Given their characteristics, hot spots are now widely acknowledged to be a prerequisite for the observation of single-molecule SERS and set the limit for the achievable spatial resolution for SERS as applied to scanning probe microscopy with high chemical specificity also known as tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS). As a result of their importance to SERS, hot spots have generated a great deal of interest in the last 5 years. This review summarizes the key results from recent theoretical and experimental investigations focused on improving the understanding of the characteristics of SERS hot spots and their control.

Robert C. Maher

11. Immunoassays and Imaging Based on Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy

Dae Hong Jeong, Gunsung Kim, Yoon-Sik Lee, Bong-Hyun Jun

12. In Situ Raman Spectroscopy of Oxidation of Carbon Nanomaterials

Abstract

In situ Raman spectroscopy during heating in a controlled environment allows for a time-resolved investigation of the oxidation kinetics of carbon nanomaterials and can identify changes in material structure and composition during oxidation. In this chapter, we describe the application of in situ Raman spectroscopy to determine conditions for selective oxidation and purification of carbon nanotubes (CNT) and nanodiamond (ND).

Sebastian Osswald, Yury Gogotsi

13. Multiplexed SERS for DNA Detection

Abstract

Surface enhanced resonance Raman scattering (SERRS) is an analytical technique with several advantages over competitive techniques in terms of improved sensitivity and selectivity. We have made great progress in the development of SERRS as a quantitative analytical method, in particular for the detection of DNA. However, one of the main advantages over fluorescence and other optical detection techniques is the ability to multiplex.

Karen Faulds

14. Raman Spectroscopy of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles

Abstract

Superparamagnetic iron oxide particles and their Raman spectra

Maria A. G. Soler, Fanyao Qu

15. Micro-Raman Spectroscopy of Nanostructures

Abstract

Micro-Raman spectroscopy (μRS) involves acquiring spatially resolved Raman spectra by combining the conventional Raman spectrometer with a microscopic tool, typically an optical microscope. This chapter introduces the basic methodology of micro-Raman spectroscopy and presents an overview of its application to organic and inorganic nanostructures using specific examples from literature.

Ramesh Kattumenu, Chang H. Lee, Valery N. Bliznyuk, Srikanth Singamaneni

16. Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy

Abstract

This chapter describes Raman spectroscopy with a high spatial resolution beyond the diffraction limit of light.

Norihiko Hayazawa, Alvarado Tarun, Atsushi Taguchi, Kentaro Furusawa

17. Raman Spectroscopy for Characterization of Semiconducting Nanowires

Abstract

Raman scattering behavior germane to semiconductor nanowires (NWs) and the application of Raman spectroscopy to characterize the structure, composition, strain, and temperature of individual semiconductor nanowires with submicron resolution are discussed.

Gregory S. Doerk, Carlo Carraro, Roya Maboudian

18. Optical Tweezers for Raman Spectroscopy

Abstract

The integration of laser tweezers with Raman spectroscopy for optical manipulation and spectroscopic analysis of individual micro- and nanoscopic objects in physics, chemistry, and the life sciences.

Lianming Tong, Kerstin Ramser, Mikael Käll

19. Portable SERS Sensor for Sensitive Detection of Food-Borne Pathogens

Abstract

A prototype portable Raman spectrometer has been developed for detection of microbial DNA. The pathogen genomic DNA was captured by probe conjugated magnetic bead and detected by probe conjugated SERS tag under Raman spectrometer.

Hongxia Xu, Michael Y. Sha, Remy Cromer, Sharron G. Penn, Ed Holland, Gabriela Chakarova, Michael J. Natan

20. SERS Spectroscopy and Microscopy

Abstract

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy coupled with microscopic investigation. Combining SERS and microscopy measurements.

Maurizio Muniz-Miranda, Cristina Gellini, Massimo Innocenti

21. Ultraviolet Raman Spectroscopy of Nanoscale Ferroelectric Thin Films and Superlattices

Abstract

Raman spectroscopy with ultraviolet excitation: advantages and recent applications for nanoscale ferroelectric materials.

Dmitri A. Tenne

Backmatter