Skip to main content

2013 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

On the Complexity of Adding Convergence

verfasst von : Alex Klinkhamer, Ali Ebnenasir

Erschienen in: Fundamentals of Software Engineering

Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract.

This paper investigates the complexity of designing Self-Stabilizing (SS) distributed programs, where an SS program meets two properties, namely closure and convergence. Convergence requires that, from any state, the computations of an SS program reach a set of legitimate states (a.k.a. invariant). Upon reaching a legitimate state, the computations of an SS program remain in the set of legitimate states as long as no faults occur; i.e., Closure. We illustrate that, in general, the problem of augmenting a distributed program with convergence, i.e., adding convergence, is NP-complete (in the size of its state space). An implication of our NP-completeness result is the hardness of adding nonmasking fault tolerance to distributed programs, which has been an open problem for the past decade.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Fußnoten
1
Low atomicity programs enable the modeling of distributed programs.
 
Literatur
Zurück zum Zitat Dijkstra, E.W.: Self-stabilizing systems in spite of distributed control. Communications of the ACM 17(11), 643–644 (1974) Dijkstra, E.W.: Self-stabilizing systems in spite of distributed control. Communications of the ACM 17(11), 643–644 (1974)
Zurück zum Zitat Arora, A.: A foundation of fault-tolerant computing. PhD thesis, The University of Texas at Austin (1992) Arora, A.: A foundation of fault-tolerant computing. PhD thesis, The University of Texas at Austin (1992)
Zurück zum Zitat Arora, A., Gouda, M.G.: Closure and convergence: A foundation of fault-tolerant computing. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 19(11), 1015–1027 (1993) Arora, A., Gouda, M.G.: Closure and convergence: A foundation of fault-tolerant computing. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 19(11), 1015–1027 (1993)
Zurück zum Zitat Liu, Z., Joseph, M.: Transformation of programs for fault-tolerance. Formal Aspects of Computing 4(5), 442–469 (1992) Liu, Z., Joseph, M.: Transformation of programs for fault-tolerance. Formal Aspects of Computing 4(5), 442–469 (1992)
Zurück zum Zitat Arora, A., Gouda, M., Varghese, G.: Constraint satisfaction as a basis for designing nonmasking fault-tolerant systems. Journal of High Speed Networks 5(3), 293–306 (1996) Arora, A., Gouda, M., Varghese, G.: Constraint satisfaction as a basis for designing nonmasking fault-tolerant systems. Journal of High Speed Networks 5(3), 293–306 (1996)
Zurück zum Zitat Kulkarni, S.S., Arora, A.: Automating the addition of fault-tolerance. In: Formal Techniques in Real-Time and Fault-Tolerant Systems, pp. 82–93. Springer, London (2000) Kulkarni, S.S., Arora, A.: Automating the addition of fault-tolerance. In: Formal Techniques in Real-Time and Fault-Tolerant Systems, pp. 82–93. Springer, London (2000)
Zurück zum Zitat Alpern, B., Schneider, F.B.: Defining liveness. Information Processing Letters 21, 181–185 (1985) Alpern, B., Schneider, F.B.: Defining liveness. Information Processing Letters 21, 181–185 (1985)
Zurück zum Zitat Kulkarni, S.S., Ebnenasir, A.: Complexity issues in automated synthesis of failsafe fault-tolerance. IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing (TDSC) 2(3), 201–215 (2005) Kulkarni, S.S., Ebnenasir, A.: Complexity issues in automated synthesis of failsafe fault-tolerance. IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing (TDSC) 2(3), 201–215 (2005)
Zurück zum Zitat Gary, M.R., Johnson, D.S.: Computers and Intractability: A Guide to the Theory of NP-Completeness. Freeman (1979) Gary, M.R., Johnson, D.S.: Computers and Intractability: A Guide to the Theory of NP-Completeness. Freeman (1979)
Zurück zum Zitat Davis, M., Putnam, H.: A computing procedure for quantification theory. Communications of the ACM 7(3), 201–215 (1960) Davis, M., Putnam, H.: A computing procedure for quantification theory. Communications of the ACM 7(3), 201–215 (1960)
Zurück zum Zitat Ebnenasir, A., Kulkarni, S.S.: SAT-based synthesis of fault-tolerance. In: Fast Abstracts of the International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks (2004) Ebnenasir, A., Kulkarni, S.S.: SAT-based synthesis of fault-tolerance. In: Fast Abstracts of the International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks (2004)
Zurück zum Zitat Gouda, M.: The triumph and tribulation of system stabilization. In: Helary, J.-M., Raynal, M. (eds.) WDAG 1995. LNCS, vol. 972, pp. 1–18. Springer, Heidelberg (1995) Gouda, M.: The triumph and tribulation of system stabilization. In: Helary, J.-M., Raynal, M. (eds.) WDAG 1995. LNCS, vol. 972, pp. 1–18. Springer, Heidelberg (1995)
Zurück zum Zitat Gouda, M.G.: The theory of weak stabilization. In: Datta, A.K., Herman, T. (eds.) WSS 2001. LNCS, vol. 2194, pp. 114–123. Springer, Heidelberg (2001) Gouda, M.G.: The theory of weak stabilization. In: Datta, A.K., Herman, T. (eds.) WSS 2001. LNCS, vol. 2194, pp. 114–123. Springer, Heidelberg (2001)
Zurück zum Zitat Lamport, L., Lynch, N. : Handbook of Theoretical Computer Science: Chapter 18, Distributed Computing: Models and Methods. Elsevier Science Publishers B. V. (1990) Lamport, L., Lynch, N. : Handbook of Theoretical Computer Science: Chapter 18, Distributed Computing: Models and Methods. Elsevier Science Publishers B. V. (1990)
Zurück zum Zitat Nesterenko, M., Arora, A.: Stabilization-preserving atomicity refinement. Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing 62(5), 766–791 (2002) Nesterenko, M., Arora, A.: Stabilization-preserving atomicity refinement. Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing 62(5), 766–791 (2002)
Zurück zum Zitat Demirbas, M., Arora, A.: Convergence refinement. In: Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems, pp. 589–597. IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC (2002) Demirbas, M., Arora, A.: Convergence refinement. In: Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems, pp. 589–597. IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC (2002)
Zurück zum Zitat Dijkstra, E.W.: A Discipline of Programming. Prentice-Hall (1990) Dijkstra, E.W.: A Discipline of Programming. Prentice-Hall (1990)
Zurück zum Zitat Arora, A., Kulkarni, S.S.: Designing masking fault-tolerance via nonmasking fault-tolerance. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 24(6), 435–450 (1998) Arora, A., Kulkarni, S.S.: Designing masking fault-tolerance via nonmasking fault-tolerance. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 24(6), 435–450 (1998)
Zurück zum Zitat Varghese, G.: Self-stabilization by local checking and correction. PhD thesis, MIT/LCS/TR-583 (1993) Varghese, G.: Self-stabilization by local checking and correction. PhD thesis, MIT/LCS/TR-583 (1993)
Zurück zum Zitat Ebnenasir, A.: Automatic Synthesis of Fault-Tolerance. PhD thesis, Michigan State University (May 2005) Ebnenasir, A.: Automatic Synthesis of Fault-Tolerance. PhD thesis, Michigan State University (May 2005)
Zurück zum Zitat Jhumka, A.: Automated design of efficient fail-safe fault tolerance. PhD thesis, Darmstadt University of Technology (2004) Jhumka, A.: Automated design of efficient fail-safe fault tolerance. PhD thesis, Darmstadt University of Technology (2004)
Zurück zum Zitat Jhumka, A., Freiling, F.C., Fetzer, C., Suri, N.: An approach to synthesise safe systems. International Journal of Security and Networks 1(1/2), 62–74 (2006) Jhumka, A., Freiling, F.C., Fetzer, C., Suri, N.: An approach to synthesise safe systems. International Journal of Security and Networks 1(1/2), 62–74 (2006)
Zurück zum Zitat Bonakdarpour, B., Kulkarni, S.S.: Exploiting symbolic techniques in automated synthesis of distributed programs with large state space. In: Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems, pp. 3–10. IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC (2007) Bonakdarpour, B., Kulkarni, S.S.: Exploiting symbolic techniques in automated synthesis of distributed programs with large state space. In: Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems, pp. 3–10. IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC (2007)
Zurück zum Zitat Abujarad, F., Kulkarni, S.S.: Automated constraint-based addition of nonmasking and stabilizing fault-tolerance. Theoretical Computer Science 412(33), 4228–4246 (2011) Abujarad, F., Kulkarni, S.S.: Automated constraint-based addition of nonmasking and stabilizing fault-tolerance. Theoretical Computer Science 412(33), 4228–4246 (2011)
Zurück zum Zitat Farahat, A., Ebnenasir, A.: A lightweight method for automated design of convergence in network protocols. ACM Transactions on Autonomous and Adaptive Systems (TAAS) 7(4), 38:1–38:36 (2012) Farahat, A., Ebnenasir, A.: A lightweight method for automated design of convergence in network protocols. ACM Transactions on Autonomous and Adaptive Systems (TAAS) 7(4), 38:1–38:36 (2012)
Zurück zum Zitat Ebnenasir, A., Farahat, A.: Swarm synthesis of convergence for symmetric protocols. In: Proceedings of the Ninth European Dependable Computing Conference, pp. 13–24 (2012) Ebnenasir, A., Farahat, A.: Swarm synthesis of convergence for symmetric protocols. In: Proceedings of the Ninth European Dependable Computing Conference, pp. 13–24 (2012)
Zurück zum Zitat Bonakdarpour, B., Kulkarni, S.S.: Revising distributed UNITY programs is NP-complete. In: Baker, T.P., Bui, A., Tixeuil, S. (eds.) OPODIS 2008. LNCS, vol. 5401, pp. 408–427. Springer, Heidelberg (2008) Bonakdarpour, B., Kulkarni, S.S.: Revising distributed UNITY programs is NP-complete. In: Baker, T.P., Bui, A., Tixeuil, S. (eds.) OPODIS 2008. LNCS, vol. 5401, pp. 408–427. Springer, Heidelberg (2008)
Metadaten
Titel
On the Complexity of Adding Convergence
verfasst von
Alex Klinkhamer
Ali Ebnenasir
Copyright-Jahr
2013
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40213-5_2

Premium Partner