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2000 | Buch

The Overlap Dirac Operator Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

Numerical Challenges in Lattice Quantum Chromodynamics

Joint Interdisciplinary Workshop of John von Neumann Institute for Computing, Jülich, and Institute of Applied Computer Science, Wuppertal University, August 1999

herausgegeben von: Andreas Frommer, Thomas Lippert, Björn Medeke, Klaus Schilling

Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Buchreihe : Lecture Notes in Computational Science and Engineering

Enthalten in: Professional Book Archive

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Über dieses Buch

Lattice gauge theory is a fairly young research area in Theoretical Particle Physics. It is of great promise as it offers the framework for an ab-initio treatment of the nonperturbative features of strong interactions. Ever since its adolescence the simulation of quantum chromodynamics has attracted the interest of numerical analysts and there is growing interdisciplinary engage­ ment between theoretical physicists and applied mathematicians to meet the grand challenges of this approach. This volume contains contributions of the interdisciplinary workshop "Nu­ merical Challenges in Lattice Quantum Chromo dynamics" that the Institute of Applied Computer Science (IAI) at Wuppertal University together with the Von-Neumann-Institute-for-Computing (NIC) organized in August 1999. The purpose of the workshop was to offer a platform for the exchange of key ideas between lattice QCD and numerical analysis communities. In this spirit leading experts from both fields have put emphasis to transcend the barriers between the disciplines. The meetings was focused on the following numerical bottleneck problems: A standard topic from the infancy of lattice QCD is the computation of Green's functions, the inverse of the Dirac operator. One has to solve huge sparse linear systems in the limit of small quark masses, corresponding to high condition numbers of the Dirac matrix. Closely related is the determination of flavor-singlet observables which came into focus during the last years.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

Overlap Fermions and Matrix Functions

The Overlap Dirac Operator
Abstract
This introductory presentation describes the Overlap Dirac Operator, why it could be useful in numerical QCD, and how it can be implemented.
Herbert Neuberger
Solution of f(A)x = b with Projection Methods for the Matrix A
Abstract
In this paper, we expand on an idea for using Krylov subspace information for the matrix A and the vector b. This subspace can be used for the approximate solution of a linear system f (A)x = b, where f is some analytic function. We will make suggestions on how to use this for the case where f is the matrix sign function.
Henk A. van der Vorst
A Numerical Treatment of Neuberger’s Lattice Dirac Operator
Abstract
We describe in some detail our numerical treatment of Neuberger’s lattice Dirac operator as implemented in a practical application. We discuss the improvements we have found to accelerate the numerical computations and give an estimate of the expense when using this operator in practice.
Pilar Hernández, Karl Jansen, Laurent Lellouche
Fast Methods for Computing the Neuberger Operator
Abstract
I describe a Lanczos method to compute the Neuberger Operator and a multigrid algorithm for its inversion.
Artan Boriçi

Light Quarks, Lanczos and Multigrid Techniques

On Lanczos-Type Methods for Wilson Fermions
Abstract
Numerical simulations of lattice gauge theories with fermions rely heavily on the iterative solution of huge sparse linear systems of equations. Due to short recurrences, which mean small memory requirement, Lanczos-type methods (including suitable versions of the conjugate gradient method when applicable) are best suited for this type of problem. The Wilson formulation of the lattice Dirac operator leads to a matrix with special symmetry properties that makes the application of the classical biconjugate gradient (BICG) particularly attractive, but other methods, for example BICGSTAB and BICGSTAB2 have also been widely used. We discuss some of the pros and cons of these methods. In particular, we review the specific simplification of BICG, clarify some details, and discuss general results on the roundoff behavior.
Martin H. Gutknecht
An Algebraic Multilevel Preconditioner for Symmetric Positive Definite and Indefinite Problems
Abstract
We present a preconditioning method for the iterative solution of large sparse systems of equations. The preconditioner is based on ideas both from ILU preconditioning and from multigrid. The resulting preconditioning technique requires the matrix only. A multilevel structure is obtained by constructing a maximal independent set of the graph of a reduced matrix. The computation of a Schur complement approximation is based on a Galerkin approach with a matrix dependent prolongation and restriction. The resulting preconditioner has a transparant modular structure similar to the algorithmic structure of a multigrid V-cycle. The method is applied to symmetric positive definite and indefinite Helmholtz problems. The multilevel preconditioner is compared with standard ILU preconditioning methods.
Arnold Reusken
On Algebraic Multilevel Preconditioning
Abstract
Algebraic multilevel preconditioners are based on a block incomplete factorization process applied to the system matrix partitioned in hierarchical form. They have as key ingredient a technique to derive a (sparse) approximation to the Schur complement resulting from the elimination of the fine grid nodes. Once such a relevant approximation is found, it is relatively easy to set up efficient two-and multi-level schemes. Compared with more standard (classical or algebraic) multi-grid methods, an obvious advantage of this approach is that it does not require smoothing, i.e. the convergence properties do not critically depend on the good interaction between a smoother and the coarse grid correction. As a consequence, the analysis can be done purely algebraically, independently of an underlying PDE, and the technique is potentially more easily extended to other grid based computations than those directly connected to discrete elliptic PDEs.
In this chapter, we review some recent results on these methods, concerning both self-adjoint and non self-adjoint discrete second order PDEs.
Yvan Notay
On Algebraic Multilevel Preconditioners in Lattice Gauge Theory
Abstract
Based on a Schur complement approach we develop a parallelizable multi-level preconditioning method for computing quark propagators in lattice gauge theory.
Björn Medeke

Flavor Singlet Operations and Matrix Functionals

Stochastic Estimator Techniques for Disconnected Diagrams
Abstract
The calculation of physical quantities by lattice QCD simulations requires in some important cases the determination of the inverse of a very large matrix. In this article we describe how stochastic estimator methods can be applied to this problem, and how such techniques can be efficiently implemented.
Stephan Güsken
Noise Methods for Flavor Singlet Quantities
Abstract
A discussion of methods for reducing the noise variance of flavor singlet quantities (“disconnected diagrams”) in lattice QCD is given. After an introduction, the possible advantage of partitioning the Wilson fermion matrix into disjoint spaces is discussed and a numerical comparison of the variance for three possible partitioning schemes is carried out. The measurement efficiency of lattice operators is examined and shown to be strongly influenced by the Dirac and color partitioning choices. Next, the numerical effects of an automated subtraction algorithm on the noise variance of various disconnected loop matrix elements are examined It is found that there is a dramatic reduction in the variance of the Wilson point-split electromagnetic currents and that this reduction persists at small quark mass.
Walter Wilcox

Novel Numerical Techniques for Full QCD

A Noisy Monte Carlo Algorithm with Fermion Determinant
Abstract
We propose a Monte Carlo algorithm which accommodates an unbiased stochastic estimates of the fermion determinant and is exact. This is achieved by adopting the Metropolis accept/reject steps for the update of both the dynamical and noise configurations. We demonstrate how this algorithm works even for large noises. We also discuss the Padé - Z2estimates of the fermion determinant as a practical way of estimating the Trln of the fermion matrix.
Keh-Fei Liu
Least-Squares Optimized Polynomials for Fermion Simulations
Abstract
Least-squares optimized polynomials are discussed which are needed in the two-step multi-bosonic algorithm for Monte Carlo simulations of quantum field theories with fermions. A recurrence scheme for the calculation of necessary coefficients in the recursion and for the evaluation of these polynomials is introduced.
István Montvay
One-Flavour Hybrid Monte Carlo with Wilson Fermions
Abstract
The Wilson fermion determinant can be written as product of the determinants of two hermitian positive definite matrices. This formulation allows to simulate non-degenerate quark flavors by means of the hybrid Monte Carlo algorithm. A major numerical difficulty is the occurrence of nested inversions. We construct a Uzawa iteration scheme which treats the nested system within one iterative process.
Thomas Lippert
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
Numerical Challenges in Lattice Quantum Chromodynamics
herausgegeben von
Andreas Frommer
Thomas Lippert
Björn Medeke
Klaus Schilling
Copyright-Jahr
2000
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Electronic ISBN
978-3-642-58333-9
Print ISBN
978-3-540-67732-1
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-58333-9