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2015 | Buch

A World with Borders Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

Cross-Border Management

Theory, Method and Application

verfasst von: Rongxing Guo

Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

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Über dieses Buch

This book presents a new approach to management in an increasingly interactive world. In this context, the use of the word “new” has two meanings. The first relates to a new definition of borders (which are natural, institutional, functional, or mixed); the second concerns the fact that the book applies (and, where necessary, develops) analytical tools, methods and models that are different from those used in other similar books. The objectives of this book are: to clarify whether existing management theories and methods can be effectively applied in an entity (which can be defined as a sovereign country, a region, a community, a culture, or a firm) as the latter increasingly interacts with the rest of the world; to develop qualitative and quantitative methods to help leaders make optimal decisions for their entity and, at the same time, to maximize the positive (or minimize the negative) effects of those decisions on the rest of the world; and to design workable cross-border cooperation plans and conflict-management schemes that allow policy-makers to better cope with the challenges and problems posed by our increasingly interactive world.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

Theory

Frontmatter
1. A World with Borders
Abstract
In December 2013, I was travelling in southern China. I wanted to trace the changes of China’s interprovincial borders that had occurred for the past decades. I had conducted a series of field surveys on those cross-border areas in the late 1980s when I was a graduate student. On my way to Jiujiang city, Jiangxi province, I found a new bridge—“No. 2 Changjiang Bridge of Jiujiang”—over the Yangtze river. In contrast to its modern-architectural design, the bridge was managed by a very special model.
Rongxing Guo
2. How Borders Affect the World
Abstract
In 1989, rigged elections, an unprecedented wave of emigration and mass demonstrations eventually led to the collapse of the power structures of German Democratic Republic (or called East Germany as compared to West Germany—or formally called ‘Federal Republic of Germany’). After the resignation on October 18 of the head of state and of the communist party, Erich Honecker, the Berlin Wall came down. On November 9, 1989, the fifty-first anniversary of Hitler's Crystal Night rampage against the synagogues, a most tricking event which symbolized the end of the Cold War era occurred in the Berlin Wall.
Rongxing Guo
3. Managing Across Borders
Abstract
During the Chinese history, attempts to control the Yellow river have been categorized by different strategic approaches. One strategy is to confine the river within a narrow channel by high levees. The narrow-channel concept carries the danger of active erosion of the levee, but it encourages the fast flow that keeps sediment in suspension, and therefore, allows only slow silting of the river bed. However, there is little reserve capacity for absorbing a major flood crest, and even the high levees will inevitably be overtopped. On the other hand, one might adopt a strategy of confining the river in a wider flood plain, between lower levees. This is cheaper to construct, but requires that more land be sacrificed to river control. It also permits a slower flow, and promotes silt deposition. Over time the river will inevitably build up its bed. However, there is much more reserve capacity for flood water in a wide channel, and there is room to build small diversion dams to keep the river course to the center of the channel, avoiding the problem of scouring against the levee foundations.
Rongxing Guo
4. Crossing Borders and/of Cultures
Abstract
In his famous essay The Protestant Ethic and the Sprit of Capitalism, Weber (The protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism, 1904) argued that the profit-maximizing behavior so characteristic of the bourgeoisie, which could be explained under fully developed capitalist conditions by its sheer necessity to survival in the face of competition, could not be so explained under the earlier phases of capitalist development. It was the product of an autonomous impulse to accumulate far beyond the needs of personal consumption, an impulse which was historically unique. Weber traced its source to the ‘worldly asceticism’ of reformed Christianity, with its twin imperatives to methodical work as the chief duty of life, and to the limited enjoyment of its product. The unintended consequence of this ethic, which was enforced by the social and psychological pressures on the believer to prove (but not earn) his salvation, was the accumulation of capital for investment.
Rongxing Guo
5. Doing Cross-Border Research
Abstract
First of all, cross-border research includes but still is different from the research on cross-border areas. With regard to cross-border areas, we have only a very restricted geographical scope —that is, each border area must be defined as of a certain geographical area. For example, in China, international border trade covers an area 15 km from the border. This is a narrow definition. Peach includes 23 counties of the four states of California, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas, all of which share a border with Mexico in a broad definition of a border-area. This area also includes Culberson and Dimmit counties of Texas, which are proximate to the border. Other research tasks have defined the US side border-area in an even wider geographical scope.
Rongxing Guo

Method

Frontmatter
6. Solving Fair Division Problems
Abstract
A fair division method is a systematic procedure for solving fair division problems. A block of land or a deposit of natural or environmental resources may be internationally claimed, if it is physically linked with two or more sovereign states. From the legal point of view, the former’s ownership is in dispute if one single state does not have complete power to exercise exclusive control over it. The advantage of the “fair division method” is that, through the establishment of an agreed boundary or boundaries dividing the disputed land and other natural resources therein into two or more sectors that are under the jurisdictions of different sovereign states, it can help resolve sovereignty disputes definitively.
Rongxing Guo
7. Cross-Border Behaviors as Games
Abstract
A cross-border system, which is governed by two or more independent players, is divided by various man-made boundaries—either physically visible or invisible. In this system, all players interact with each other. The elements of each sub-system, which include various political, economic and cultural factors, are correlated with each other in sequence. The whole system provides a very complicated function with respect to the locations. The interactions between the various elements are complex. In addition, the cross-border system is sometimes integrated and dynamic. The former emphasizes that all players are interdependent, whereas the latter describes the relationship between the state and time of system. In short, the spatial and institutional features of cross-border issues require specialized analytical tools.
Rongxing Guo
8. Advancing Cross-Border Development
Abstract
Cross-border development is the only feasible mechanism by which policy-makers can better cope with the challenges and problems resulting from the increasingly interacted world. And this does work as long as certain bilateral or multilateral agreements are arranged. Over the course of the past decades, various bilateral and multilateral agreements and treaties have been arranged for the joint and cooperative development throughout the world. And, so far many of these agreements and treaties have been successfully implemented.
Rongxing Guo
9. Alternative Strategies for Dispute Resolution
Abstract
Regardless of various disagreements or disputes throughout the world, compromise may become possible because claims over disputed properties carry both benefits and costs. When these costs outweigh the value of contestation, compromise becomes more attractive than confrontation. The cost a stakeholder bears for pressing cross-border disputes opens a bargaining space in which concessions can be exchanged for other goals that a stakeholder may seek. When the bilateral (or multilateral) ties between the stakeholders become more important, cooperation in and delaying the settlement of their cross-border disputes will become more attractive than continuing to press claims. However, dispute resolution and cross-border cooperation cannot be achieved automatically. The style of settlement or negotiation also matters.
Rongxing Guo
10. Creating Special Functional Zones
Abstract
In order for antagonistic and neighboring states to minimize or reduce the risk of cross-border conflicts and wars, this chapter provides some useful options for the effective settlement of cross-border disputes and resource management. There are various problems and obstacles to hindering the effective implementation of cross-border tasks. While some of these problems can be handled with methodological tools that are pretty standard, others are quite difficult to address. Furthermore, specific context matters to the evolution of boundary and territorial disputes.
Rongxing Guo
11. The Art of (Avoiding) War
Abstract
In the late Spring and Autumn period (770–476 BC) in ancient China, Sun Tzu (544–496 BC) wrote a book entitled The Art of War (sunzi bingfa). While the book “The Art of War” mainly refers to the work of Sun Tzu, the “Art of War of Sun Bin” (sunbin bingfa) has also been a well-known classic work on military strategy during the Warring States period (475–221 BC). Sun Bin’s Art of War is an ancient Chinese classic work on military strategy written by Sun Bin (c. 377–316 BC)—a descendant of Sun Tzu. The following is a famous story about Sun Bin.
Rongxing Guo

Application

Frontmatter
12. Territorial Division and Cross-Border Linkage
Abstract
For a long time, especially during the Cold War era, many international borders and border areas were treated as politically marginal and economically disadvantageous places. Along with the increasing trend of economic globalization, they are also the frontlines for their respective hinterlands to pursue international and cross-border trade and cooperation. Along with the increasing global interactions, cross-border areas are becoming more or more important to policy makers. To be sure, the efficiency of cross-border linkage depends on two main factors. The first one relates to the policy of cross-border management. More specifically, the tighter the policy of a border checkpoint, the lower efficiency is the cross-border communication. The other factor that hinders the efficiency of cross-border linkage concerns the hardware of border crossings.
Rongxing Guo
13. Exploitation of Natural Resources in Cross-Border Areas
Abstract
Rational exploitation and utilization of natural resources is more difficult in cross-border areas than in other areas. First of all, most cross-border areas are composed of either geographically- or geologically-dynamic features such as mountains, rivers, lakes. As a result, there are rich natural and environmental resources in these cross-border areas. Moreover, cross-border resource management is constrained by the number of independent stakeholders involved. The primary reasons for this come from the uneven spatial distribution of production factors as well as the non-cooperative cross-border mechanism resulting from two or more political regimes. Facing with the cross-border complexities, policymakers have been always shortsighted, emphasizing on the direct costs and benefits of their own regional development at the expenses of their neighbors. In addition, research institutions and international donor agencies have not paid full attention to the problems common in cross-border areas. Consequently, cross-border resource management remains a marginalized, easily forgotten topic.
Rongxing Guo
14. Cross-Border Economic Development and Cooperation
Abstract
Globalization, as an increasingly dominant force since the last decades of the twentieth century, is shaping a new era of interaction among various political, cultural and economic groups throughout the world. As a result, it is increasing the contacts between people across various boundaries—geographical, political and cultural. When people say that ‘the world is becoming smaller every day’, they are referring not only to the increased speed of and ease of transportation and communications but also to the increased use of international market to buy and sell goods. Today, the interactions among people with different national and cultural identities are deeper than ever before.
Rongxing Guo
15. Border Sightseeing and Cross-Border Tourism
Abstract
In most circumstances, borders are negative assets. Borders per se are always barriers for cross-border linkages, which reduce the efficiency of and, naturally, the costs for cross-border linkage and border-related social and economic activities. This is particularly so from the perspective of local residents. However, borders may be transformed into positive assets under certain conditions. They may attract tourists who do not live in border areas. As a special type of scarce resources, borders can serve as very special natural and artificial scenes.
Rongxing Guo
16. Cross-Border Environmental and Ecological Protection
Abstract
Three elements have been among the leading sources of environmental damage in recent decades: population growth, economic growth driven by highly polluting manufacturing industries and industries that are powered by non-renewable forms of energy. Without new incentives and opportunities, the rapidly growing population of most developing countries, with its increasing demand for energy and food, will accelerate the deforestation and transformation of forestland and wetland into cropland. But fragile ecosystems can only exacerbate the vicious circle of poverty.
Rongxing Guo
17. Cross-Border Crimes and Border Control
Abstract
Cross-border areas per se pose various difficulties for coordinated management of social and economic activities in the increasingly interactive world. When addressing such cross-border issues as security, organized crime, drug trafficking, and human smuggling, both countries sharing a common border suffer as a result of this symbiotic contraband trading, and therefore both have an obligation to help contain it. Moreover, closer collaboration will bring greater success on this front than would additional unilateral effort, however vigorous. Interdiction at the frontier can only partially impede trafficking in people and goods. For this reason, both demand reduction and interior enforcement in of all countries concerned are crucial components of any long-term solution to security problems at the border.
Rongxing Guo
18. Managing Cross-Cultural Differences
Abstract
A senior fellow from the Brookings Institution, Washington, DC, told me of his unhappy experience in China when he served as a senior US government official during the Clinton Administration, He was engaged in a series of important negotiations with his Chinese partners in Beijing. On the way toward a meeting hall, he walked behind his secretary, and when he arrived at the meeting room, a security guard stopped him impolitely at the door, but gave a welcome to his secretary (a young lady). Indeed, this was a diplomatic fault from the Chinese side. However, that situation is somewhat understandable in China (at least to those people who adhere to tradition) since it was the security guard’s duty to prevent all irrelevant personnel from going through.
Rongxing Guo
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
Cross-Border Management
verfasst von
Rongxing Guo
Copyright-Jahr
2015
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Electronic ISBN
978-3-662-45156-4
Print ISBN
978-3-662-45155-7
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-45156-4

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