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2012 | Buch

Introduction Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

On Integrating Unmanned Aircraft Systems into the National Airspace System

Issues, Challenges, Operational Restrictions, Certification, and Recommendations

verfasst von: Konstantinos Dalamagkidis, Kimon P. Valavanis, Les A. Piegl

Verlag: Springer Netherlands

Buchreihe : Intelligent Systems, Control and Automation: Science and Engineering

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

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SUCHEN

Über dieses Buch

This book presents, in a comprehensive way, current unmanned aviation regulation, airworthiness certification, special aircraft categories, pilot certification, federal aviation requirements, operation rules, airspace classes and regulation development models.

It discusses unmanned aircraft systems levels of safety derived mathematically based on the corresponding levels for manned aviation. It provides an overview of the history and current status of UAS airworthiness and operational regulation worldwide. Existing regulations have been developed considering the need for a complete regulatory framework for UAS. It focuses on UAS safety assessment and functional requirements, achieved in terms of defining an “Equivalent Level of Safety”, or ELOS, with that of manned aviation, specifying what the ELOS requirement entails for UAS regulations. To accomplish this, the safety performance of manned aviation is first evaluated, followed by a novel model to derive reliability requirements for achieving target levels of safety (TLS) for ground impact and mid-air collision accidents.It discusses elements of a viable roadmap leading to UAS integration in to the NAS.

For this second edition of the book almost all chapters include major updates and corrections. There is also a new appendix chapter.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. Introduction
Abstract
What is a UAS or Unmanned Aircraft System? There are many definitions, but in general there are two key characteristics: A UAS does not have a pilot on board and is a system of systems comprising the aircraft and possibly a launcher, control station, communications link, etc. There is a significant number of UAS being developed all over the world, a large number of applications and a considerable market for new systems for the foreseeable future, but on the other hand there are, currently, many restrictions on UAS operations. The scope of the book includes an overview of manned aviation regulations, as well as the history of UAS regulations in the US and internationally. It also estimates the safety levels of manned aviation and presents tools for assessing the risk of UAS operations.
Konstantinos Dalamagkidis, Kimon P. Valavanis, Les A. Piegl
Chapter 2. Aviation History and Unmanned Flight
Abstract
The concept of a flying machine originates in ancient Greece and China, whereas the first modern unmanned aircraft was demonstrated less than 15 years after the first flight by the Wright brothers. For several years these unmanned systems were used as target drones and it wasn’t until the 1950s that the first reconnaissance drones were developed, leading to today’s UAS. Today, a large number of countries are developing an equally large number of different systems for reconnaissance, surveillance, hunter-killer, weather monitoring, earth monitoring and other roles. Besides fixed-wing aircraft, there are also UAS based on helicopter designs, as well as back-packable, shrouded rotor, twin-rotor, lighter-than-air, tiltwing, canard rotor wing and other systems.
Konstantinos Dalamagkidis, Kimon P. Valavanis, Les A. Piegl
Chapter 3. Current Manned Aviation Regulation
Abstract
Current manned aviation regulation includes provisions for airworthiness certification of different aircraft types, maintenance requirements, aircraft registration and marking, pilot certification, airspace classification, operating rules and special classes of vehicles among others.
Konstantinos Dalamagkidis, Kimon P. Valavanis, Les A. Piegl
Chapter 4. Unmanned Aircraft Systems Regulation
Abstract
Currently, there are no comprehensive and harmonized regulations for unmanned aviation, instead there are many groups and agencies developing standards and policies. These include among others, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), the US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), the American Society of Testing Materials (ASTM), the Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics (RTCA), the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA), the European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment (EUROCAE), Eurocontrol, as well as civilian aviation agencies in the UK, Australia, South Africa, Canada and elsewhere. The military is also drafting their own policies with the US DoD and NATO, currently taking the lead.
Konstantinos Dalamagkidis, Kimon P. Valavanis, Les A. Piegl
Chapter 5. UAS Safety Assessment and Functional Requirements
Abstract
The primary goal of regulating UAS operations is to assure an appropriate level of safety. This goal is quantified by most national aviation agencies as an “Equivalent Level of Safety” with that of manned aviation, also known as the ELOS principle. Although ELOS is difficult to define, some insight may be gained by analyzing accident statistics of manned aviation and enforcing similar requirements to UAS. The evaluation of risk of UAS operations can be obtained by estimating the number of people exposed to particular accidents and the probability of injuries or fatalities given exposure. Although this seems straightforward, there are many ways of calculating estimates for the parameters involved, which can lead to very divergent results.
Konstantinos Dalamagkidis, Kimon P. Valavanis, Les A. Piegl
Chapter 6. Case Studies
Abstract
Using the methodologies described in Chap. 5, it is possible to derive reliability requirements for UAS of different sizes and designs and under different scenarios. In general, conservative risk estimates are over-restrictive in the case of small systems, while many UAS would have problems maintaining appropriate safety levels over major populated areas based on their currently exhibited reliability.
Konstantinos Dalamagkidis, Kimon P. Valavanis, Les A. Piegl
Chapter 7. Thoughts and Recommendations on a UAS Integration Roadmap
Abstract
There are a number of issues any UAS integration roadmap must take into account. UAS are different in their construction, applications, flight characteristics and failure modes and these differences must be acknowledged. The risk reference systems used in manned aviation also don’t apply due to the lack of people on board the aircraft. An appropriate classification of UAS for regulatory purposes is required, since due to their wide range of sizes and designs, it is not possible to come up with a “one size, fits all” policy framework. Equipment certification and Pilot/Operator training procedures must also be re-evaluated before being applied to UAS. Finally there are some technological issues that need to be resolved, primarily with respect to “sense and avoid”, but also regarding sensors, communications systems, launch and recovery systems, propulsion systems, etc.
Konstantinos Dalamagkidis, Kimon P. Valavanis, Les A. Piegl
Chapter 8. Epilogue
Abstract
Although several federal agencies and multiple governments (with perhaps competitive agendas) are involved in accomplishing the common goal of UAS integration in to civilian airspace, everything seems to move so fast, that when one considers a specific subject completed, new changes/modifications are in effect. It is true that there still exist major obstacles and that this process has been delayed considerably. Although the imposed deadlines differ, the ultimate goal is the same: integration of UAS in the NAS.
Konstantinos Dalamagkidis, Kimon P. Valavanis, Les A. Piegl
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
On Integrating Unmanned Aircraft Systems into the National Airspace System
verfasst von
Konstantinos Dalamagkidis
Kimon P. Valavanis
Les A. Piegl
Copyright-Jahr
2012
Verlag
Springer Netherlands
Electronic ISBN
978-94-007-2479-2
Print ISBN
978-94-007-2478-5
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2479-2

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