nach oben

Erschienen in:

2016 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

16. The Regional Answers and Governance Structure for Dealing with Foreign Fighters: The Case of the EU

verfasst von : Gilles de Kerchove, Christiane Höhn

Erschienen in: Foreign Fighters under International Law and Beyond

Verlag: T.M.C. Asser Press

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

The EU had already started to address the foreign fighter threat as early as January 2013, after the EU Counter-Terrorism Coordinator had raised the alarm bells, the EU’s approach having been the blueprint for UN Security Council Resolution 2178. The EU is mobilising a whole range of policies. Following the terrorist attacks in Paris in early 2015, EU leaders set out an ambitious agenda based on a comprehensive strategic vision with three pillars: ensuring the security of citizens¸ preventing radicalisation and safeguarding values and cooperating with international partners. Work is ongoing in different Council formations (in particular Interior, Justice, Foreign Affairs, Education, General Affairs) to operationalise the various measures. In June 2015, Interior Ministers decided to prioritise strengthening the Schengen Framework, to create an internet referral unit at Europol, and to improve information exchange and strengthen the work related to firearms. On the criminal justice side, rehabilitation in the judicial context is urgent. Internationally, assisting Tunisia is a top priority since the recent attacks in Tunis, along with mobilising further capacity building assistance for the region and addressing the situation in Libya. Allocation of resources and strategic decisions are necessary to achieve the ambitious goals.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Vorheriges Kapitel States’ Prevention and Responses to the Phenomenon of Foreign Fighters against the Backdrop of International Human Rights Obligations

Nächstes Kapitel Collecting and Sharing Intelligence on Foreign Fighters in the EU and its Member States: Existing Tools, Limitations and Opportunities

For an assessment of European Foreign Fighters and the EU policy response from the US perspective see Congressional Research Service Report, European Fighters in Syria and Iraq: Assessments, Responses, and Issues for the US, April 2015, http://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R44003.pdf. Accessed 25 May 2015; see also Hegghammer 2013.

See the UN Monitoring Team report on Foreign Terrorist Fighters for a worldwide overview of the phenomenon: Analysis and recommendations with regard to the global threat from foreign terrorist fighters, S/2015/358, 19 May 2015, http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/2015/358. Accessed 29 May 2015. See also Chap. 2 by Bakker/Singleton in this volume.

See Chap. 6 by Weimann, in this volume.

See Thomas Hegghammer, Syria’s Foreign Fighters. Foreign Policy, 9 December 2013, http://foreignpolicy.com/2013/12/09/syrias-foreign-fighters/. Accessed 25 May 2015.

For example it controls oil fields with substantive daily revenues.

Gartenstein-Ross and Barr 2015.

Justice and Home Affairs Council, Thursday 9 and Friday 10 October in Luxembourg, Council of the European Union, Background note, http://www.consilium.europa.eu/ueDocs/cms_Data/docs/pressData/en/jha/145004.pdf. Accessed 29 May 2015.

See Chap. 17 by Bonfanti in this volume.

Title V of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), see also Article 75 TFEU.

See Chap. 14 by de Guttry in this volume.

The Hague—Marrakech Memorandum on Good Practices for a More Effective Response to the FTF Phenomenon https://www.thegctf.org/documents/10162/140201/14Sept19_The+Hague-Marrakech+FTF+Memorandum.pdf. Accessed 25 May 2015.

See the Council website on EU response to foreign fighters. http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/fight-against-terrorism/foreign-fighters/. Accessed 25 May 2015.

Informal meeting of the Heads of State or Government Brussels, 12 February 2015—Statement by the members of the European Council; http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2015/02/150212-european-council-statement-fight-against-terrorism/. Accessed 15 May 2015.

European Agenda on Security http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/e-library/documents/basic-documents/docs/eu_agenda_on_security_en.pdf. Accessed 29 May 2015.

Follow-up to the statement of the Members of the European Council of 12 February 2015 on counter-terrorism: Report on implementation of measures, Report by the EU Counter-Terrorism Coordinator to the Council and the European Council, 10 June 2015 http://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-9422-2015-REV-1/en/pdf. Accessed 1 August 2015.

See the UN Monitoring Team report on Foreign Terrorist Fighters for a worldwide overview of the phenomenon: Analysis and recommendations with regard to the global threat from foreign terrorist fighters, S/2015/358, 19 May 2015, http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/2015/358. Accessed 29 May. See also Chap. 2 by Bakker and Singleton in this volume. See the UN report FN 3.

Conclusions of the European Council of 30 August 2014, http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/ec/144538.pdf. Accessed 25 May 2015.

See Chap. 6 by Weimann in this volume.

http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/2015/358. Accessed 29 May 2015.

See UN Monitoring Team Report for Iraq and Syria: between 20,000 and 22,000 foreign terrorist fighters in that conflict zone alone.

See Daveed Gartenstein-Ross & Nathaniel Barr, Dignity and Dawn: Libya’s Escalating Civil War, ICCT Research Paper, February 2015; http://www.icct.nl/download/file/ICCT-Gartenstein-Ross-Barr-Dignity-and-Dawn-Libyas-Escalating-Civil-War-February2015.pdf. Accessed 25 May 2015.

See also Byman and Williams 2015.

See also Chap. 8 by Coticchia in this volume. See also Bakker, Paulussen and Entenmann 2013. See also Briggs and Silverman 2014.

On the EU response to foreign fighters see also the website of the Council of the European Union http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/fight-against-terrorism/foreign-fighters/. Accessed 31 May 2015.

Press release after the Council. http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/jha/137407.pdf. Accessed 25 May 2015. In June 2013 the Justice and Home Affairs Council upon suggestion of the EU Counter Terrorism Coordinator, in close collaboration with the services of the Commission and the EEAS, adopted a package of 22 measures on many aspects, on how to prevent the flow of foreign fighters, improve the detection of suspicious travel, provide the adequate criminal justice response and engage more closely with third countries. Justice and Home Affairs Council, Thursday 9 and Friday 10 October in Luxembourg, Council of the European Union, Background note, http://www.consilium.europa.eu/ueDocs/cms_Data/docs/pressData/en/jha/145004.pdf. Accessed 29 May 2015.

Conclusions of the European Council of 30 August 2014, para 18 (p. 6) http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/ec/144538.pdf. Accessed 25 May 2015.

Riga Joint Statement following the informal meeting of Justice and Home Affairs Ministers in Riga on 29 and 30 January, https://eu2015.lv/images/Kalendars/IeM/2015_01_29_jointstatement_JHA.pdf. Accessed 28 March 2015.

Council Conclusions on Counter-Terrorism, Foreign Affairs Council, 9 February 2015, http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2015/02/150209-council-conclusions-counter-terrorism/. Accessed 3 August 2015.

The European Union Counter-Terrorism Strategy, doc 14469/4/05 Rev 4, http://register.consilium.europa.eu/doc/srv?l=EN&f=ST+14469+2005+REV+4. Accessed 25 May 2015.

Regulation (EC) No 1987/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 December 2006 on the establishment, operation and use of the second-generation Schengen Information System (SIS II), http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32007D0533&from=EN. Accessed 8 July 2015.

SIRENE stands for Supplementary Information Request at the National Entries. Each State operating the SIS has set up a national SIRENE Bureau, operational 24/7, that is responsible for any supplementary information exchange and coordination of activities connected to SIS alerts. See the Commission's website which explains in more detail the SIS II. http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/what-we-do/policies/borders-and-visas/schengen-information-system/sirene-cooperation/index_en.htm. Accessed 8 July 2015.

http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/council-eu/preparatory-bodies/working-party-schengen-matters/. Accessed 8 July 2015.

This includes questions related to the EU agency for the management of external borders, Frontex. A special formation of the working party deals with travel documents and questions related to false and authentic documents online (FADO). http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/council-eu/preparatory-bodies/working-party-frontiers/. Accessed 8 July 2015.

Council of the European Union, 3346th Council meeting Justice and Home Affairs, Main results of the Council, Luxembourg, 9–10 October 2014, Presse 505: ‘Regarding checks at external borders, the Council agreed to improve such checks under the existing legal framework without further delay. The Council also agreed on a number of specific actions that will help to speed up the implementation of the already approved measures. Those actions do not only relate to the work done at EU level so far; they also include the conclusions of the work of the Ministers of Interior of the member states most affected by the foreign fighters phenomenon.’

https://eu2015.lv/images/Kalendars/IeM/2015_01_29_jointstatement_JHA.pdf. Accessed 28 March 2015.

On INTERPOL and what it offers see http://www.INTERPOL.int/en. Accessed 25 May 2015.

Outcome of the Council Meeting, 3376th Council Meeting Justice and Home Affairs Brussels, 12 and 13 March 2015, 7178/15, Press 21. http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/meetings/jha/2015/03/12-13/. Accessed 29 March 2015.

Commission Recommendation of 15.6.2015 amending the Recommendation establishing a common ‘Practical Handbook for Border Guards (Schengen Handbook)’ to be used by Member States' competent authorities when carrying out the border control of persons (C (2006) 5186 final).

EU ‘Smart Borders’: Commission wants easier access and enhanced security, http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-11-1234_en.htm. Accessed 25 May 2015.

On the PNR system see also European Agenda on Security, p. 7, http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/e-library/documents/basic-documents/docs/eu_agenda_on_security_en.pdf. Accessed 29 May 2015.

See press release: Passenger Name Records: MEPs back EU system with data protection safeguards, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/de/news-room/content/20150714IPR81601/html/Passenger-Name-Records-MEPs-back-EU-system-with-data-protection-safeguards. Accessed 3 August 2015.

Informal meeting of the Heads of State or Government Brussels, 12 February 2015—Statement by the members of the European Council, http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2015/02/150212-european-council-statement-fight-against-terrorism/. Accessed 15 May 2015.

On Europol’s mandate and activities see https://www.europol.europa.eu/.

Europol can request information in the context of the EU-US Terrorist Financing Tracking Programme, also on behalf of Member States, which provides leads for terrorist investigations. http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/what-we-do/policies/crisis-and-terrorism/tftp/index_en.htm. Accessed 30 May 2015. See also the joint EU-US on the value of the data provided from TFTP of 2013 http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/what-is-new/news/news/docs/20131127_tftp_annex_en.pdf. Accessed 30 May 2015.

For Eurojust mandate and activities see http://www.eurojust.europa.eu/Pages/home.aspx. Accessed 25 May 2015.

These reports are not public.

For an analysis of this topic see Krähenmann 2014.

In this context see Chap. 9 by Sommario and Chap. 10 by Heinsch in this volume.

Decision 2002/475/JHA of 13 June 2002 on combating terrorism as amended by Council Framework Decision 2008/919/JHA of 28 November 2008. Inter alia, the following terrorist related offenses were added in 2008: public provocation to commit acts of terrorism, training for terrorism and recruitment for terrorism.

Decision 2002/475/JHA of 13 June 2002 on combating terrorism as amended by Council Framework Decision 2008/919/JHA of 28 November 2008.

Additional Protocol to the Council of Europe Convention on the Prevention of Terrorism, http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/EN/Treaties/Html/ProtTerrorism.htm. Accessed 25 May 2015.

The European Agenda on Security, http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/e-library/documents/basic-documents/docs/eu_agenda_on_security_en.pdf. Accessed 29 May 2015.

See for example from the Council of Europe: T-CY assessment report: The mutual legal assistance provisions of the Budapest Convention on Cybercrime, adopted by the T-CY at its 12th Plenary (2–3 December 2014) http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/cooperation/economiccrime/Source/Cybercrime/TCY/2014/T-CY(2013)17_Assess_report_v50adopted.pdf. Accessed 1 August 2015.

Case 14-2985 Microsoft Corporation v. USA, US Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit in the matter of a warrant to search a certain e-mail account controlled and maintained by Microsoft Corporation.

See de Kerchove 2015.

For example Mohamed Merah, who committed terrorist attacks in France in 2013, Mehdi Nemmouche, who allegedly committed the attack on the Jewish museum in Brussels in 2014, and Amedy Coulibaly, who committed an attack in Paris in 2015, were all radicalised in prison.

For an analysis see de Roy van Zuijdewijn and Bakker 2014.

See the GCTF Rome Memorandum on Good Practices for Rehabilitation and Reintegration of Violent Extremist Offenders, https://www.google.be/?gws_rd=ssl#q=gctf+rome+memorandum. Accessed 30 May 2015.

On the programme in Aarhus see Andrew Higgins, For Jihadists, Denmark Tries Rehabilitation, The New York Times, 13 December 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/14/world/for-jihadists-denmark-tries-rehabilitation.html. Accessed 30 May 2015.

Sylvain Mouillard, Deux visages de la déradicalisation, Libération, 20 February 2015, http://www.liberation.fr/societe/2015/02/20/sonia-imloul-mediatrice-des-familles-deux-visages-de-la-deradicalisation_1206834. Accessed 30 May 2015.

Veldhuis 2012. See also the RAN Declaration of Good Practices for Engagement with Foreign Fighters for Prevention, Outreach, Rehabilitation and Reintegration, http://www.icct.nl/download/file/RAN-Declaration-Good-Practices-for-Engagement-with-Foreign-Fighters.pdf. Accessed 25 May 2015.

https://www.aivd.nl/onderwerpen/terrorisme/ct-infobox/. Accessed 1 August 2015.

See European Agenda on Security, http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/e-library/documents/basic-documents/docs/eu_agenda_on_security_en.pdf. Accessed 29 May 2015.

Manifesto for Education—Empowering Educators and Schools, http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/what-we-do/networks/radicalisation_awareness_network/docs/manifesto-for-education-empowering-educators-and-schools_en.pdf. Accessed 29 March 2015.

Declaration on Promoting citizenship and the common values of freedom, tolerance and non-discrimination through education, https://ec.europa.eu/commission/sites/cwt/files/dp_mobilisation_europeenne_20150317.pdf. Accessed 29 March 2015.

Commissioner Navracsics, Statement—17 March 2015 ‘Education to help tackle radicalisation, EU Commission and Ministers agree’: ‘Working together at European level, we can share the best ideas, learn from and inspire each other. To address radicalisation, I plan to prepare the ground for inclusion, diversity and civic values in our schools to be at the centre of the new EU priorities for education and training I will present later this year. I also want to ensure we use the Erasmus+ funding programme in a more targeted way to help these efforts.’

See Chap. 6 by Weimann in this volume.

Outcome document of the JHA Council of 12–13 March 2015: ‘Regarding the issue of internet content promoting terrorism or violent extremism, Ministers agreed on the expediency of Europol taking on additional responsibility in this field as early as possible and have asked the Agency to set up an EU Internet Referral Unit which should be operational by July 2015.’ http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/meetings/jha/2015/03/12-13/. Accessed 30 May 2015.

See press release: Europol Internet Referral Unit to Combat Terrorist and Violent Extremist Propaganda, https://www.europol.europa.eu/content/europol%E2%80%99s-internet-referral-unit-combat-terrorist-and-violent-extremist-propaganda. Accessed 3 August 2015.

On EC3 see https://www.europol.europa.eu/ec3. Accessed 3 August 2015.

The European Agenda on Security, http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/e-library/documents/basic-documents/docs/eu_agenda_on_security_en.pdf. Accessed 29 May 2015. ‘Furthermore, the Commission will launch in 2015 an EU-level Forum with IT companies to bring them together with law enforcement authorities and civil society. Building upon the preparatory meetings organised in 2014, the Forum will focus on deploying the best tools to counter terrorist propaganda on the internet and in social media. In cooperation with IT companies, the Forum will also explore the concerns of law enforcement authorities on new encryption technologies.’

Information about the RAN, its working groups and the good practices it has developed can be found here: http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/what-we-do/networks/radicalisation_awareness_network/index_en.htm. Accessed 30 May 2015. Background: http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/e-library/docs/fight-against-radicalisation/role_of_ran_en.pdf. Accessed 1 August 2015.

European Agenda on Security http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/e-library/documents/basic-documents/docs/eu_agenda_on_security_en.pdf. Accessed 29 May 2015.

The EU Counter-terrorism strategy, http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/fight-against-terrorism/. Accessed 1 August 2015.

European Council Conclusions 19 March 2015, http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2015/03/20-conclusions-european-council/. Accessed 31 March 2015. (‘The EU will step up its engagement on counter-terrorism in the region, with relevant partners.’).

Statement of the European Council on Tunisia, 19 March 2015, http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2015/03/20-statement-european-council-tunisia/. Accessed 31 March 2015. ‘The European Union and its Member States will intensify cooperation with Tunisia to counter this common terrorist threat’.

Council conclusions on counter-terrorism, http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2015/02/150209-council-conclusions-counter-terrorism/. Accessed 31 May 2015.

http://eeas.europa.eu/enp/pdf/pdf/com_11_303_en.pdf. Accessed 31 May 2015.

Council conclusions on counter-terrorism, http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2015/02/150209-council-conclusions-counter-terrorism/. Accessed 31 May 2015.

Ibid.

Follow-up to the statement of the Members of the European Council of 12 February 2015 on counter-terrorism: Report on implementation of measures, Report by the EU Counter-Terrorism Coordinator to the Council and the European Council, 10 June 2015, http://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-9422-2015-REV-1/en/pdf. Accessed 1 August 2015.

See also Gartenstein-Ross and Barr 2015.

Council conclusions on counter-terrorism, http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2015/02/150209-council-conclusions-counter-terrorism/. Accessed 31 May 2015. ‘The EU will work to develop frameworks for information exchange and ways for the EU agencies to engage more strategically with the countries in the region to strengthen law enforcement and judicial cooperation.’

Council conclusions on counter-terrorism, http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2015/02/150209-council-conclusions-counter-terrorism/. Accessed 31 May 2015.

This Reference Document looks at how aid can be delivered more effectively through simplifying and harmonising donor procedures, http://www.oecd.org/dac/dacguidelinesandreferenceseries.htm. Accessed 31 May 2015.; for an analysis see the Counter-Terrorism Coordinator’s discussion paper of June 2012 (security and development) http://register.consilium.europa.eu/doc/srv?l=EN&f=ST%209990%202012%20INIT. Accessed 31 May 2015.

European Neighbourhood Policy and Enlargement Negotiations, http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/tenders/twinning/index_en.htm. Accessed 31 May 2015.

TAIEX is the Technical Assistance and Information Exchange instrument of the European Commission. http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/tenders/taiex. Accessed 31 May 2015.

Council Conclusions on Counter-terrorism, http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2015/02/150209-council-conclusions-counter-terrorism/. Accessed 31 May 2015.

Ibid.

Outline of the counter-terrorism strategy for Syria and Iraq, with particular focus on foreign fighters, doc 5369/15, http://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-5369-2015-INIT/en/pdf. Accessed 29 March 2015.

100

Council document 7267/15, http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/fight-against-terrorism/foreign-fighters/. Accessed 31 May 2015.

101

Outline of the counter-terrorism strategy for Syria and Iraq, with particular focus on foreign fighters, http://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-5369-2015-INIT/en/pdf. Accessed 1 August 2015.

Bakker E, Paulussen C, Entenmann E (2013) Dealing with European foreign fighters in Syria: governance challenges & legal implications, ICCT research paper. http://www.icct.nl/download/file/ICCT-Bakker-Paulussen-Entenmann-Dealing-With-European-Foreign-Fighters-in-Syria.pdf. Accessed 25 May 2015

Briggs R, Silverman T (2014) Western foreign fighters, innovations in responding to the threat, institute for strategic dialogue. http://www.strategicdialogue.org/ISDJ2784_Western_foreign_fighters_V7_WEB.pdf. Accessed 25 May 2015

Byman D, Williams J (2015) ISIS v. AQ: Jihadism’s Global Civil War, The National Interest, http://nationalinterest.org/feature/isis-vs-al-qaeda-jihadism%E2%80%99s-global-civil-war-12304. Accessed 6 November 2015

de Kerchove G (2015) Contribution in rehabilitation and reintegration of returning foreign terrorist fighters, the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, panel discussion. http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/rehabilitation-and-reintegration-of-returning-foreignterrorist-fighters. Accessed 25 May 2015

de Roy van Zuijdewijn J, Bakker E (2014) Returning Western foreign fighters: the case of Afghanistan, Bosnia and Somalia, ICCT background note. http://www.icct.nl/download/file/ICCT-De-Roy-van-Zuijdewijn-Bakker-Returning-Western-Foreign-Fighters-June-2014.pdf. Accessed 30 May 2015

Gartenstein-Ross G, Barr N (2015) Dignity and dawn: Libya’s escalating civil war, ICCT research paper. http://www.icct.nl/download/file/ICCT-Gartenstein-Ross-Barr-Dignity-and-Dawn-Libyas-Escalating-Civil-War-February2015.pdf. Accessed 25 May 2015

Hegghammer T (2013) Should I stay or should I go? Explaining variation in Western Jihadists’ choice between domestic and foreign fighting. Am Polit Sci Rev 107:1–15CrossRef

Krähenmann S (2014) Foreign fighters under international law. Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights, Geneva. http://www.geneva-academy.ch/docs/publications/Briefings%20and%20In%20breifs/Foreign%20Fighters%20Under%20International%20Law%20Briefing%20no7.pdf. Accessed 30 May 2015

Veldhuis T (2012) Designing rehabilitation and reintegration programmes for violent extremist offenders: a realist approach. International Centre for Counter-Terrorism, The Hague. http://www.icct.nl/download/file/ICCT-Veldhuis-Designing-Rehabilitation-Reintegration-Programmes-March-2012.pdf. Accessed 30 May 2015

Titel: The Regional Answers and Governance Structure for Dealing with Foreign Fighters: The Case of the EU
verfasst von: Gilles de Kerchove
Christiane Höhn
Verlag: T.M.C. Asser Press
Buch: Foreign Fighters under International Law and Beyond
Print ISBN: 978-94-6265-098-5

Electronic ISBN: 978-94-6265-099-2

Copyright-Jahr: 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-099-2_16

Springer Professional

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu Ihrer Lizenz zu erhalten.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Premium Partner